Search (90 results, page 1 of 5)

0.083762564 = product of:
  0.16752513 = sum of:
    0.14020655 = weight(_text_:representation in 4673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.14020655 = score(doc=4673,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.71167994 = fieldWeight in 4673, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4673)
    0.027318582 = product of:
      0.081955746 = sum of:
        0.081955746 = weight(_text_:29 in 4673) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.081955746 = score(doc=4673,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.5441145 = fieldWeight in 4673, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.109375 = fieldNorm(doc=4673)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
  0.5 = coord(2/4)

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.66, [=Suppl.29]

0.042224713 = product of:
  0.084449425 = sum of:
    0.070815004 = weight(_text_:representation in 6608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.070815004 = score(doc=6608,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35945266 = fieldWeight in 6608, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=6608)
    0.013634419 = product of:
      0.040903255 = sum of:
        0.040903255 = weight(_text_:theory in 6608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.040903255 = score(doc=6608,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1780563 = queryWeight, product of:
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.2297209 = fieldWeight in 6608, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=6608)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
  0.5 = coord(2/4)

Abstract

Geographic maps are a well-established way of representing domain-specific knowledge in a way which integrates symbolic and pictorial representation. This paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of how maps represent and organise knowledge, combining artificial intelligence knowledge representation theory with empirical findings and methods from cognitive psychology. Schematic maps represent knowledge in a different way than topographic or city maps; in particular, distances and directions cannot be evaluated in the same way as in topographic or city maps. However, information from different types of maps must often be combined to answer everyday questions. An inference task involving such a combination, in order to locate a train station shown in a schematic map with respect to a part of a city map, was analysed theoretically with respect to how location judgments change with assumptions about what spatial information is contained in the schematic map. The same task was investigated empirically in a study in which subjects were asked to locate a train station and to describe their thinking in a subsequent verbal report. Results indicate that subjects' judgements and verbal reports can be grouped according to the theoretical analysis

0.024794944 = product of:
  0.099179775 = sum of:
    0.099179775 = sum of:
      0.040903255 = weight(_text_:theory in 1397) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.040903255 = score(doc=1397,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.1780563 = queryWeight, product of:
            4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
            0.042818543 = queryNorm
          0.2297209 = fieldWeight in 1397, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1397)
      0.029269911 = weight(_text_:29 in 1397) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.029269911 = score(doc=1397,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
            0.042818543 = queryNorm
          0.19432661 = fieldWeight in 1397, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1397)
      0.02900661 = weight(_text_:22 in 1397) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.02900661 = score(doc=1397,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.042818543 = queryNorm
          0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 1397, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1397)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

The "Screen Design Manual" provides designers of interactive media with a practical working guide for preparing and presenting information that is suitable for both their target groups and the media they are using. It describes background information and relationships, clarifies them with the help of examples, and encourages further development of the language of digital media. In addition to the basics of the psychology of perception and learning, ergonomics, communication theory, imagery research, and aesthetics, the book also explores the design of navigation and orientation elements. Guidelines and checklists, along with the unique presentation of the book, support the application of information in practice.

Date

22. 3.2008 14:29:25

0.0212445 = product of:
  0.084978 = sum of:
    0.084978 = weight(_text_:representation in 5838) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.084978 = score(doc=5838,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.4313432 = fieldWeight in 5838, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5838)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

Information retrieval and exploration of work domains through databases and integrated information systems has become increasingly important in many modern work settings (as well as in libraries). The problem space of the users is defined on occasion by the dynamically changing requirements from their tasks and goals. it is argued that IR system design should be based on an analysis of the properties of the work domain, the task situation and the user characteristics. The paper describes a general framework for IR system design that has been used in the design of a library system. A special problem identified from use of the framework in domain analysis of fiction retrieval is treated in more detail: mapping the authors' domain structures to the domain structures expressed in users' needs in indexing and representation of fiction

0.017525818 = product of:
  0.07010327 = sum of:
    0.07010327 = weight(_text_:representation in 2755) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.07010327 = score(doc=2755,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35583997 = fieldWeight in 2755, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=2755)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

