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COMPASS

Society / Effects of / Information technology

Series

International library of sociology

Subject

Society / Effects of / Information technology

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Content

Vgl. auch: Siebert, H.: Sozialkonstruktivismus: Gesellschaft als Konstruktion. In: Journal of social science education. 3(2004) no.2, S.95-103.

Footnote

Originaltitel: The social construction of reality (1966).

LCSH

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LCSH

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Abstract

Evaluates the potential of the electronic library (virtual library) to provide information for the public in light of Ranganathan's five laws of library science. Rephrases certain laws in the context of electronic information resources and points to opportunities to make additions to the laws in light of news services and the Internet

Footnote

Übers. des Titels: The five laws of Ranganathan and the virtual library

Imprint

Tampere : Oulu University, Department of Information Studies and Sociology

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Content

Information science; its roots and relations as viewed from the perspective of cognitive science; informatics (computer and information science), its ideology, methodology, and sociology; intellectual issues in the history of artificial intelligence; linguistcs and its relations to other disciplines; library and information sciences; disciplinary differentiation, competition, and convergence; cybernetics; thirty years of information theory; on system theory and its relevance to problems in information science; system theory, knowledge and the social sciences

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Abstract

Is this book sociology, anthropology, or taxonomy? Sorting Things Out, by communications theorists Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, covers a lot of conceptual ground in its effort to sort out exactly how and why we classify and categorize the things and concepts we encounter day to day. But the analysis doesn't stop there; the authors go on to explore what happens to our thinking as a result of our classifications. With great insight and precise academic language, they pick apart our information systems and language structures that lie deeper than the everyday categories we use. The authors focus first on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), a widely used scheme used by health professionals worldwide, but also look at other health information systems, racial classifications used by South Africa during apartheid, and more. Though it comes off as a bit too academic at times (by the end of the 20th century, most writers should be able to get the spelling of McDonald's restaurant right), the book has a clever charm that thoughtful readers will surely appreciate. A sly sense of humor sneaks into the writing, giving rise to the chapter title "The Kindness of Strangers," for example. After arguing that categorization is both strongly influenced by and a powerful reinforcer of ideology, it follows that revolutions (political or scientific) must change the way things are sorted in order to throw over the old system. Who knew that such simple, basic elements of thought could have such far-reaching consequences? Whether you ultimately place it with social science, linguistics, or (as the authors fear) fantasy, make sure you put Sorting Things Out in your reading pile.

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Abstract

To reason is to talk. To think is to use tools. To learn is to join a community of practice. This book explores thought and reasoning as inherently social practices, as actions situated in specific environments of demand, opportunity, and accountability. Authors from diverse disciplines psychology, sociology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology - examine how people think and learn in settings as diverse as a factory, a classroom or an airplane cockpit. The tools that people use in these varied settings are both physical technologies and cultural constructions: concepts, structures of reasoning, and forms of discourse. This volume in the NATO Special Programme on Advanced Educational Technology is based on an international conference on situated cognition and learning technologies.

Content

Distributed cognition: Tools, discourse, and activity in complex work environments.- Negotiating identities: The construction of socio-cognitive communities.- Learning in practice: How people and tools shape one another.Accountable talk: Learning to reason.

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Abstract

We live in a society that is awash with information, but few of us really understand what information is. In this Very Short Introduction, one of the world's leading authorities on the philosophy of information and on information ethics, Luciano Floridi, offers an illuminating exploration of information as it relates to both philosophy and science. He discusses the roots of the concept of information in mathematics and science, and considers the role of information in several fields, including biology. Floridi also discusses concepts such as "Infoglut" (too much information to process) and the emergence of an information society, and he addresses the nature of information as a communication process and its place as a physical phenomenon. Perhaps more important, he explores information's meaning and value, and ends by considering the broader social and ethical issues relating to information, including problems surrounding accessibility, privacy, ownership, copyright, and open source. This book helps us understand the true meaning of the concept and how it can be used to understand our world. About the Series: Combining authority with wit, accessibility, and style, Very Short Introductions offer an introduction to some of life's most interesting topics. Written by experts for the newcomer, they demonstrate the finest contemporary thinking about the central problems and issues in hundreds of key topics, from philosophy to Freud, quantum theory to Islam.

