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Reinartz, B.: Zwei Augen der Erkenntnis : Gehirnforscher behaupten, das bewusste Ich als Zentrum der Persönlichkeit sei nur eine raffinierte Täuschung (2002)
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- Date
- 17. 7.1996 9:33:22
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Hersh, R.: Reply to Martin Gardner (2001)
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- Content
- "Dear Martin Gardner, Thanks for your interest in my writings. As everyone knows, you're the most highly respected science journalist in the world. I just counted six of your books on my shelf. Yet for interesting, mysterious reasons, you seem unable or unwilling to understand my writing about mathematical existence. Your unhappiness with me is not new. You dissed The Mathematical Experience [1] by me and Phil Davis, in the New York Review of Books. In the most recent issue of The Intelligencer [4], you return to the task. You quote "myths 2, 3 and I from my Eureka article (reprinted in What is Mathematics, Really? [5], pp. 37-39). Myth 3 is somewhat off the point; I will concentrate on 2 and 4. Myth 4 is objectivity. "Mathematical truth or knowledge is the same for everyone. It does not depend on who in particular discovers it; in fact, it is true whether or not anyone discovers it." Your reaction: "What a strange contention" - to call it a myth. Myth 2 is certainty. "Mathematics possesses a method called 'proof' ... by which one attains absolute certainty of the conclusions, given the truth of the premises." Your reaction: "Can Hersh be serious when he calls this a myth'?" In a way, I understand your difficulty. In common speech, when someone says, "That's just a myth!" he means something is false, untrue. But in scholarly writing, "myth" commonly has other meanings. I wrote, on the very next page, "Being a myth doesn't entail its truth or falsity. Myths validate and support institutions; their truth may not be determinable'' About certainty, I wrote: "We're certain 2 + 2 = 4, though we don't all mean the same thing by that equation. It's another matter to claim certainty for the theorems of contemporary mathematics. Many of these theorems have proofs that fill dozens of pages. They're usually built on top of other theorems, whose proofs weren't checked in detail by the mathematician who quotes them. The proofs of these theorems replace boring details with 'it is easily seen' and 'a calculation gives.' Many papers have several coauthors, no one of whom thoroughly checked the whole paper. They may use machine calculations that none of the authors completely understands. A mathematician's confidence in some theorem need not mean she knows every step from the axioms of set theory up to the theorem she's interested in. It may include confidence in fellow researchers, journals, and referees.
Authors
- Thelwall, M. 101
- Leydesdorff, L. 85
- Hjoerland, B. 63
- Bornmann, L. 58
- Chen, H. 54
- Rousseau, R. 49
- Egghe, L. 47
- Spink, A. 43
- Cronin, B. 42
- Ding, Y. 39
- Zhang, Y. 37
- Borgman, C.L. 31
- Larivière, V. 31
- Bates, M.J. 28
- Smiraglia, R.P. 28
- Bar-Ilan, J. 27
- Kousha, K. 27
- Saracevic, T. 27
- Bawden, D. 26
- Cole, C. 26
- Stock, W.G. 26
- Wolfram, D. 25
- Sugimoto, C.R. 24
- Yan, E. 24
- Ford, N. 23
- Järvelin, K. 23
- Satija, M.P. 22
- Zhang, J. 22
- Chen, C. 21
- Jansen, B.J. 21