Presents the preliminary results of a pilot research project on disorientation in hypertextual educational systems. It explores spatial cognition's correlation with hypermedia navigation. Analyzes mental models, in order to justify their use as a basis for interface design. Introduces the notion of disorientation in a hypermedia environment. Illustrates the co-ordinates of experiments set up to verify the assumption that users need to build some form of conceptual representation of devices they are interacting with in order to understand them, and reports the results. Redefines the notions of spatial metaphor and of maps in the light of the results

0.017525818 = product of:
  0.07010327 = sum of:
    0.07010327 = weight(_text_:representation in 3547) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.07010327 = score(doc=3547,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35583997 = fieldWeight in 3547, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3547)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

We describe a prototype Information Retrieval system; SENTINEL, under development at Harris Corporation's Information Systems Division. SENTINEL is a fusion of multiple information retrieval technologies, integrating n-grams, a vector space model, and a neural network training rule. One of the primary advantages of SENTINEL is its 3-dimensional visualization capability that is based fully upon the mathematical representation of information with SENTINEL. The 3-dimensional visualization capability provides users with an intuitive understanding, with relevance/query refinement techniques athat can be better utilized, resulting in higher retrieval precision

0.017525818 = product of:
  0.07010327 = sum of:
    0.07010327 = weight(_text_:representation in 3757) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.07010327 = score(doc=3757,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35583997 = fieldWeight in 3757, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3757)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

Considers how to build systems that more actively support collaboration. Describes a system that embodies just 1 kind of explicit support; a graphical representation of the search process that can be manipulated and discussed by users. Considers this system which leads to an analysis of designing systems to support coping behaviour by users; including the need to support both help-giving by people and recovery from the failure of intelligent agents. Discusses the idea of interfaces as notations for supporting dialogues between people

0.017525818 = product of:
  0.07010327 = sum of:
    0.07010327 = weight(_text_:representation in 5293) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.07010327 = score(doc=5293,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35583997 = fieldWeight in 5293, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5293)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

Proposes a method of organizing documents based on the concepts of aggregation and hierarchies and a graphical user interface to provide a more intuitive form of Boolean query. The design is based on mapping the nodes of the aggregation hierarchy to Boolean intersection operations, mapping the nodes of the generalization hierarchy Boolean intersection operations (?), and providing a concrete, graphical, manipulable representation of both these node types. A working prototype interface was constructed and evaluated experimentally using 16 subjects against a classical command-line Boolean query interface. The graphical interface produced less than one-tenth of the errors of the textual interface, on average. Significant differences in time spent specifying queries were not found. Makes observations and comments to provide guidance for designers

0.017525818 = product of:
  0.07010327 = sum of:
    0.07010327 = weight(_text_:representation in 6658) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.07010327 = score(doc=6658,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.35583997 = fieldWeight in 6658, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=6658)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

This paper describes a graphical interface for the navigation and construction of faceted thesauri that is based on formal concept analysis. Each facet of a thesaurus is represented as a mathematical lattice that is further subdivided into components. Users can graphically navigate through the Java implementation of the interface by clicking on terms that connect facets and components. Since there are many applications for thesauri in the knowledge representation field, such a graphical interface has the potential of being very useful

0.016312301 = product of:
  0.065249205 = sum of:
    0.065249205 = product of:
      0.09787381 = sum of:
        0.057264555 = weight(_text_:theory in 5303) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.057264555 = score(doc=5303,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.1780563 = queryWeight, product of:
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.32160926 = fieldWeight in 5303, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5303)
        0.04060925 = weight(_text_:22 in 5303) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.04060925 = score(doc=5303,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 5303, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=5303)
      0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Date

22. 7.2006 18:31:43

0.015540405 = product of:
  0.06216162 = sum of:
    0.06216162 = product of:
      0.09324243 = sum of:
        0.046831857 = weight(_text_:29 in 5294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.046831857 = score(doc=5294,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.31092256 = fieldWeight in 5294, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5294)
        0.04641057 = weight(_text_:22 in 5294) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.04641057 = score(doc=5294,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.30952093 = fieldWeight in 5294, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5294)
      0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

The author describes some of the challenges, decisions, and processes that affected the design and development of the search user interface for Version 2 of the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE; www.dlese.org), released July 29, 2003. The DLESE is a community-led effort funded by the National Science Foundation and is part of the National Science Digital Library (NSDL).

