-
Salton, G.: Expert systems and information retrieval (1987)
0.05
0.047793493 = product of:
0.07169024 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 2837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=2837,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 2837, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2837)
0.0433803 = product of:
0.0867606 = sum of:
0.0867606 = weight(_text_:systems in 2837) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0867606 = score(doc=2837,freq=2.0), product of:
0.159702 = queryWeight, product of:
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.5432656 = fieldWeight in 2837, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2837)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
-
Salton, G.: Another look at automatic text-retrieval systems (1986)
0.03
0.029870933 = product of:
0.0448064 = sum of:
0.017693711 = weight(_text_:information in 1356) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.017693711 = score(doc=1356,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.19395474 = fieldWeight in 1356, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1356)
0.027112689 = product of:
0.054225378 = sum of:
0.054225378 = weight(_text_:systems in 1356) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.054225378 = score(doc=1356,freq=2.0), product of:
0.159702 = queryWeight, product of:
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.339541 = fieldWeight in 1356, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1356)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
- Footnote
- Bezugnahme auf: Blair, D.C.: An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system. Comm. ACM 28(1985) S.280-299. - Vgl. auch: Blair, D.C.: Full text retrieval ... Int. Class. 13(1986) S.18-23; Blair, D.C., M.E. Maron: full-text information retrieval ... Inf. Proc. Man. 26(1990) S.437-447.
-
Lesk, M.E.; Salton, G.: Relevance assements and retrieval system evaluation (1969)
0.02
0.024329841 = product of:
0.03649476 = sum of:
0.017515881 = weight(_text_:information in 4151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.017515881 = score(doc=4151,freq=4.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.1920054 = fieldWeight in 4151, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4151)
0.01897888 = product of:
0.03795776 = sum of:
0.03795776 = weight(_text_:systems in 4151) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03795776 = score(doc=4151,freq=2.0), product of:
0.159702 = queryWeight, product of:
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.23767869 = fieldWeight in 4151, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4151)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
- Abstract
- Two widerly used criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of information retrieval systems are, respectively, the recall and the precision. Since the determiniation of these measures is dependent on a distinction between documents which are relevant to a given query and documents which are not relevant to that query, it has sometimes been claimed that an accurate, generally valid evaluation cannot be based on recall and precision measure. A study was made to determine the effect of variations in relevance assesments do not produce significant variations in average recall and precision. It thus appears that properly computed recall and precision data may represent effectiveness indicators which are gemerally valid for many distinct user classes.
- Source
- Information storage and retrieval. 4(1969), S.343-359
-
Salton, G.: Automatic processing of foreign language documents (1985)
0.02
0.019661482 = product of:
0.029492222 = sum of:
0.01415497 = weight(_text_:information in 3650) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.01415497 = score(doc=3650,freq=8.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.1551638 = fieldWeight in 3650, product of:
2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
8.0 = termFreq=8.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=3650)
0.015337253 = product of:
0.030674506 = sum of:
0.030674506 = weight(_text_:systems in 3650) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.030674506 = score(doc=3650,freq=4.0), product of:
0.159702 = queryWeight, product of:
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.19207339 = fieldWeight in 3650, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=3650)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
- Abstract
- The attempt to computerize a process, such as indexing, abstracting, classifying, or retrieving information, begins with an analysis of the process into its intellectual and nonintellectual components. That part of the process which is amenable to computerization is mechanical or algorithmic. What is not is intellectual or creative and requires human intervention. Gerard Salton has been an innovator, experimenter, and promoter in the area of mechanized information systems since the early 1960s. He has been particularly ingenious at analyzing the process of information retrieval into its algorithmic components. He received a doctorate in applied mathematics from Harvard University before moving to the computer science department at Cornell, where he developed a prototype automatic retrieval system called SMART. Working with this system he and his students contributed for over a decade to our theoretical understanding of the retrieval process. On a more practical level, they have contributed design criteria for operating retrieval systems. The following selection presents one of the early descriptions of the SMART system; it is valuable as it shows the direction automatic retrieval methods were to take beyond simple word-matching techniques. These include various word normalization techniques to improve recall, for instance, the separation of words into stems and affixes; the correlation and clustering, using statistical association measures, of related terms; and the identification, using a concept thesaurus, of synonymous, broader, narrower, and sibling terms. They include, as weIl, techniques, both linguistic and statistical, to deal with the thorny problem of how to automatically extract from texts index terms that consist of more than one word. They include weighting techniques and various documentrequest matching algorithms. Significant among the latter are those which produce a retrieval output of citations ranked in relevante order. During the 1970s, Salton and his students went an to further refine these various techniques, particularly the weighting and statistical association measures. Many of their early innovations seem commonplace today. Some of their later techniques are still ahead of their time and await technological developments for implementation. The particular focus of the selection that follows is an the evaluation of a particular component of the SMART system, a multilingual thesaurus. By mapping English language expressions and their German equivalents to a common concept number, the thesaurus permitted the automatic processing of German language documents against English language queries and vice versa. The results of the evaluation, as it turned out, were somewhat inconclusive. However, this SMART experiment suggested in a bold and optimistic way how one might proceed to answer such complex questions as What is meant by retrieval language compatability? How it is to be achieved, and how evaluated?
