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Abstract

James Duff Brown was an influential and energetic librarian in Great Britain in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His Subject Classification has characteristics that were unusual and idiosyncratic during his own time, but his work deserves recognition as one of the precursors of modern bibliographic classification systems. This article discusses a number of theories and classification practices that Brown developed. In particular, it investigates his views on the order of main classes, on the phenomenon of "concrete" subjects, and on the need for synthesized notations. It traces these ideas briefly into the future through the work of S. R. Ranganathan, the Classification Research Group, and the second edition of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification system. It concludes that Brown's work warrants further study for the light it may shed on current classification theory and practice.

Footnote

Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science

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Abstract

Henry Evelyn Bliss (1870-1955) devoted several decades of his life to the study of classification and the development of the Bibliographic Classification scheme while serving as a librarian in the College of the City of New York. In the course of the development of the Bibliographic Classification, Bliss developed a body of classification theory published in a number of articles and books, among which the best known are The Organization of Knowledge and the System of the Sciences (1929), Organization of Knowledge in Libraries and the Subject Approach to Books (1933; 2nd ed., 1939), and the lengthy preface to A Bibliographic Classification (Volumes 1-2, 1940; 2nd ed., 1952). In developing the Bibliographic Classification, Bliss carefully established its philosophical and theoretical basis, more so than was attempted by the makers of other classification schemes, with the possible exception of S. R. Ranganathan (q.v.) and his Colon Classification. The basic principles established by Bliss for the Bibliographic Classification are: consensus, collocation of related subjects, subordination of special to general and gradation in specialty, and the relativity of classes and of classification (hence alternative location and alternative treatment). In the preface to the schedules of A Bibliographic Classification, Bliss spells out the general principles of classification as weIl as principles specifically related to his scheme. The first volume of the schedules appeared in 1940. In 1952, he issued a second edition of the volume with a rewritten preface, from which the following excerpt is taken, and with the addition of a "Concise Synopsis," which is also included here to illustrate the principles of classificatory structure. In the excerpt reprinted below, Bliss discusses the correlation between classes, concepts, and terms, as weIl as the hierarchical structure basic to his classification scheme. In his discussion of cross-classification, Bliss recognizes the "polydimensional" nature of classification and the difficulties inherent in the two-dimensional approach which is characteristic of linear classification. This is one of the earliest works in which the multidimensional nature of classification is recognized. The Bibliographic Classification did not meet with great success in the United States because the Dewey Decimal Classification and the Library of Congress Classification were already weIl ensconced in American libraries by then. Nonetheless, it attracted considerable attention in the British Commonwealth and elsewhere in the world. A committee was formed in Britain which later became the Bliss Classification Association. A faceted edition of the scheme has been in preparation under the direction of J. Mills and V. Broughton. Several parts of this new edition, entitled Bliss Bibliographic Classification, have been published.

Footnote

Original in: Bliss, H.E.: A bibliographic classification extended by systematic auxuliary schedules for composite specification and notation. vols 1-2. 2nd ed. New York: Wilson 1952. S.3-11.

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Abstract

The elements that comprise 'style' in creative writing are directly applicable to librarians, in the choice of books and periodicals, and in the process of cataloguing and classification to make them accessible to users. By the selection and arrangement of their stock librarians reveal professional accounts of the culture they have inherited and are endeavouring to pass on to future generations. Illustrates the discussion with particular reference to the life and career of Dr. John Henry Pyle Pafford, Librarian at London University, and in particular to his views on the development of general classification schemes, such as the DDC and BC, and the work of the CRG. Concludes by noting his work in the fields of education, national and international library cooperation, and as Library-Keeper of the University

Date

9. 2.1997 18:44:22

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Abstract

The decimal system is one system of a number of possible systems of ordering - and a very symbolic also. The ordering in ten chapters, themes, numbers, etc. you can find often in history. Indeed Dewey is not the genius-founder of decimal classification (against a number of authors)! For ordering and structuring separate schemes within a classification DDC creates a number of important negative solutions, e.g. in the main classes the 'lost' of physics and of medicine as special schemes: Nearly a catastrophe in the times of STM! And against an enormous tradition like Leibniz 1646 - 1716) et alii! Compare Bliss: The Bliss-Classification gives space for 6 numbers »sciences« in a context of 26 classes. Therefore the result in short: DDC (and UDC of course!) are »flowers« of the past, of the first decades of century 20! As a fact the Decimal Classification within the tradition of Melvil Dewey is not a final work: See the increasing number of newly constructed decimal classifications during the years 80 and 90 of the 20th century! Nevertheless DDC is a very great (problem and) solution in its development, internationality, reception - and edge-stone for many thinkers and librarians throughout the world - and an important example for modern translational work! Magda Heiner-Freiling has given to us a great stone for the edifice of Modern DDC: Requiescat in pace!