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Abstract

In this title, a leading philosopher of the internet explains how knowledge and expertise can still work - and even grow stronger - in an age when the internet has made topics simply Too Big to Know. Knowing used to be so straightforward. If we wanted to know something we looked it up, asked an expert, gathered the facts, weighted the possibilities, and honed in on the best answer ourselves. But, ironically, with the advent of the internet and the limitless information it contains, we're less sure about what we know, who knows what, or even what it means to know at all. Knowledge, it would appear, is in crisis. And yet, while its very foundations seem to be collapsing, human knowledge has grown in previously unimaginable ways, and in inconceivable directions, in the Internet age. We fact-check the news media more closely and publicly than ever before. Science is advancing at an unheard of pace thanks to new collaborative techniques and new ways to find patterns in vast amounts of data. Businesses are finding expertise in every corner of their organization, and across the broad swath of their stakeholders. We are in a crisis of knowledge at the same time that we are in an epochal exaltation of knowledge. In "Too Big to Know", Internet philosopher David Weinberger explains that, rather than a systemic collapse, the Internet era represents a fundamental change in the methods we have for understanding the world around us. Weinberger argues that our notions of expertise - what it is, how it works, and how it is cultivated - are out of date, rooted in our pre-networked culture and assumptions. For thousands of years, we've relied upon a reductionist process of filtering, winnowing, and otherwise reducing the complex world to something more manageable in order to understand it. Back then, an expert was someone who had mastered a particular, well-defined domain. Now, we live in an age when topics are blown apart and stitched together by momentary interests, diverse points of view, and connections ranging from the insightful to the perverse. Weinberger shows that, while the limits of our own paper-based tools have historically prevented us from achieving our full capacity of knowledge, we can now be as smart as our new medium allows - but we will be smart differently. For the new medium is a network, and that network changes our oldest, most basic strategy of knowing. Rather than knowing-by-reducing, we are now knowing-by-including. Indeed, knowledge now is best thought of not as the content of books or even of minds, but as the way the network works. Knowledge will never be the same - not for science, not for business, not for education, not for government, not for any of us. As Weinberger makes clear, to make sense of this new system of knowledge, we need - and smart companies are developing - networks that are themselves experts. Full of rich and sometimes surprising examples from history, politics, business, philosophy, and science, "Too Big to Know" describes how the very foundations of knowledge have been overturned, and what this revolution means for our future.

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Abstract

Will the emerging global information infrastructure (GII) create a revolution in communication equivalent to that wrought by Gutenberg, or will the result be simply the evolutionary adaptation of existing behavior and institutions to new media? Will the GII improve access to information for all? Will it replace libraries and publishers? How can computers and information systems be made easier to use? What are the trade-offs between tailoring information systems to user communities and standardizing them to interconnect with systems designed for other communities, cultures, and languages? This book takes a close look at these and other questions of technology, behavior, and policy surrounding the GII. Topics covered include the design and use of digital libraries; behavioral and institutional aspects of electronic publishing; the evolving role of libraries; the life cycle of creating, using, and seeking information; and the adoption and adaptation of information technologies. The book takes a human-centered perspective, focusing on how well the GII fits into the daily lives of the people it is supposed to benefit. Taking a unique holistic approach to information access, the book draws on research and practice in computer science, communications, library and information science, information policy, business, economics, law, political science, sociology, history, education, and archival and museum studies. It explores both domestic and international issues. The author's own empirical research is complemented by extensive literature reviews and analyses

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Date

22. 7.2009 13:43:50

LCSH

Knowledge, Sociology of
Knowledge, Theory of

Subject

Knowledge, Sociology of
Knowledge, Theory of

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Abstract

A new, thoroughly updated edition of a comprehensive overview of knowledge management (KM), covering theoretical foundations, the KM process, tools, and professions. The ability to manage knowledge has become increasingly important in today's knowledge economy. Knowledge is considered a valuable commodity, embedded in products and in the tacit knowledge of highly mobile individual employees. Knowledge management (KM) represents a deliberate and systematic approach to cultivating and sharing an organization's knowledge base. This textbook and professional reference offers a comprehensive overview of the field. Drawing on ideas, tools, and techniques from such disciplines as sociology, cognitive science, organizational behavior, and information science, it describes KM theory and practice at the individual, community, and organizational levels. Chapters cover such topics as tacit and explicit knowledge, theoretical modeling of KM, the KM cycle from knowledge capture to knowledge use, KM tools, KM assessment, and KM professionals.