- Footnote
- Original in: Journal of the American Society for Information Science 21(1970) no.3, S.187-194.
-
Salton, G.; Wong, A.: Generation and search of clustered files (1978)
0.01
0.014460101 = product of:
0.0433803 = sum of:
0.0433803 = product of:
0.0867606 = sum of:
0.0867606 = weight(_text_:systems in 2411) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0867606 = score(doc=2411,freq=2.0), product of:
0.159702 = queryWeight, product of:
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.5432656 = fieldWeight in 2411, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
3.0731742 = idf(docFreq=5561, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2411)
0.5 = coord(1/2)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- ACM transactions on database systems. 3(1978) no.4, S.321-346
-
Salton, G.: Historical note: the past thirty years in information retrieval (1987)
0.01
0.013345433 = product of:
0.0400363 = sum of:
0.0400363 = weight(_text_:information in 3910) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0400363 = score(doc=3910,freq=4.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.43886948 = fieldWeight in 3910, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3910)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 38(1987) no.5, S.375-380
-
Salton, G.; Fox, E.A.; Voorhees, E.: Advanced feedback methods in information retrieval (1985)
0.01
0.013345433 = product of:
0.0400363 = sum of:
0.0400363 = weight(_text_:information in 5445) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0400363 = score(doc=5445,freq=4.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.43886948 = fieldWeight in 5445, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5445)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 36(1985), S.200-210
-
Salton, G.; Waldstein, R.H.: Term relevance weights in on-line information retrieval (1978)
0.01
0.013345433 = product of:
0.0400363 = sum of:
0.0400363 = weight(_text_:information in 5484) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.0400363 = score(doc=5484,freq=4.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.43886948 = fieldWeight in 5484, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5484)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Information processing and management. 14(1978), S.20-35
-
Salton, G.; Rijsbergen, C.J. van; Maron, M.E.: Panel on key issues in information retrieval (1983)
0.01
0.011557484 = product of:
0.03467245 = sum of:
0.03467245 = weight(_text_:information in 7410) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03467245 = score(doc=7410,freq=12.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.38007212 = fieldWeight in 7410, product of:
3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
12.0 = termFreq=12.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=7410)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Abstract
- Contribution to an issue devoted to the 6th Annual International Conference of the Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval of the Association for Computing Machinery (USA) held at the National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, from 6-8 June 83. The following papers were presented in session 12 which was a panel on key issues in information retrieval: SALTON, G.: Research problems in automatic information retrieval; RIJSBERGEN, C.J. van: Information retrieval: new directions, old solutions; MARON, M.E.: Open problems in information retrieval
-
Salton, G.; McGill, M. J.: Information Retrieval: Grundlegendes für Informationswissenschaftler (1987)
0.01
0.010215471 = product of:
0.03064641 = sum of:
0.03064641 = weight(_text_:information in 8648) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03064641 = score(doc=8648,freq=6.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3359395 = fieldWeight in 8648, product of:
2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
6.0 = termFreq=6.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=8648)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Content
- Enthält die Kapitel: Information Retrieval: eine Einführung; Invertierte Dateisysteme; Textanalyse und automatisches Indexieren; Die experimentellen Retrievalsysteme SMART und SIRE; Die Bewertung von Retrievalsystemen; Fortgeschrittene Retrievaltechniken; Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache; Informationstechnologie: Hardware und Software; Datenbankmanagementsysteme; Zukünftige Entwicklungen im Information Retrieval
-
Salton, G.: Automatic text processing : the transformation, analysis, and retrieval of information by computer (1989)
0.01
0.010215471 = product of:
0.03064641 = sum of:
0.03064641 = weight(_text_:information in 1307) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.03064641 = score(doc=1307,freq=6.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3359395 = fieldWeight in 1307, product of:
2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
6.0 = termFreq=6.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.078125 = fieldNorm(doc=1307)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- COMPASS
- Information retrieval / Use of / On-line computers
- Subject
- Information retrieval / Use of / On-line computers
-
Salton, G.: Thoughts about modern retrieval technologies (1988)
0.01
0.010112799 = product of:
