-
Rademaker, C.A.: ¬The classification of plants in the United States Patent Classification System (2000)
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- Source
- World patent information. 22(2000), S.301-307
-
Rademaker, C.A.: ¬The classification of ornamental designs in the United States Patent Classification System (2000)
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- Source
- World patent information. 22(2000), S.123-133
-
Cox, R.J.: Access in the digital information age and the archival mission : the United States (1998)
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- Date
- 2. 3.1999 9:22:24
-
Ghosh, J.; Kshitij, A.: ¬An integrated examination of collaboration coauthorship networks through structural cohesion, holes, hierarchy, and percolating clusters (2014)
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- Abstract
- Structural cohesion, hierarchy, holes, and percolating clusters share a complementary existence in many social networks. Although the individual influences of these attributes on the structure and function of a network have been analyzed in detail, a more accurate picture emerges in proper perspective and context only when research methods are employed to integrate their collective impacts on the network. In a major research project, we have undertaken this examination. This paper presents an extract from this project, using a global network assessment of these characteristics. We apply our methods to analyze the collaboration networks of a subset of researchers in India through their coauthored papers in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings in management science, including related areas of information technology and economics. We find the Indian networks to be currently suffering from a high degree of fragmentation, which severely restricts researchers' long-rage connectivities in the networks. Comparisons are made with networks of a similar sample of researchers working in the United States.
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.8, S.1639-1661
-
Huang, M.; Barbour, J.; Su, C.; Contractor, N.: Why do group members provide information to digital knowledge repositories? : a multilevel application of transactive memory theory (2013)
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- Abstract
- The proliferation of digital knowledge repositories (DKRs) used for distributed and collocated work raises important questions about how to manage these technologies. This study investigates why individuals contribute information to DKRs by applying and extending transactive memory theory. Data from knowledge workers (N = 208) nested in work groups (J = 17) located in Europe and the United States revealed, consistent with transactive memory theory, that perceptions of experts' retrieval of information were positively related to the likelihood of information provision to DKRs. The relationship between experts' perceptions of retrieval and information provision varied from group to group, and cross-level interactions indicated that trust in how the information would be used and the interdependence of tasks within groups could explain that variation. Furthermore, information provision to DKRs was related to communication networks in ways consistent with theorizing regarding the formation of transactive memory systems. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, emphasizing the utility of multilevel approaches for conceptualizing and modeling why individuals provide information to DKRs.
- Date
- 22. 3.2013 19:39:00
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.3, S.540-557
-
Kahin, B.: Information policy and the Internet : toward a public information infrastructure in the United States (1991)
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-
Malsburg, C. von der: ¬The correlation theory of brain function (1981)
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- Abstract
- A summary of brain theory is given so far as it is contained within the framework of Localization Theory. Difficulties of this "conventional theory" are traced back to a specific deficiency: there is no way to express relations between active cells (as for instance their representing parts of the same object). A new theory is proposed to cure this deficiency. It introduces a new kind of dynamical control, termed synaptic modulation, according to which synapses switch between a conducting and a non- conducting state. The dynamics of this variable is controlled on a fast time scale by correlations in the temporal fine structure of cellular signals. Furthermore, conventional synaptic plasticity is replaced by a refined version. Synaptic modulation and plasticity form the basis for short-term and long-term memory, respectively. Signal correlations, shaped by the variable network, express structure and relationships within objects. In particular, the figure-ground problem may be solved in this way. Synaptic modulation introduces exibility into cerebral networks which is necessary to solve the invariance problem. Since momentarily useless connections are deactivated, interference between di erent memory traces can be reduced, and memory capacity increased, in comparison with conventional associative memory
- Source
- http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F1380%2F1%2FvdM_correlation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0g7DvZbQPb2U7dYb49b9v_
- Theme
- Information
-
Falasco, L.: United States Patent Classification : system organization (2002)
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- Source
- World patent information. 24(2002) no.2, S.111-117
-
Shuler, J.A.: Foundations of government information and bibliographic control in the United States : 1789-1900 (2003)
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- Abstract
- A history of classification and bibliographic control of government information is, by necessity, a tangled tale that involves the complex evolution of governments, the regularization of official publishing, along with the growth of professional librarianship. For the purposes of this article, the main argument will draw its narrative largely from the historic evolution of bibliographic control and U.S. government information during the nineteenth century. The standards and practices developed in the United States during this period remain a common framework for the discussion of any government in the world. It is further argued that these bibliographic arrangements remained in play until the 1980s when the advent of distributed computer networks began to undermine the traditions of what had largely been a print culture.