Date

22. 7.2006 17:48:54

0.015103902 = product of:
  0.060415607 = sum of:
    0.060415607 = product of:
      0.09062341 = sum of:
        0.070134476 = weight(_text_:theory in 4270) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.070134476 = score(doc=4270,freq=12.0), product of:
            0.1780563 = queryWeight, product of:
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.3938893 = fieldWeight in 4270, product of:
              3.4641016 = tf(freq=12.0), with freq of:
                12.0 = termFreq=12.0
              4.1583924 = idf(docFreq=1878, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=4270)
        0.020488936 = weight(_text_:29 in 4270) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.020488936 = score(doc=4270,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.13602862 = fieldWeight in 4270, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=4270)
      0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

"Theory weary, theory leery, why can't I be theory cheery?" (Erickson, 2002, p. 269). The field of human-computer interaction (HCI) is rapidly expanding. Alongside the extensive technological developments that are taking place, a profusion of new theories, methods, and concerns has been imported into the field from a range of disciplines and contexts. An extensive critique of recent theoretical developments is presented here together with an overview of HCI practice. A consequence of bringing new theories into the field has been much insightful explication of HCI phenomena and also a broadening of the field's discourse. However, these theoretically based approaches have had limited impact an the practice of interaction design. This chapter discusses why this is so and suggests that different kinds of mechanisms are needed that will enable both designers and researchers to better articulate and theoretically ground the challenges facing them today. Human-computer interaction is bursting at the seams. Its mission, goals, and methods, well established in the '80s, have all greatly expanded to the point that "HCI is now effectively a boundless domain" (Barnard, May, Duke, & Duce, 2000, p. 221). Everything is in a state of flux: The theory driving research is changing, a flurry of new concepts is emerging, the domains and type of users being studied are diversifying, many of the ways of doing design are new, and much of what is being designed is significantly different. Although potentially much is to be gained from such rapid growth, the downside is an increasing lack of direction, structure, and coherence in the field. What was originally a bounded problem space with a clear focus and a small set of methods for designing computer systems that were easier and more efficient to use by a single user is now turning into a diffuse problem space with less clarity in terms of its objects of study, design foci, and investigative methods. Instead, aspirations of overcoming the Digital Divide, by providing universal accessibility, have become major concerns (e.g., Shneiderman, 2002a). The move toward greater openness in the field means that many more topics, areas, and approaches are now considered acceptable in the worlds of research and practice.
A problem with allowing a field to expand eclectically is that it can easily lose coherence. No one really knows what its purpose is anymore or what criteria to use in assessing its contribution and value to both knowledge and practice. For example, among the many new approaches, ideas, methods, and goals now being proposed, how do we know which are acceptable, reliable, useful, and generalizable? Moreover, how do researchers and designers know which of the many tools and techniques to use when doing design and research? To be able to address these concerns, a young field in a state of flux (as is HCI) needs to take stock and begin to reflect an the changes that are happening. The purpose of this chapter is to assess and reflect an the role of theory in contemporary HCI and the extent to which it is used in design practice. Over the last ten years, a range of new theories has been imported into the field. A key question is whether such attempts have been productive in terms of "knowledge transfer." Here knowledge transfer means the translation of research findings (e.g., theory, empirical results, descriptive accounts, cognitive models) from one discipline (e.g., cognitive psychology, sociology) into another (e.g., human-computer interaction, computer supported cooperative work).