0.030338395 = sum of:
0.030338395 = weight(_text_:information in 1522) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.030338395 = score(doc=1522,freq=12.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3325631 = fieldWeight in 1522, product of:
3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
12.0 = termFreq=12.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=1522)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Abstract
- Paper presented at the 30th Annual Conference of the National Federation of Astracting and Information Services, Philadelphia, 28 Feb-2 Mar 88. In recent years, the amount and the variety of available machine-readable data, new technologies have been introduced, such as high density storage devices, and fancy graphic displays useful for information transformation and access. New approaches have also been considered for processing the stored data based on the construction of knowledge bases representing the contents and structure of the information, and the use of expert system techniques to control the user-system interactions. Provides a brief evaluation of the new information processing technologies, and of the software methods proposed for information manipulation.
- Source
- Information services and use. 8(1988) no.2/3/4, S.107-113
-
Salton, G.; Buckley, C.: Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval (1988)
0.01
0.010009075 = product of:
0.030027224 = sum of:
0.030027224 = weight(_text_:information in 1938) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.030027224 = score(doc=1938,freq=4.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3291521 = fieldWeight in 1938, product of:
2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
4.0 = termFreq=4.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1938)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Footnote
- Wiederabgedruckt in: Readings in information retrieval. Ed.: K. Sparck Jones u. P. Willett. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann 1997. S.323-328.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 24(1988) no.5, S.513-523
-
Salton, G.; Fox, E.: Extended Boolean information retrieval (1983)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 1137) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=1137,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 1137, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=1137)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
-
Salton, G.; McGill, M. J.: Introduction to modern information retrieval (1983)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 2328) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=2328,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 2328, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=2328)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
-
Salton, G.; Voorhees, E.; Fox, E.A.: ¬A comparison of two methods for Boolean query relevance feedback (1984)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 5446) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=5446,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 5446, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5446)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Information processing and management. 20(1984), S.637-651
-
Yu, C.T.; Salton, G.: Effective information retrieval using term accuracy (1971)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 5485) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=5485,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 5485, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=5485)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
-
Salton, G.: ¬A simple blueprint for automatic Boolean query processing (1988)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 6774) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=6774,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 6774, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=6774)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Information processing and management. 24(1988) no.3, S.269-280
-
Salton, G.: Automated language processing (1968)
0.01
0.0094366465 = product of:
0.02830994 = sum of:
0.02830994 = weight(_text_:information in 233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.02830994 = score(doc=233,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.3103276 = fieldWeight in 233, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=233)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Annual review of information science and technology. 3(1968), S.137-168
-
Salton, G.: ¬A new comparison between conventional indexing (MEDLARS) and automatic text processing (SMART) (1972)
0.01
0.008257066 = product of:
0.024771197 = sum of:
0.024771197 = weight(_text_:information in 2325) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
0.024771197 = score(doc=2325,freq=2.0), product of:
0.09122598 = queryWeight, product of:
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.051966466 = queryNorm
0.27153665 = fieldWeight in 2325, product of:
1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
2.0 = termFreq=2.0
1.7554779 = idf(docFreq=20772, maxDocs=44218)
0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=2325)
0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 23(1972), S.75-84
