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Source

Library herald. 22(1983), S.1-29

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Content

Enthält: LAUBSCH, J.: Towards a theory of knowledge representation; REINFRANK, M.: Formulae and models: knowledge representation in logic; FALTINGS, B.: Knowledge representation for qualitative reasoning; STOYAN, H.: Knowledge representation or programming?; FRESKA, C.: Knowledge representation and cognitive science; HÄRDER, T.: Classical data models and knowledge representation; GÖRZ, G.: Knowledge representation and natural language processing; DECKER, R.: Bibliographie zu: Knowledge representation in artificial intelligence

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Source

Computer. 16(1983) no.10, S.22-27

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Abstract

A lattice theoretical description of concept hierarchies is developed using for attributes the terms "given", "negated", "open" and "impossible" as the truth-values of a four-valued logic. Similar to the theory of B. Ganter and R. Wille so does this framework permit a precise representation of the usual interdependences in a field of related concepts - such as superconcepts, subconcept, contrary concepts etc. -, whenever the concepts under consideration can be sufficiently described by the presence or absence of certain attributes ...

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Abstract

Media didactics have recently become more firmly grounded in cognitive theory, with an increasing concern for the internal processes of knowledge representation and acquisition. With this cognitive aspect in mind, an international group of researches held a meeting in Tübingen to present and discuss the theoretical approaches to an empirical investigation of knowledge acquisition from text and pictures

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Abstract

The author stresses the need for a general, overall theory of cognitive psychological processes for cognitive science. The relevance of the Graz-school theorie on the 'production of ideas' is then examined as an attempt to provide such a framework. In Graz-school, at the beginning of 20th century, representation ('Vorstellung') was the foundational aspect of all the cognitive processes. As an example of an analysis of the origin of representation Stephan Witasek's theory of sensation is surveyed. The explanation of the origin of representations is also theoretically and practically important for cognitive science

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Abstract

Describes a new information structure that is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of an information retrieval system. This structure is a manually constructed knowledge representation providing additional information to the retrieval process. To analyse the properties of this new structure, the framework of first-order theories (model theory) is used. The results show that the construction and maintenance of such a structure are easier than those of a thesaurus.

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Abstract

In this paper we identify the need for a new theory of information. An information model is developed which distinguishes between data, as directly observable facts, information, as structured collections of data, and knowledge as methods of using information. The model is intended to support a wide range of information systems. In the paper we develop the use of the model for a semantic information retrieval system using the concept of semantic categories. The likely benefits of this area discussed, though as yet no detailed evaluation has been conducted.

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Abstract

A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory

Source

http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_

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Abstract

In subject cataloging of audiovisual materials generic terms like 'documentary' or 'absolute film' facilitate the work of users and librarians. On the concrete level the study shows 4 ways to make a list of generic terms for the application in general libraries. The heuristic function of the study is to offer methods towards the solution of problems in the field of subject cataloguing of non-book materials. (1) The formal subject heading in library science corresponds to generic terms; Anglo-American and German rules for subject cataloging, however, provide no list that is directly applicable. (2) The terminology of institutions administering many audiovisual documents has been examined; general libraries have to find a common denominator with medium depth of classification and balanced representation of fiction and nonfiction terms. (3) From encyclopedic definitions of generic terms 8 dimensions have been extracted characterizing the terms in question individually. (4) The contribution of communication science has been discussed explaining a research project

Source

Inspel. 22(1988), S.121-145

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Abstract

The subject areas of psychology, artificial intelligence, education, information science and now hypertext employ a common representation to structure knowledge and information. Examines various interpretations applied to this representation and the uses made and phenomena modelled with it in the different subject domains. Considers the application of these different meanings and functions to hypertext. Discusses the coverage of hypertext and these other subject areas in intelligent tutoring.

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Abstract

Three pre-web articles about using hypertext for knowledge representation. Duncan discusses how to use graphical, hypertext displays (she used Xerox PARC's NoteCards on a Xerox 1186 workstation) along with concept maps and facet analysis, a combination that would now be done with topic maps. The screen shots of her graphical displays are quite interesting. Her interest in facets is in how to use them to show things to different people in different ways, for example, so that experts can enter knowledge into a system in one way while novices can see it in another. Duncan found that facet labels (e.g. Process and Product) prompted the expert to think of related concepts when inputting data, and made navigation easier for users. Facets can be joined together, e.g. "Agents (causing) Process," leading to a "reasoning system." She is especially interested in how to show relstionships between two things: e.g., A causes B, A uses B, A occurs in B. This is an important question in facet theory, but probably not worth worrying about in a small online classification where the relations are fixed and obvious. These articles may be difficult to find, in which case the reader can find a nice sumary in the next article, by Ellis and Vasconcelos (2000). Anyone interested in tracing the history of facets and hypertext will, however, want to see the originals.

Source

Hypertext: Theory into practice. Ed.: Ray McAleese

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Abstract

Three pre-web articles about using hypertext for knowledge representation. Duncan discusses how to use graphical, hypertext displays (she used Xerox PARC's NoteCards on a Xerox 1186 workstation) along with concept maps and facet analysis, a combination that would now be done with topic maps. The screen shots of her graphical displays are quite interesting. Her interest in facets is in how to use them to show things to different people in different ways, for example, so that experts can enter knowledge into a system in one way while novices can see it in another. Duncan found that facet labels (e.g. Process and Product) prompted the expert to think of related concepts when inputting data, and made navigation easier for users. Facets can be joined together, e.g. "Agents (causing) Process," leading to a "reasoning system." She is especially interested in how to show relstionships between two things: e.g., A causes B, A uses B, A occurs in B. This is an important question in facet theory, but probably not worth worrying about in a small online classification where the relations are fixed and obvious. These articles may be difficult to find, in which case the reader can find a nice sumary in the next article, by Ellis and Vasconcelos (2000). Anyone interested in tracing the history of facets and hypertext will, however, want to see the originals.

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Abstract

Describes the interim report of a project aimed at developing an expert system to deal with knowledge representation at the macro level. Once the expert system is operational it is hoped to compare the performance of brute force searching by means of keywords with that of an expert system designed to use minmax search strategies. The report focuses on the technique by which humans organise knowledge. The project was broken down into 4 key modules: diagnostics of information-seeking behaviour; network interface; subject access; graphics interface. The knowledge base includes a whole range of widely varied knowledge representation techniques from permuted keyword lists, and universal classification schemes to alphabetical indexes and specialised encyclopedias