Date

23.10.2005 18:29:10

0.015022131 = product of:
  0.060088523 = sum of:
    0.060088523 = weight(_text_:representation in 2727) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.060088523 = score(doc=2727,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.3050057 = fieldWeight in 2727, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2727)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Content

Integrated interfaces to publicly available databases; database query interface for medical information systems; an intergrated approach approach to task oriented database retrieval interfaces; GRADI: a graphical database interface for a multimedia DBMS; cognitive view mechanisms for multimedia information systems; a graphical schema representation for object oriented databases; a conceptual framework for error analysis in SQL interfaces; a browser for a version entity relationship database

0.015022131 = product of:
  0.060088523 = sum of:
    0.060088523 = weight(_text_:representation in 62) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.060088523 = score(doc=62,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.3050057 = fieldWeight in 62, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=62)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

The growth of medical, academic resources on the World Wide Web has led to much greater incentives and opportunities for nursing and medical students, researchers and practitioners to access Web resources. However, usersindividual differences and the variety of information-retrieval mechanisms provided by medical web resources may combine to reduce the benefits of this information resource. In a study designed to qualitatively analyse the interaction of such individual- and system-differences, a reliable method of representing WWW navigational data was found to be important in assisting traditional methodologies of representation and analysis. The methodology of graphically representing such navigational data, and the support such a technique may offer the qualitative analysis of user-system interactions, is thus described in detail and with reference to one specific example drawn from the data collected. Further, some preliminary findings deriving from the use of graphical and more traditional methodologies in this study are also represented

0.015022131 = product of:
  0.060088523 = sum of:
    0.060088523 = weight(_text_:representation in 2233) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.060088523 = score(doc=2233,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.3050057 = fieldWeight in 2233, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2233)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

This article investigates a new, effective browsing approach called metabrowsing. It is an alternative for current information retrieval systems, which still face six prominent difficulties. We identify and classify the difficulties and show that the metabrowsing approach alleviates the difficulties associated with query formulation and missing domain knowledge. Metabrowsing is a high-level way of browsing through information: instead of browsing through document contents or document surrogates, the user browses through a graphical representation of the documents and their relations to the domain. The approach requires other cognitive skills from the user than what is currently required. Yet, a user evaluation in which the metabrowsing system was compared with an ordinary query-oriented system showed only some small indicatory differences in effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. We expect that more experience with metabrowsing will result in a significantly better performance difference. Hence, our conclusion is that the development of new cognitive skills requires some time before the technologies are ready to be used.

0.015022131 = product of:
  0.060088523 = sum of:
    0.060088523 = weight(_text_:representation in 5820) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.060088523 = score(doc=5820,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.3050057 = fieldWeight in 5820, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=5820)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

0.0135978535 = product of:
  0.054391414 = sum of:
    0.054391414 = product of:
      0.08158712 = sum of:
        0.040977873 = weight(_text_:29 in 3608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.040977873 = score(doc=3608,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.27205724 = fieldWeight in 3608, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3608)
        0.04060925 = weight(_text_:22 in 3608) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.04060925 = score(doc=3608,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.2708308 = fieldWeight in 3608, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=3608)
      0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Date

1. 8.1996 22:08:06
15. 5.1999 14:54:29

0.011655304 = product of:
  0.046621215 = sum of:
    0.046621215 = product of:
      0.06993182 = sum of:
        0.035123892 = weight(_text_:29 in 2703) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.035123892 = score(doc=2703,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.15062225 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.23319192 = fieldWeight in 2703, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5176873 = idf(docFreq=3565, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2703)
        0.034807928 = weight(_text_:22 in 2703) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.034807928 = score(doc=2703,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 2703, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2703)
      0.6666667 = coord(2/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Date

1. 8.1996 22:08:06

Source

Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1327-1342

0.01062225 = product of:
  0.042489 = sum of:
    0.042489 = weight(_text_:representation in 4268) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.042489 = score(doc=4268,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.19700786 = queryWeight, product of:
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.042818543 = queryNorm
        0.2156716 = fieldWeight in 4268, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          4.600994 = idf(docFreq=1206, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0234375 = fieldNorm(doc=4268)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Abstract