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 55(2004) no.4, S.363-365 (J.W. Schneider): "Theories and methods for mapping scientific frontiers have existed for decades-especially within quantitative studies of science. This book investigates mapping scientific frontiers from the perspective of visual thinking and visual exploration (visual communication). The central theme is construction of visual-spatial representations that may convey insights into the dynamic structure of scientific frontiers. The author's previous book, Information Visualisation and Virtual Environments (1999), also concerns some of the ideas behind and possible benefits of visual communication. This new book takes a special focus an knowledge visualization, particularly in relation to science literature. The book is not a technical tutorial as the focus is an principles of visual communication and ways that may reveal the dynamics of scientific frontiers. The new approach to science mapping presented is the culmination of different approaches from several disciplines, such as philosophy of science, information retrieval, scientometrics, domain analysis, and information visualization. The book therefore addresses an audience with different disciplinary backgrounds and tries to stimulate interdisciplinary research. Chapter 1, The Growth of Scientific Knowledge, introduces a range of examples that illustrate fundamental issues concerning visual communication in general and science mapping in particular. Chapter 2, Mapping the Universe, focuses an the basic principles of cartography for visual communication. Chapter 3, Mapping the Mind, turns the attention inward and explores the design of mind maps, maps that represent our thoughts, experience, and knowledge. Chapter 4, Enabling Techniques for Science Mapping, essentially outlines the author's basic approach to science mapping.
The title of Chapter 5, On the Shoulders of Giants, implies that knowledge of the structure of scientific frontiers in the immediate past holds the key to a fruitful exploration of people's intellectual assets. Chapter 6, Tracing Competing Paradigms explains how information visualization can draw upon the philosophical framework of paradigm shifts and thereby enable scientists to track the development of Competing paradigms. The final chapter, Tracking Latent Domain Knowledge, turns citation analysis upside down by looking at techniques that may reveal latent domain knowledge. Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualization is an excellent book and is highly recommended. The book convincingly outlines general theories conceming cartography, visual communication, and science mapping-especially how metaphors can make a "big picture"simple and useful. The author likewise Shows how the GSA framework is based not only an technical possibilities but indeed also an the visualization principles presented in the beginning chapters. Also, the author does a fine job of explaining why the mapping of scientific frontiers needs a combined effort from a diverse range of underlying disciplines, such as philosophy of science, sociology of science, scientometrics, domain analyses, information visualization, knowledge discovery, and data mining.

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Content

A. General Works. 4. ed. 1973. - B. B-BJ. Philosphy. Psychology. 4. ed. 1989 / B. BL, BM, BP, BQ. Relgions, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism. 3. ed. 1984 / BR-BV. Religion: Christianity, Bible. 3. ed. 1987. BX. Religion: Christian denominations. 3. ed. 1985. - C. auxilary sciences of history. 3. ed. 1975. - D. History. General and Old World. 2. ed. 1959/ DJK-DK. History of Eastern Europe (General), Soviet Union, Poland. 3. ed. 1987 / D. DS. History of Asia. 3. ed. 1987 / DT-DX. History of Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc. 3. ed. 1989. - E-F. History. America. 3. ed. Reprint 1965. - G. Geography, maps, anthropology, recreation. 4. ed. 1976. - H. H-HJ. Social sciences: economics. 4. ed. 1981/ HM-HX. Social sciences: sociology. 4. ed. 1980. - J. Political science. 2. ed. Reprint 1966; neu: 1991. - K. Law (General) 1977 / KD. Law of the United Kingdom and Ireland. 1973. / KDZ, KG-KH. Law of the Americas, Latin America and the West Indies. 1984 / KE. Law of Canada. 1976 / KF. Law of the United States. Preliminary ed. 1969 / KJ-KKZ. Law of Europe. 1988 / KJV-KJW. Law of France. 1985 / KK-KKC. Law of Germany. 1982. - KL-KWX: Law of Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area and Antarctica. 1993. - L. Education 4. ed. 1984. - M. Music and books on musik. 3. ed. 1978. - N. Fine Arts. 4. ed. 1970. - P-PZ. Language and literature tables. 1982 / P-PM. Suppl. Index to languages and dialects. 3. ed. 1983 / P-PA. Philology. Linguistics. Classical philology. Classical literature. Reissue 1968 / PA. Suppl. Byzantine and modern greek literature. Medieval and modern Latin literature. Reissued with suppl. pages. Suppl. of additions and changes to January 1968. 1968 / PB-PH. Modern European languages. Reprint 1966 / PG Russian literature. Reprint 1965 / PJ-PK. Oriental philology and literature. 2. ed. 1988 / PL-PM. Languages of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania, Hyperborean, Indian and artificial languages. 2. ed. 1988 / PN, PR, PS, PZ. Literature (general). English and American lierature. Fiction in English. Juvenile Belles Lettres. 3. ed. 1988 / PQ, 1. French literature. 2nd ed. 1992 / PQ, 2. Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literatures. Reprint 1965; neu: 1992 / PT, 1. German literature. 2. ed. 1989 / PT, 2. Dutch and Scandinavian literatures. 2nd ed. 1992. - Q. Science. 7. ed. 1989. - R. Medicine. 6(?). ed. 1995. - S. Agriculture. 4. ed. 1982. - T. Technology. 5. ed. 1971. - U. Military science. 5. ed. 1992. - V. Naval science. 4. ed. 1993. - Z. Bibliography and library science. 5. ed. 1980

Editor

Library of Congress

Footnote

Für eine jeweils aktuelle Übersicht vgl. den Prospekt der Library of Congress; Nachträge und Neuausgaben werden auch in der Zeitschrift: Cataloging service bulletin angezeigt. - Die Konvertierung in das USMARC Format ist angekündigt, das die Ausgabe in verschiedenen physikalischen Medien unterstützen soll. - Gemäß des Artikels von 'G.M. Daly: Reference work in a classified collection ...' ist die Klasse K nunmehr vollständig veröffentlicht