- Imprint
- New York : Haworth Information Press
-
Shuler, J.A.: Foundations of government information and bibliographic control in the United States : 1789-1900 (2003)
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- Abstract
- A history of classification and bibliographic control of government information is, by necessity, a tangled tale that involves the complex evolution of governments, the regularization of official publishing, along with the growth of professional librarianship. For the purposes of this article, the main argument will draw its narrative largely from the historic evolution of bibliographic control and U.S. government information during the nineteenth century. The standards and practices developed in the United States during this period remain a common framework for the discussion of any government in the world. It is further argued that these bibliographic arrangements remained in play until the 1980s when the advent of distributed computer networks began to undermine the traditions of what had largely been a print culture.
-
Leydesdorff, L.; Park, H.W.; Wagner, C.: International coauthorship relations in the Social Sciences Citation Index : is internationalization leading the Network? (2014)
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- Abstract
- International coauthorship relations have increasingly shaped another dynamic in the natural and life sciences during recent decades. However, much less is known about such internationalization in the social sciences. In this study, we analyze international and domestic coauthorship relations of all citable items in the DVD version of the Social Sciences Citation Index 2011 (SSCI). Network statistics indicate 4 groups of nations: (a) an Asian-Pacific one to which all Anglo-Saxon nations (including the United Kingdom and Ireland) are attributed, (b) a continental European one including also the Latin-American countries, (c) the Scandinavian nations, and (d) a community of African nations. Within the EU-28, 11 of the EU-15 states have dominant positions. In many respects, the network parameters are not so different from the Science Citation Index. In addition to these descriptive statistics, we address the question of the relative weights of the international versus domestic networks. An information-theoretical test is proposed at the level of organizational addresses within each nation; the results are mixed, but the international dimension is more important than the national one in the aggregated sets (as in the Science Citation Index). In some countries (e.g., France), however, the national distribution is leading more than the international one. Decomposition of the United States in terms of states shows a similarly mixed result; more U.S. states are domestically oriented in the SSCI and more internationally in the SCI. The international networks have grown during the last decades in addition to the national ones but not by replacing them.
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 65(2014) no.10, S.2111-2126
-
Westbrook, L.: Digital information support for domestic violence victims (2007)
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- Abstract
- With domestic violence directly impacting over 5 million victims in the United States annually, the growing e-health and e-government networks are developing digitally based resources for both victims and those who aid them. The well-established community information and referral role of public libraries dovetails with this digital referral network model; however, no study of the actual service provided by public libraries is available. This examination of e-mail reference responses to requests for safe-house contact information revealed major gaps in cyber-safety awareness and uneven implementation of professional standards for virtual reference service. Implications for information system design, professional standards, education, and future research are discussed.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.3, S.420-432
-
Kwok, S.H.; Yang, C.S.: Searching the Peer-to-Peer Networks : the community and their queries (2004)
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- Abstract
- Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks provide a new distributed computing paradigm an the Internet for file sharing. The decentralized nature of P2P networks fosters cooperative and non-cooperative behaviors in sharing resources. Searching is a major component of P2P file sharing. Several studies have been reported an the nature of queries of World Wide Web (WWW) search engines, but studies an queries of P2P networks have not been reported yet. In this report, we present our study an the Gnutella network, a decentralized and unstructured P2P network. We found that the majority of Gnutella users are located in the United States. Most queries are repeated. This may be because the hosts of the target files connect or disconnect from the network any time, so clients resubmit their queries. Queries are also forwarded from peers to peers. Findings are compared with the data from two other studies of Web queries. The length of queries in the Gnutella network is longer than those reported in the studies of WWW search engines. Queries with the highest frequency are mostly related to the names of movies, songs, artists, singers, and directors. Terms with the highest frequency are related to file formats, entertainment, and sexuality. This study is important for the future design of applications, architecture, and services of P2P networks.