Computers have become our companions in many of the activities we pursue in our life. They assist us, in particular, in searching relevant information that is needed to perform a variety of tasks, from professional usage to personal entertainment. They hold this information in a huge number of heterogeneous sources, either dedicated to a specific user community (e.g., enterprise databases) or maintained for the general public (e.g., websites and digital libraries). Whereas progress in basic information technology is nowadays capable of guaranteeing effective information management, information retrieval and dissemination has become a core issue that needs further accomplishments to achieve user satisfaction. The research communities in databases, information retrieval, information visualization, and human-computer interaction have already largely investigated these domains. However, the technical environment has so dramatically evolved in recent years, inducing a parallel and very significant evolution in user habits and expectations, that new approaches are definitely needed to meet current demand. One of the most evident and significant changes is the human-computer interaction paradigm. Traditional interactions relayed an programming to express user information requirements in formal code and an textual output to convey to users the information extracted by the system. Except for professional data-intensive application frameworks, still in the hands of computer speciahsts, we have basically moved away from this pattern both in terms of expressing information requests and conveying results. The new goal is direct interaction with the final user (the person who is looking for information and is not necessarily familiar with computer technology). The key motto to achieve this is "go visual." The well-known high bandwidth of the human-vision channel allows both recognition and understanding of large quantities of information in no more than a few seconds. Thus, for instance, if the result of an information request can be organized as a visual display, or a sequence of visual displays, the information throughput is immensely superior to the one that can be achieved using textual support. User interaction becomes an iterative query-answer game that very rapidly leads to the desired final result. Conversely, the system can provide efficient visual support for easy query formulation. Displaying a visual representation of the information space, for instance, lets users directly point at the information they are looking for, without any need to be trained into the complex syntax of current query languages. Alternatively, users can navigate in the information space, following visible paths that will lead them to the targeted items. Again, thanks to the visual support, users are able to easily understand how to formulate queries and they are likely to achieve the task more rapidly and less prone to errors than with traditional textual interaction modes.
The two facets of "going visual" are usually referred to as visual query systems, for query formulation, and information visualization, for result display. Visual Query Systems (VQSs) are defined as systems for querying databases that use a visual representation to depict the domain of interest and express related requests. VQSs provide both a language to express the queries in a visual format and a variety of functionalities to facilitate user-system interaction. As such, they are oriented toward a wide spectrum of users, especially novices who have limited computer expertise and generally ignore the inner structure of the accessed database. Information visualization, an increasingly important subdiscipline within the field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), focuses an visual mechanisms designed to communicate clearly to the user the structure of information and improve an the cost of accessing large data repositories. In printed form, information visualization has included the display of numerical data (e.g., bar charts, plot charts, pie charts), combinatorial relations (e.g., drawings of graphs), and geographic data (e.g., encoded maps). In addition to these "static" displays, computer-based systems, such as the Information Visualizer and Dynamic Queries, have coupled powerful visualization techniques (e.g., 3D, animation) with near real-time interactivity (i.e., the ability of the system to respond quickly to the user's direct manipulation commands). Information visualization is tightly combined with querying capabilities in some recent database-centered approaches. More opportunities for information visualization in a database environment may be found today in data mining and data warehousing applications, which typically access large data repositories. The enormous quantity of information sources an the World-Wide Web (WWW) available to users with diverse capabilities also calls for visualization techniques. In this article, we survey the main features and main proposals for visual query systems and touch upon the visualization of results mainly discussing traditional visualization forms. A discussion of modern database visualization techniques may be found elsewhere. Many related articles by Daniel Keim are available at http://www. informatik.uni-halle.de/dbs/publications.html.

0.010048185 = product of:
  0.04019274 = sum of:
    0.04019274 = product of:
      0.12057821 = sum of:
        0.12057821 = weight(_text_:22 in 1339) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.12057821 = score(doc=1339,freq=6.0), product of:
            0.14994325 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.042818543 = queryNorm
            0.804159 = fieldWeight in 1339, product of:
              2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
                6.0 = termFreq=6.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=1339)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
  0.25 = coord(1/4)

Date

22. 2.2003 17:25:39
22. 2.2003 18:16:22