Imprint

Washington : Library of Congress

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Abstract

This being the Birth Centenary.Year of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan, it was deemed as a befitting tribute to the author of Colon Classifiction to bring together all that has been published thus far on it and complile it in the form of a bibliographies are an important source of information on a particular field of study and research. A research worker has to carry out the literature survey on the area of interest which sometimes consumes many precious man hours in order to collect some relevent citations. Thus bibliographies are a useful source in saving the precious time and energy of the reseach workers, and lead them to the primary sources for carryying out the research further to the destination.

Content

Inhalt: General Classification, Colon Classification, Edition7, Philosophy, Conference, Literature Survey, Features, History. Countries and Areas , Theoru, Design of Classification, Classification Problems , Research in Classification, Trends in Classification, Depth Classification, Automatic Classification, Uses of Classification, Practical Classification, Application of Classification, Standards, Glossary.Teminology, classification and Reference Service, Classificationand Documentation, Classification and Communication, Classification and Retrieval, Comparison to Other Schemes, Canons, Isolates, Common Isolates , Space Isolates, Time Isolates, Special Isolates, Postulates, Fundamental Categories, Facet Formula, Optionl Facets, Rounds and Levels, Basic Subjects, Notation and Symbols, Array and Chanin, Devices, Mnemonics, Phase Relation, Systems and Specials, Book Number, Cooperative Calssification, Teaching of Classification, Classification of Specific Subjects, Book Science, Bibliography, Library and Information Science, Classification, Cataloguing, Mathematics, Cybernetics, Engineering, Computer, Chemistry, Crystallography, Technology. Food Technology, Corrosion, Parasitism, Geology , Agriculture, Zoology, Animal Husbandry, Medicine, Useful Arts, Military Science, Creative Arts, Aiterature, Sanskrit, Marathi, Tamil, Calssics, Linguistics, Philosophy, Ssocial Science, Geography, Maps, History , Political Science, Economics, Sociology, Law,

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Abstract

THE COLON CLASSIFICATION is the latest scheme in the field of classification. It has revolutionised thinking in classification and stimulated research in it. This new method is suited to small and large, general and special libraries and can be used in classifying whole books as well as individual articles in a periodical or sections in a book.. It is being taught in all schools o Library Science all over the world, not only as a means of arranging books on shelves but also as a means of finding out the focus of a book in systematic way and finding the requirements of a reader while doing reference service. The new methodologies in classification invented as part of the Colon Classification-the Facet Analysis, the Phase Analysis and the Zone Analysis--have lifted Practical Classification from guesswork to scientific method. They are forming an important theme in international conferences on information retrieval.

Content

Inhalt: Preface to edition to 6 Chap 00 Introduction Chap 01 Call Number Chap 02 Class Number Chap 03 Book Number Chap 04 Collection Number Chap 05 Focus and Facet Chap 06 Contractions Chap 07 Canons of Classification Chap 08 Principles and Postulates Chap 1 Main Class Chap 2. Common Isolate Chap 3. Time Isolate Chap 4. Space Isolate Chap 5. Language Isolate Chap 6. Phase and Intra- Facet Relation Chap 7. Classic Chap 9z Generalia Chap 92 Library Science Chap B. Mathematics Chap C. Physics Chap D. Engineering Chap E. Chemistry Chap F. Technology Chap G. Biology Chap H. Geology Chap HZ. Mining Chap I. Botany Chap J. Agriculture Chap K. Zoology Chap KZ. Animal Husbandry Chap L. Medicine Chap LZ. Pharmacognosy Chap M. Useful Arts Chap ^ Spiritual Experience and Mysticism Chap N. Fine Arts Chap O Literature Chap P. Linguistics Chap Q. Religion Chap R. Philosophy Chap S. Psychology Chap T. Education Chap U. Geography Chap V. History Chap W. Political Science Chap X. Economics Chap Y Sociology Chap Z. Law Index Schedules of Classics and Sacred Books

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Content

Inhalt: Biblio/sciento/infor-metrics : terminological issues and early historical developments -- The empirical foundations of bibliometrics : the Science citation index -- The philosophical foundations of bibliometrics : Bernal, Merton, Price, Garfield, and Small -- The mathematical foundations of bibliometrics -- Maps and paradigms : bibliographic citations at the service of the history and sociology of science -- Impact factor and the evaluation of scientists : bibliographic citations at the service of science policy and management -- On the shoulders of dwarfs : citation as rhetorical device and the criticisms to the normative model -- Measuring scientific communication in the twentieth century : from bibliometrics to cybermetrics.