Source

New pespectives on subject indexing and classification: essays in honour of Magda Heiner-Freiling. Red.: K. Knull-Schlomann, u.a

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Abstract

The history of book numbers starts only with Melvil Dewey, as before hom books were shelved in fixed location systems. The article traces the early attempts by Dewey himself to combine class numbers with author numbers and shows the development in the individualization of book numbers by a great number of classificationists and classifiers, among which J. Schwartz, W.S. Biscoe, Ch.A. Cutter, K.E. Sanborn, J.D. Brown, A.F. Rider and finally S.R. Ranganathan whose faceted structure and ease of application of book numbers seems still to be the optimal solution. Two rival systems of book numbers are alphabetical by author and chronological by the year of publication of a books. The concluding chapter is devoted to the existing literatur on book numbers and laments its vanishing quality. The study of book numbers is not getting due attention.

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Abstract

The book honours Ranganathan in 16 contributions and an introduction by the editors

Content

KUMAR, P.S.G.: Ranganathan through classification; LANGRIDGE, D.W.: My debt to Ranganathan; SUBBA RAO, C.V.: Controversies on Dr. S.R. Ranganathan; CHAND, K. u. G. SINGH: Impact of information technology on Ranganathan's five laws; SATIJA, M.P.: Research in librarianship before and after Ranganathan; BATTY, C.D.: The influence of Ranganathan on the structural design of index languages; DHYANI, P.: Ranganathan's normatice principles and Dewey Decimal Classification; FRIIS-HANSEN, J.: Facets and clusters; HUNTER, E.J.: Ranganathan UK: The influence of Ranganathan's work on the development of classification and indexing in the United Kingdom; McILWAINE, I.C.: Ranganathan and classification in Britain; BAKEWELL, K.G.B.: Ranganathan and library management; BHARGAVA, G,D.: Dr. S.R. Ranganathan - my teacher and mentor; NAVALINI, K.: The tallest torch bearer; COMARONI, J.P.: Ranganathan's influence on American librarianship; KONNOR, M.B.: Dr. S.R. Ranganathan - American view; SHARMA, R.N.: Ranganathan and the United States

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Abstract

Describes S.R. Ranganathan's contribution to library and information science in general, mentioning his library education at London and influence of W.C. Berwick Sayers. Describes the seeds of Colon Classification, ed.1 (CC-1) and discusses the salient features of the scheme. Brings out the indebtedness of Ranganathan to Melvil Dewey and describes the influence of UDC on CC-1. Discusses the growth and development of the concept of 'categories', mentioning the influence of W. Hulme, W.S. Biscoe and others. Concludes that Ranganathan possessed an amazing degree of ingenuity to apply established ideas in such a way in a distinctive and original way

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Abstract

Various fields, each with its own theories, techniques, and tools, are concerned with identifying and representing the conceptual structure of specific knowledge domains. This paper compares facet analysis, an analytic technique coming out of knowledge organization (especially as undertaken by members of the Classification Research Group (CRG)), with semantic frame analysis, an analytic technique coming out of lexical semantics (especially as undertaken by the developers of Frame-Net) The investigation addresses three questions: 1) how do CRG-style facet analysis and semantic frame analysis characterize the conceptual structures that they identify?; 2) how similar are the techniques they use?; and, 3) how similar are the conceptual structures they produce? Facet analysis is concerned with the logical categories underlying the terminology of an entire field, while semantic frame analysis is concerned with the participant-and-prop structure manifest in sentences about a type of situation or event. When their scope of application is similar, as, for example, in the areas of the performing arts or education, the resulting facets and semantic frame elements often bear striking resemblance, without being the same; facets are more often expressed as semantic types, while frame elements are more often expressed as roles.

