-
Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.: How are we searching the World Wide Web? : A comparison of nine search engine transaction logs (2006)
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- Abstract
- The Web and especially major Web search engines are essential tools in the quest to locate online information for many people. This paper reports results from research that examines characteristics and changes in Web searching from nine studies of five Web search engines based in the US and Europe. We compare interactions occurring between users and Web search engines from the perspectives of session length, query length, query complexity, and content viewed among the Web search engines. The results of our research shows (1) users are viewing fewer result pages, (2) searchers on US-based Web search engines use more query operators than searchers on European-based search engines, (3) there are statistically significant differences in the use of Boolean operators and result pages viewed, and (4) one cannot necessary apply results from studies of one particular Web search engine to another Web search engine. The wide spread use of Web search engines, employment of simple queries, and decreased viewing of result pages may have resulted from algorithmic enhancements by Web search engine companies. We discuss the implications of the findings for the development of Web search engines and design of online content.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 42(2006) no.1, S.248-263
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Spink, A.: Multitasking information behavior and information task switching : an exploratory study (2004)
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- Abstract
- Recent studies show that humans engage in multitasking information behaviors, often in libraries, as they seek and search for information on more than one information task. Multitasking information behaviors may consist of library search and use behaviors, or database or Web search sessions on multiple information tasks. However, few human information behavior models of seeking, searching or use, or library use models, include considerations of multitasking information behavior. This paper reports results from a case study exploring multitasking information behavior by an information seeker in a public library using diary, observation and interview data collection techniques. The information seeker sought information on four unrelated personal information tasks during two public library visits. Findings include a taxonomy of information behaviors; a sequential flowchart of the information seeker's complex and iterative processes, including multitasking information behavior, electronic searches, physical library searches, serendipitous browsing, and successive searches; and that the information seeker engaged in a process of 17 information task switches over two library visits. A model of information multitasking and information task switching is presented. Implications for library services and bibliographic instruction are also discussed.
-
Cool, C.; Spink, A.: Issues of context in information retrieval (IR) : an introduction to the special issue (2002)
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- Abstract
- The subject of context has received a great deal of attention in the information retrieval (IR) literature over the past decade, primarily in studies of information seeking and IR interactions. Recently, attention to context in IR has expanded to address new problems in new environments. In this paper we outline five overlapping dimensions of context which we believe to be important constituent elements and we discuss how they are related to different issues in IR research. The papers in this special issue are summarized with respect to how they represent work that is being conducted within these dimensions of context. We conclude with future areas of research which are needed in order to fully understand the multidimensional nature of context in IR.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 38(2002) no.5, S.605-611
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Spink, A.; Park, M.; Koshman, S.: Factors affecting assigned information problem ordering during Web search : an exploratory study (2006)
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- Abstract
- Multitasking is the human ability to handle the demands of multiple tasks. Multitasking behavior involves the ordering of multiple tasks and switching between tasks. People often multitask when using information retrieval (IR) technologies as they seek information on more than one information problem over single or multiple search episodes. However, limited studies have examined how people order their information problems, especially during their Web search engine interaction. The aim of our exploratory study was to investigate assigned information problem ordering by forty (40) study participants engaged in Web search. Findings suggest that assigned information problem ordering was influenced by the following factors, including personal interest, problem knowledge, perceived level of information available on the Web, ease of finding information, level of importance and seeking information on information problems in order from general to specific. Personal interest and problem knowledge were the major factors during assigned information problem ordering. Implications of the findings and further research are discussed. The relationship between information problem ordering and gratification theory is an important area for further exploration.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 42(2006) no.5, S.1366-1378
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Spink, A.; Park, M.; Jansen, B.J.; Pedersen, J.: Elicitation and use of relevance feedback information (2006)
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- Abstract
- A user's single session with a Web search engine or information retrieval (IR) system may consist of seeking information on single or multiple topics, and switch between tasks or multitasking information behavior. Most Web search sessions consist of two queries of approximately two words. However, some Web search sessions consist of three or more queries. We present findings from two studies. First, a study of two-query search sessions on the AltaVista Web search engine, and second, a study of three or more query search sessions on the AltaVista Web search engine. We examine the degree of multitasking search and information task switching during these two sets of AltaVista Web search sessions. A sample of two-query and three or more query sessions were filtered from AltaVista transaction logs from 2002 and qualitatively analyzed. Sessions ranged in duration from less than a minute to a few hours. Findings include: (1) 81% of two-query sessions included multiple topics, (2) 91.3% of three or more query sessions included multiple topics, (3) there are a broad variety of topics in multitasking search sessions, and (4) three or more query sessions sometimes contained frequent topic changes. Multitasking is found to be a growing element in Web searching. This paper proposes an approach to interactive information retrieval (IR) contextually within a multitasking framework. The implications of our findings for Web design and further research are discussed.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 42(2006) no.1, S.264-275
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Griesdorf, H.; Spink, A.: Median measure : an approach to IR systems evaluation (2001)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 37(2001) no.6, S.843-857
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Spink, A.; Jansen, B.J.; Blakely, C.; Koshman, S.: ¬A study of results overlap and uniqueness among major Web search engines (2006)
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- Abstract
- The performance and capabilities of Web search engines is an important and significant area of research. Millions of people world wide use Web search engines very day. This paper reports the results of a major study examining the overlap among results retrieved by multiple Web search engines for a large set of more than 10,000 queries. Previous smaller studies have discussed a lack of overlap in results returned by Web search engines for the same queries. The goal of the current study was to conduct a large-scale study to measure the overlap of search results on the first result page (both non-sponsored and sponsored) across the four most popular Web search engines, at specific points in time using a large number of queries. The Web search engines included in the study were MSN Search, Google, Yahoo! and Ask Jeeves. Our study then compares these results with the first page results retrieved for the same queries by the metasearch engine Dogpile.com. Two sets of randomly selected user-entered queries, one set was 10,316 queries and the other 12,570 queries, from Infospace's Dogpile.com search engine (the first set was from Dogpile, the second was from across the Infospace Network of search properties were submitted to the four single Web search engines). Findings show that the percent of total results unique to only one of the four Web search engines was 84.9%, shared by two of the three Web search engines was 11.4%, shared by three of the Web search engines was 2.6%, and shared by all four Web search engines was 1.1%. This small degree of overlap shows the significant difference in the way major Web search engines retrieve and rank results in response to given queries. Results point to the value of metasearch engines in Web retrieval to overcome the biases of individual search engines.