- Footnote
- Teil eines Themenheftes zu: Information seeking research
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 55(2004) no.9, S.783-793
-
Kim, J.H.; Barnett, G.A.; Park, H.W.: ¬A hyperlink and issue network analysis of the United States Senate : a rediscovery of the Web as a relational and topical medium (2010)
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- Abstract
- Politicians' Web sites have been considered a medium for organizing, mobilizing, and agenda-setting, but extant literature lacks a systematic approach to interpret the Web sites of senators - a new medium for political communication. This study classifies the role of political Web sites into relational (hyperlinking) and topical (shared-issues) aspects. The two aspects may be viewed from a social embeddedness perspective and three facets, as K. Foot and S. Schneider ([2002]) suggested. This study employed network analysis, a set of research procedures for identifying structures in social systems, as the basis of the relations among the system's components rather than the attributes of individuals. Hyperlink and issue data were gathered from the United States Senate Web site and Yahoo. Major findings include: (a) The hyperlinks are more targeted at Democratic senators than at Republicans and are a means of communication for senators and users; (b) the issue network found from the Web is used for discussing public agendas and is more highly utilized by Republican senators; (c) the hyperlink and issue networks are correlated; and (d) social relationships and issue ecologies can be effectively detected by these two networks. The need for further research is addressed.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 61(2010) no.8, S.1598-1611
-
Doty, P.: Planning for and evaluating an Internet connection (1994)
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- Abstract
- While computing and electronic networking are becoming more ubiquitous in the United States, amny institutions and organizations do not have access to networks, especially to the Internet. Even those institutions with Internet access are faced with a number of problems and obstacles to successful use of computing and telecommunication tools. These obstacles include: unrealistic expectations of the effects of networking on organizational tasks, lack of understanding of the effects of organizational culture and other local circumstances on networking, lack of awareness of individual and organizational socuial effects of networking technologies, and lack of criteria,for evaluating the success of network connectivity. This papers explores these obstacles, including what is known about them, and considers some strategies for avoiding or ameliorating their ill effects
- Imprint
- Oxford : Learned Information
- Source
- Navigating the networks: Proceedings of the 1994 Mid-year Meeting of the American Society for Information Science, Portland, Oregon, May 21-25, 1994. Ed.: D.L. Andersen et al
-
Segev, E.; Sheafer, T.; Shenhav, S.R.: Is the world getting flatter? : A new method for examining structural trends in the news (2013)
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- Abstract
- In this article, we propose a new method to analyze structural changes in networks over time and examine how the representation of the world in two leading newspapers, the New York Times and Der Spiegel, has changed during the past 50 years. We construct international networks based on the co-occurrences of country names in news items and trace changes in their distribution of centrality over time. Supporting previous studies, our findings indicate a consistent gap between the most central and the least central countries over the years, with the United States remaining at the center of the network and African countries at its peripheries. Surprisingly, the most dynamic changes in the past 50 years occurred in what we call the "middle range". In both outlets, we identified a trend of convergence, in other words, a more equal centrality of European, Middle Eastern, and Asian countries in the news. The implications of these findings are discussed.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.12, S.2537-2547
-
Walters, W.H.; Wilder, E.I.: Disciplinary, national, and departmental contributions to the literature of library and information science, 2007-2012 (2016)
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- Abstract
- We investigate the contributions of particular disciplines, countries, and academic departments to the literature of library and information science (LIS) using data for the articles published in 31 journals from 2007 to 2012. In particular, we examine the contributions of authors outside the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada; faculty in departments other than LIS; and practicing librarians. Worldwide, faculty in LIS departments account for 31% of the journal literature; librarians, 23%; computer science faculty, 10%; and management faculty, 10%. The top contributing nations are the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, China, Canada, and Taiwan. Within the United States and the United Kingdom, the current productivity of LIS departments is correlated with past productivity and with other measures of reputation and performance. More generally, the distribution of contributions is highly skewed. In the United States, five departments account for 27% of the articles contributed by LIS faculty; in the United Kingdom, four departments account for nearly two-thirds of the articles. This skewed distribution reinforces the possibility that high-status departments may gain a permanent advantage in the competition for students, faculty, journal space, and research funding. At the same time, concentrations of research-active faculty in particular departments may generate beneficial spillover effects.
- Source
- Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 67(2016) no.6, S.1487-1506
-
Work, D.E.: Extra! Extra! Read all about it! A guide to the information provided by the United States Newspaper Program (1990)
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- Abstract
- Contribution to an issue devoted to serials and reference services. Aims to acquaint reference librarians with the information provided by the United States Newspaper Program and its state projects, and to describe the methods by which this information can be assessed. USNP participants are working toward the cataloguing and detailed location and holdings description of virtually every newspaper in the US. This information is resulting in the creation of a comprehensive newspaper reference tool. The USNP information is available on-line via bibliographic utilities; it is also available in an off-line product, the United States Newspaper Program National Union List. To use this information, librarians need to possess some knowledge of the scope and complexities of the bibliographic description and union listing of newspapers.
-
Warner, J.: Information society or cash nexus? : A study of the United States as a copyright haven (1999)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 50(1999) no.5, S.461-470
-
Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004)
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- Content
- Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
- Date
- 8. 1.2013 10:22:32