Content

Beitrag in einem Special Issue: Selected Papers from the International UDC Seminar 2017, Faceted Classification Today: Theory, Technology and End Users, 14-15 September, London UK.

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Abstract

A native of Germany and a former teacher of languages and music, Julius Otto Kaiser (1868-1927) came to the Philadelphia Commercial Museum to be its librarian in 1896. Faced with the problem of making "information" accessible, he developed a method of indexing he called systematic indexing. The first draft of his scheme, published in 1896-97, was an important landmark in the history of subject analysis. R. K. Olding credits Kaiser with making the greatest single advance in indexing theory since Charles A. Cutter and John Metcalfe eulogizes him by observing that "in sheer capacity for really scientific and logical thinking, Kaiser's was probably the best mind that has ever applied itself to subject indexing." Kaiser was an admirer of "system." By systematic indexing he meant indicating information not with natural language expressions as, for instance, Cutter had advocated, but with artificial expressions constructed according to formulas. Kaiser grudged natural language its approximateness, its vagaries, and its ambiguities. The formulas he introduced were to provide a "machinery for regularising or standardising language" (paragraph 67). Kaiser recognized three categories or "facets" of index terms: (1) terms of concretes, representing things, real or imaginary (e.g., money, machines); (2) terms of processes, representing either conditions attaching to things or their actions (e.g., trade, manufacture); and (3) terms of localities, representing, for the most part, countries (e.g., France, South Africa). Expressions in Kaiser's index language were called statements. Statements consisted of sequences of terms, the syntax of which was prescribed by formula. These formulas specified sequences of terms by reference to category types. Only three citation orders were permitted: a term in the concrete category followed by one in the process category (e.g., Wool-Scouring); (2) a country term followed by a process term (e.g., Brazil - Education); and (3) a concrete term followed by a country term, followed by a process term (e.g., Nitrate-Chile-Trade). Kaiser's system was a precursor of two of the most significant developments in twentieth-century approaches to subject access-the special purpose use of language for indexing, thus the concept of index language, which was to emerge as a generative idea at the time of the second Cranfield experiment (1966) and the use of facets to categorize subject indicators, which was to become the characterizing feature of analytico-synthetic indexing methods such as the Colon classification. In addition to its visionary quality, Kaiser's work is notable for its meticulousness and honesty, as can be seen, for instance, in his observations about the difficulties in facet definition.

Footnote

Original in: Kaiser, J.O.: Systematic indexing. London: Pitman 1991. Vol. II, Paragraphs 1-18, 52-58, 295-348.

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Date

25.12.1995 22:28:43

Footnote

Reprint of article originally published in Library journal 15 Feb 20.

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Abstract

This paper maps the concepts "space" and "dimensionality" in classifications, in particular in visualizations hereof, from a historical perspective. After a historical excursion in the domain of classification theory of what in mathematics is known as dimensionality reduction in representations of a single universe of knowledge, its potentiality will be explored for information retrieval and navigation in the multiverse of the World Wide Web.

Content

This paper is an adaptation and augmented version of a paper presented at the NASKO 2011 conference: Charles van den Heuvel. 2011. Multidimensional classifications: Past and future conceptualizations and visualizations. In Smiraglia, Richard P., ed. Proceedings from North American Symposium on Knowledge Organization, Vol. 3. Toronto, Canada, pp. 105-21. Vgl.: http://www.ergon-verlag.de/isko_ko/downloads/ko_39_2012_6_e.pdf.

Date

22. 2.2013 11:31:25

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Abstract

I outline a major segment of the history of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) in Hungary and all related important events and activities. Significant and committed specialists who played prominent role on a national and international level are also mentioned. It's not an overstatement, that the usage and publications of the UDC in Hungary are significant milestones in the international history of UDC. The usage of UDC has been very widespread and it is found in different types of libraries. People who were responsible for the developing of information retrieval systems and quality of these methods were very engaged and participated in international activities. There were several huge libraries such as special, academic, municipal and national library where UDC has been employed since quite early on and the leaders of these pioneer libraries travelled widely and were active in international researches and practices.