- Source
- Information processing and management. 42(2006) no.5, S.1379-1391
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Jansen, B.J.; Spink, A.; Saracevic, T.: Real life, real users and real needs : a study and analysis of users queries on the Web (2000)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 36(2000) no.2, S.207-227
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Spink, A.; Ozmutlu, H.C.; Ozmutlu, S.: Multitasking information seeking and searching processes (2002)
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- Abstract
- Recent studies show that humans engage in multitasking behaviors as they seek and search information retrieval (IR) systems for information on more than one topic at the same time. For example, a Web search session by a single user may consist of searching on single topics or multitasking. Findings are presented from four separate studies of the prevalence of multitasking information seeking and searching by Web, IR system, and library users. Incidence of multitasking identified in the four different studies included: (1) users of the Excite Web search engine who completed a survey form, (2) Excite Web search engine users filtered from an Excite transaction log from 20 December 1999, (3) mediated on-line databases searches, and (4) academic library users. Findings include: (1) multitasking information seeking and searching is a common human behavior, (2) users may conduct information seeking and searching on related or unrelated topics, (3) Web or IR multitasking search sessions are longer than single topic sessions, (4) mean number of topics per Web search ranged of 1 to more than 10 topics with a mean of 2.11 topic changes per search session, and (4) many Web search topic changes were from hobbies to shopping and vice versa. A more complex model of human seeking and searching levels that incorporates multitasking information behaviors is presented, and a theoretical framework for human information coordinating behavior (HICB) is proposed. Multitasking information seeking and searching is developing as major research area that draws together IR and information seeking studies toward a focus on IR within the context of human information behavior. Implications for models of information seeking and searching, IR/Web systems design, and further research are discussed.
-
Spink, A.; Goodrum, A.: ¬A study of search intermediary working notes : implications for IR system design (1996)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 32(1996) no.6, S.681-695
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Spink, A.; Goodrum, A.; Robins, D.: Elicitation behavior during mediated information retrieval (1998)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 34(1998) nos.2/3, S.257-273
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Ozmutlu, S.; Spink, A.; Ozmutlu, H.C.: ¬A day in the life of Web searching : an exploratory study (2004)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 40(2004) no.2, S.319-345
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Ozmutlu, S.; Spink, A.; Ozmutlu, H.C.: Multimedia Web searching trends : 1997-2001 (2003)
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- Information processing and management. 39(2003) no.4, S.611-621
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Spink, A.; Greisdorf, H.: Users' partial relevance judgements during online searching (1997)
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- Abstract
- Reports results of research to examine users conducting their initial online search on a particular information problem. Findings from 3 separate studies of relevance judgements by 44 initial search users were examined, including 2 studies of 13 end users and a study of 18 user engaged in mediated online searches. Number of items was judged on the scale 'relevant', 'patially relevant' and 'not rlevant'. Results suggest that: a relationship exists between partially rlevant items retrieved anch changes in the users' information problem or question during an information seeking process; partial relevance judgements play an important role for users in the early stages of seeking information on a particular information problem; and 'highly' relevant items may or may not be the only items useful at the early stages of users' information seeking processes
-
Spink, A.: Term relevance feedback and mediated database searching : implications for information retrieval practice and systems design (1995)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 31(1995) no.2, S.161-171
-
Desai, M.; Spink, A.: ¬A algorithm to cluster documents based on relevance (2005)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 41(2005) no.5, S.1035-1050
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Tjondronegoro, D.; Spink, A.: Web search engine multimedia functionality (2008)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 44(2008) no.1, S.340-357
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Jansen, B.J.; Booth, D.L.; Spink, A.: Determining the informational, navigational, and transactional intent of Web queries (2008)
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- Information processing and management. 44(2008) no.3, S.1251-1266
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Spink, A.; Park, M.: Information and non-information multitasking interplay (2005)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - During multitasking, humans handle multiple tasks through task switching or engage in multitasking information behaviors. For example, a user switches between seeking new kitchen information and medical information. Recent studies provide insights these complex multitasking human information behaviors (HIB). However, limited studies have examined the interplay between information and non-information tasks. Design/methodology/approach - The goal of the paper was to examine the interplay of information and non-information task behaviors. Findings - This paper explores and speculates on a new direction in HIB research. The nature of HIB as a multitasking activity including the interplay of information and non-information behavior tasks, and the relation between multitasking information behavior to cognitive style and individual differences, is discussed. A model of multitasking between information and non-information behavior tasks is proposed. Practical implications/limitations - Multitasking information behavior models should include the interplay of information and non-information tasks, and individual differences and cognitive styles. Originality/value - The paper is the first information science theoretical examination of the interplay between information and non-information tasks.
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Spink, A.; Ozmultu, H.C.: Characteristics of question format web queries : an exploratory study (2002)
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- Source
- Information processing and management. 38(2002) no.4, S.453-471