- Liu, X. 21
- Yang, C.C. 21
- Marchionini, G. 20
- Vakkari, P. 20
- Belkin, N.J. 19
- Garfield, E. 19
- Gopinath, M.A. 19
- Li, J. 19
- Gödert, W. 18
- Kantor, P.B. 18
- Liu, Y. 18
- Tenopir, C. 18
- Wang, X. 18
- Warner, J. 18
- White, H.D. 18
- Buckland, M.K. 17
- Hartley, J. 17
- Robinson, L. 17
- Ruthven, I. 17
- Sanderson, M. 17
- Soergel, D. 17
- Vaughan, L. 17
- Wang, P. 17
- Dahlberg, I. 16
- Gonçalves, M.A. 16
- Tudhope, D. 16
- Zumer, M. 16
- Costas, R. 15
- Ellis, D. 15
- Fidel, R. 15
- Furner, J. 15
- Greenberg, J. 15
- Lalmas, M. 15
- Large, A. 15
- Li, Y. 15
- Liu, J. 15
- Losee, R.M. 15
- Oppenheim, C. 15
- Savolainen, R. 15
- Shah, C. 15
- Svenonius, E. 15
- Beheshti, J. 14
- Bookstein, A. 14
- Dillon, A. 14
- Gingras, Y. 14
- Jascó, P. 14
- Lancaster, F.W. 14
- Li, D. 14
- Lin, X. 14
- Mayr, P. 14
- Savoy, J. 14
- Sun, A. 14
- Williams, M.E. 14
- Wilson, T.D. 14
- Zhang, L. 14
- Broughton, V. 13
- Chan, L.M. 13
- Day, R.E. 13
- Ingwersen, P. 13
- Lewandowski, D. 13
- Moed, H.F. 13
- Mostafa, J. 13
- Neelameghan, A. 13
- Qin, J. 13
- Salton, G. 13
- Shaw, D. 13
- Smith, L.C. 13
- Stvilia, B. 13
- Szostak, R. 13
- Toms, E.G. 13
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Years
Languages
Types
Themes
- Informetrie 1110
- Internet 1017
- Informationsdienstleistungen 481
- Information 412
- Formalerschließung 402
- Suchmaschinen 310
- Informationsmittel 283
- Benutzerstudien 277
- Computerlinguistik 250
- Elektronisches Publizieren 218
- Literaturübersicht 216
- OPAC 205
- Wissensrepräsentation 201
- Citation indexing 200
- Metadaten 199
- Retrievalstudien 182
- Suchtaktik 170
- Retrievalalgorithmen 152
- Ausbildung 130
- Automatisches Indexieren 127
- Suchoberflächen 127
- Information Resources Management 122
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval 111
- Bibliographie 108
- Semantic Web 108
- Data Mining 96
- Hypertext 95
- Konzeption und Anwendung des Prinzips Thesaurus 94
- Automatisches Klassifizieren 90
- Klassifikationstheorie: Elemente / Struktur 89
- Semantische Interoperabilität 89
- Multilinguale Probleme 83
- Datenformate 80
- Visualisierung 78
- Information Gateway 74
- Biographische Darstellungen 68
- Grundlagen u. Einführungen: Allgemeine Literatur 68
- Katalogfragen allgemein 67
- Klassifikationssysteme im Online-Retrieval 63
- Computer Based Training 61
- Register 58
- Dokumentenmanagement 56
- Informationsethik 54
- Social tagging 54
- International bedeutende Universalklassifikationen 52
- Inhaltsanalyse 51
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung 46
- Multimedia 46
- Rechtsfragen 45
- Begriffstheorie 43
- Indexierungsstudien 42
- Vision 42
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme 41
- Schöne Literatur 38
- Theorie verbaler Dokumentationssprachen 38
- Normdateien 37
- Automatisches Abstracting 36
- Geschichte der Kataloge 36
- Referieren 35
- Verbale Doksprachen für präkombinierte Einträge 34
- Bibliographische Software 33
- Verbale Doksprachen im Online-Retrieval 30
- Universale Facettenklassifikationen 27
- Verteilte bibliographische Datenbanken 26
- Klassifikationssysteme 24
- Volltextretrieval 23
- Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog (RSWK) 18
- Bestandsaufstellung 17
- Formale Begriffsanalyse 16
- Kataloganreicherung 16
- Objektdokumentation 16
- Web-Agenten 15
- Beziehungen verbale / systematische Erschließung 13