Series

Advances in knowledge organization; vol. 14

Source

Knowledge organization in the 21st century: between historical patterns and future prospects. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International ISKO Conference 19-22 May 2014, Kraków, Poland. Ed.: Wieslaw Babik

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Footnote

Einer der lesenswertesten Beiträge in der Geschichte der Sacherschließung im deutschen Bibliothekswesen; enthält Situationsbeschreibung der SUB Hamburg im Jahr 1946 und Vorschläge für die Neugestaltung eines systematischen Erschließungssystems. - Vgl. auch spätere Beiträge von E. Zimmermann u. H. Vollmer

Source

Probleme des Wiederaufbaus im wissenschaftlichen Bibliothekswesen: aus d. Verhandlungen des 1. Bibliothekartagung der britischen Zone in Hamburg vom 22.-24.10.1946

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Abstract

Describes the history and origins of the International Institute of Bibliography, founded in 1895 and which later became the FID. Outlines the work of Paul Otlet and his colleagues in developing the idea of universal bibliographic control through the Répertoire Bibliographique Universel and the emergence of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as the means of its classifies arrangement. Stresses the key role played by this work in developing the main concepts of information science and documentation

Source

International forum on information and documentation. 22(1997) no.2, S.3-15

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Abstract

In light of ongoing debates about ontological vs. epistemological approaches to knowledge organization (KO), this paper examines E. C. Richardson's treatment of ontology and epistemology in his theory of classification. According to Richardson, there is a natural order of things in the world accessible to human cognition, which may be expressed in two classificatory orders: evolutionary classification, which ranges classes of things from the most simple to the most complex, and logical classification, which ranges classes of things in the inverse order, from the most complex to the most simple. Evolutionary classification reflects ontological order and logical classification reflects epistemological order: both are faces of a single natural order. Such a view requires adherence to a representationalist, or, in Hjorland's (2008) terms, positivist understanding of epistemology, wherein human knowledge faithfully mirrors the structure of the external world. Richardson's harmonization of ontology and epistemology will find little favor among proponents of the currently fashionable pragmatist approach to KO. Nevertheless, it constitutes an early version of what Gnoli (2004) terms a naturalistic epistemology, which, once deepened and clarified, offers the best prospects for an explicit expression of both the ontological and epistemological dimensions of knowledge within a single classification of general scope.

Pages

S.15-22

Series

Advances in knowledge organization; vol.12

Source

Paradigms and conceptual systems in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the Eleventh International ISKO Conference, 23-26 February 2010 Rome, Italy. Edited by Claudio Gnoli and Fulvio Mazzocchi

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Abstract

The paper takes a retrospective look at the work of Henry Evelyn Bliss, classificationist theorist and author of the Bibliographic Classification. Major features of his writings and philosophy are examined and evaluated for the originality of their contribution to the corpus of knowledge in the discipline. Reactions to Bliss's work are analysed, as is his influence on classification theory of the 20th century. Contemporary work on knowledge organization is seen to continue a number of strands from Bliss's original writings. His standing as a classificationist is compared with that of Ranganathan, with the conclusion that he is not given the credit he deserves.

Date

9. 2.1997 18:44:22

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Source

Nachrichten für Dokumentation. 22(1971), S.55-63

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Abstract

The origin of the abridged edition of the Dewey system goes back to 1894 when an outline of 192 pages based on the full 5th Edition (1894) was issued for small public and school libraries of North America. New editions have appeared regularly following closely the publication of new full editions. An abridged version, which is always in one volume, comprises an introduction, schedules, four tables (namely 1, 2, 3 and 4) only, and the relative index and other minor features of the full edition, and has shorter numbers. Abridged 15 is a logical abridgement of the DDC23 (2011) and is a product of a new approach to development of an abridged edition of the DDC. Its content has been derived from the DDC database applying a set of rules to extract the edition using the new (2010) version of the editorial support system. The revision process has been informed by interaction with an always widening and diversified Dewey community at home and abroad. It aims to improve the currency of the schedules continuing to serve as shelving tool while recognizing its 'other' uses as a spinoff of its simplicity and inexpensiveness.

Date

3. 3.2016 18:59:22

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Abstract

Bibliothekarische Sacherschließung stellt zunächst eine praktische Aufgabe dar. Gleichwohl sollte bibliothekarische Sacherschließung als Ganzes und in einem wesentlichen Teilbereich wie der Systematischen Freihandaufstellung auch in ihrer historischen Entwicklung und Bedeutung gesehen werden. Ein bedeutender Aspekt bleibt die notwendige Einordnung in das größere Umfeld, vor allem der Bibliotheksgeschichte, aber auch der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Schwerpunkte bilden hier die Geschichte der Dezimalmethode mit den Teilbereichen UDK und DDC und die Nachkriegsgeschichte der klassifikatorischen Erschließung an wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken Deutschlands, einschließlich der neuen Entwicklung der Verbundarbeit in der Klassifikation. Bedeutend sind weiter die Beispiele für den Vergleich von Aufstellungsklassifikationen als Annäherung an eine zu entwickelnde Methodik. Dabei stellen sich auch Fragen des Inhalts ausgewählter Klassifikationssysteme in historischer Betrachtung. Dies entspricht bereits dem Bibliotheksplan 73, der immerhin Fragen der Bibliotheksgeschichte und der Klassifikation zu den genuinen Bereichen bibliothekswissenschaftlicher Forschung rechnet.

Classification

AN 75000 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Allgemeines
AN 75100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Systematischer Katalog

Date

22. 3.2008 17:56:19

Footnote

Rez. in Mitt. VÖB 56(2003) H.3/4, S. 81-82 (I. Müller): "Ein Blick in die Vergangenheit kann hilfreich für das Verständnis der Gegenwart und die Einschätzung der Zukunft sein (Berhard Fabian) - Nach diesem Motto betrachtet B. Lorenz die bibliothekarische Sacherschließung im gesamten und stellt sie aus der Sicht der historischen Entwicklung und Bedeutung dar. Es geht ihm darum, historische Kenntnisse zu nutzen, um Erfahrungen nachzuvollziehen und Fehler weitgehend zu vermeiden bzw. zu minimieren. So bildet die Einordnung in das größere Umfeld der Bibliotheksgeschichte und der Wissenschaftsgeschichte einen wesentlichen Faktor. Dies erfolgt in Verbindung mit wissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen, da der Autor darauf aufbaut, dass die Wissenschaftsgeschichte eine wesentliche Grundlage einer reflektierenden Inhaltserschließungsdiskussion darstellt. Das Werk liefert daher historische Beispiele für die Bedeutung und Definition bibliothekarischer Aufstellungsklassifikationen ebenso wie Grundüberlegungen zur Systematischen Aufstellung einschließlich besonderer Anforderungen und Berücksichtigung von Problemen anhand von Beispielen aus Theorie und Praxis. Das Kapitel über die Geschichte der Systematischen Freihandaufstellung liefert daher Beispiele aus Klosterbibliotheken des Mittelalters bis hin zum Bereich der Privatbibliotheken von Ärzten späterer Zeit. Wichtige internationale Klassifikationen sowie Neuentwicklungen an neueren deutschen Universitätsbibliotheken versieht der Autor allerdings mit kritischen Anmerkungen betreffend die Unterschiede innerhalb von Systematiken. Dem folgt eine Gegenüberstellung von Aufstellungssystematiken bzw. Beispielen für den Vergleich von Aufstellungsklassifikationen. B. Lorenz beweist in seinen "Notizen" als "Wechselspiel" deutlich, wie untrennbar die Geschichte der bibliothekarischen Sacherschließung von der Geschichte der Wissenschaften ist. Letztendlich kommt der Autor übereinstimmend mit Klara Erdei zu dem Schluß, "dass der Online-Katalog nicht den Untergang sondern eher eine Renaissance der bibliothekarischen Klassifikation mit sich bringen kann: eine noch benutzerfreundlichere, vielseitigere Realisierung der systematischen Erschließung und Suche". Das vorliegende Werk ist keine technische Auflistung von formalen, pragmatischen oder strukturellen Fragen und es ist auch keine weitere Darstellung des Wesens der Systematik. Vielmehr ist es dem Autor erfolgreich gelungen, den Fragen der hierarchisch höchst- bzw. hochstehenden Gliederungen und des Inhalts ausgewählter Klassifikationssysteme in historischer Betrachtung nachzugehen."

RVK

AN 75000 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Allgemeines
AN 75100 Allgemeines / Buch- und Bibliothekswesen, Informationswissenschaft / Bibliothekswesen / Sacherschließung in Bibliotheken / Systematischer Katalog