- Datenfernübertragung 13
- Auszeichnungssprachen 12
- Folksonomies 12
- Thesauri 12
- Linguistik 11
- Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS) 11
- Notationen / Signaturen 10
- Case Based Reasoning 8
- Retrievalsprachen 7
- Sprachretrieval 7
- Intranet 6
- Aufstellungssysteme Wissenschaftl. Bibliotheken 5
- Bilder 5
- IRM 5
- Aufstellungssysteme Öffentlicher Bibliotheken 4
- Elektronische Dokumente 4
- Geschichte des Schlagwortkataloges 3
- Regelwerke 3
- Schlagwortkatalog 3
- Altes Buch 2
- Citation Indexing 1
- Content Management System 1
- Psychologische Tests 1
- Systematischer Katalog 1
- Warenklassifikation 1
- Zeitungen 1
- More… Less…
Subjects
- Information storage and retrieval systems 23
- Computer science 20
- Information science 20
- Information retrieval 19
- Information organization 15
- Artificial intelligence 14
- Indexing 13
- Database management 12
- Knowledge management 12
- Data mining 10
- Information society 10
- Semantic Web 10
- Information Retrieval 9
- Information storage and retrieval 9
- Text processing (Computer science) 9
- Information behavior 8
- Information technology 8
- Information technology / Social aspects 8
- Library science 8
- Science / Philosophy 8
- Digital libraries / Congresses 7
- Electronic books 7
- Information services 7
- Knowledge, Theory of 7
- Wissenschaftstheorie 7
- Cataloging 6
- Subject headings 6
- Web search engines 6
- Bibliometrics 5
- Classification 5
- Computer Communication Networks 5
- Computer Science 5
- Computers 5
- Consciousness 5
- Digital libraries 5
- Information Storage and Retrieval 5
- Information systems 5
- Information theory 5
- Informations- und Dokumentationswissenschaft 5
- Internet searching 5
- Knowledge, Sociology of 5
- Metadata 5
- Multimedia systems 5
- Science / History 5
- Subject cataloging 5
- User interfaces (Computer systems) 5
- Abstracting 4
- Communication in science 4
- Computational linguistics 4
- Digital libraries / Europe / Congresses 4
- Expert systems (Computer science) 4
- Internet (Computer network) 4
- Knowledge representation (Information theory) 4
- Ontologies (Information retrieval) 4
- Reference books / Bibliography 4
- Reference services (Libraries) 4
- Suchmaschine / Information Retrieval 4
- System design 4
- Business Information Systems 3
- Classification / Books 3
- Classification of sciences 3
- Cognition 3
- Cognitive science 3
- Communication in learning and scholarship / Technological innovations 3
- Database design 3
- Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation 3
- Digital divide 3
- Documentation 3
- Erkenntnistheorie 3
- Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet) 3
- Information organization / History 3
- Information retrieval / Use of / On-line computers 3
- Information science / History 3
- Information science / Philosophy 3
- Information technology / History 3
- Information technology / Management 3
- Internet 3
- Internet / Social aspects 3
- Künstliche Intelligenz 3
- Künstliche Intelligenz / Zukunft 3
- Libraries / Automation 3
- Libraries and the Internet 3
- Linked data 3
- Mind and body 3
- Naturwissenschaften / Geschichte 3
- Neuropsychology 3
- Ontologie <Wissensverarbeitung> 3
- Philosophy 3
- Research 3
- Research / Methodology 3
- Wissensmanagement 3
- Wissensorganisation 3
- World Wide Web 2.0 3
- XML 3
- XML (Document markup language) 3
- Altmetrische Daten 2
- Anglo / American cataloguing rules 2
- Anthropology 2
- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics) 2
- Benutzeroberfläche / Multimedia / Gestaltung 2
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Classifications
- 06.74 / Informationssysteme 37
- 025.04 19
- 06.74 Informationssysteme 19
- 06.70 / Katalogisierung / Bestandserschließung 17
- 020 16
- ST 270 15
- 54.72 / Künstliche Intelligenz 13
- 06.35 / Informationsmanagement 12
- 06.35 Informationsmanagement 11
- ST 515 11
- 06.54 / Bibliotheksautomatisierung 10
- 06.74 (Informationssysteme) 10
- AN 95000 10
- BCA (FH K) 10
- 025.3 9
- 06.30 / Bibliothekswesen / Dokumentationswesen: Allgemeines 9
- 06.70 Katalogisierung 9
- 54.64 / Datenbanken 9
- 02.13 Wissenschaftspraxis 8
- 05.20 Kommunikation und Gesellschaft 8
- SS 4800 8
- ST 205 8
- TWY (DU) 8
- TYP (HA) 8
- TZU (HA) 8
- 025.04 / DDC22ger 7
- 05.38 / Neue elektronische Medien <Kommunikationswissenschaft> 7
- 06.44 / IuD-Einrichtungen 7
- 54.08 Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft 7
- QA75.5-76.95 7
- QP 345 7
- SS 4800 Informatik / Enzyklopädien und Handbücher. Kongreßberichte Schriftenreihe. Tafeln und Formelsammlungen / Schriftenreihen (indiv. Sign.) / Lecture notes in computer science 7
- ST 300 7
- TZH (HA) 7
- Z665 7
- 004 6
- 05.20 / Kommunikation und Gesellschaft 6
- 05.38 Neue elektronische Medien <Kommunikationswissenschaft> 6
- 06.60 / Bibliotheksbenutzung 6
- 54.32 / Rechnerkommunikation 6
- 54.65 / Webentwicklung / Webanwendungen 6
- 54.72 (Künstliche Intelligenz) 6
- 54.82 / Textverarbeitung <Informatik> 6
- AN 96300 6
- AZC (E) 6
- TVV (DU) 6
- ZZV (W) 6
- 02.02 / Wissenschaftstheorie 5
- 02.13 / Wissenschaftspraxis 5
- 06.01 / Geschichte des Informations- und Dokumentationswesens 5
- 18.00 Einzelne Sprachen und Literaturen allgemein 5
- 30.02 / Philosophie und Theorie der Naturwissenschaften 5
- 54.62 / Datenstrukturen 5
- 54.87 / Multimedia 5
- 77.31 / Kognition 5
- AK 28100 5
- AN 93000 5
- AN 95100 5
- BAB (FH K) 5
- CC 3200 5
- HM851 5
- TUQ (HA) 5
- TVK (FH K) 5
- TWP (DU) 5
- ZA3075 5
- 02.02 Wissenschaftstheorie 4
- 02.20 / Wissenschaftsinformation 4
- 020.9 4
- 025.00285 4
- 025.524 4
- 025/.00285 / dc22 4
- 05.38 (Neue elektronische Medien) <Kommunikationswissenschaft> 4
- 06.00 / Information und Dokumentation: Allgemeines 4
- 06.04 / Ausbildung, Beruf, Organisationen <Information und Dokumentation> 4
- 06.35 (Informationsmanagement) 4
- 54.01 / Geschichte der Informatik 4
- 54.08 / Informatik in Beziehung zu Mensch und Gesellschaft 4
- 54.72 Künstliche Intelligenz 4
- 54.75 / Sprachverarbeitung <Informatik> 4
- 71.43 (Technologische Faktoren) <Soziologie> 4
- 85.20 / Betriebliche Information und Kommunikation 4
- AN 73000 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Datenverarbeitung / Allgemeines 4
- AN 92550 4
- AN 92900 4
- AN 93200 4
- AN 93400 4
- AN 96800 4
- AP 18420 4
- AWU (DU) 4
- AWU (HA) 4
- Af 4
- Ah 4
- Al 4
- CC 3200 Philosophie / Systematische Philosophie / Allgemeine Wissenschaftstheorie / Abhandlungen zur allgemeinen Wissenschaftstheorie 4
- CC 4400 4
- HD30.2 4
- SR 800 4
- SR 800 Informatik / Nachschlagewerke. Didaktik / Allgemeines, Nachschlagewerke, Ausbildung / Geschichte der Datenverarbeitung 4
- ST 200 Informatik / Monographien / Vernetzung, verteilte Systeme / Allgemeines, Netzmanagement 4
- ST 252 4
- More… Less…