-
Lee, S.; Jacob, E.K.: ¬An integrated approach to metadata interoperability : construction of a conceptual structure between MARC and FRBR (2011)
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- Abstract
- Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC) is currently the most broadly used bibliographic standard for encoding and exchanging bibliographic data. However, MARC may not fully support representation of the dynamic nature and semantics of digital resources because of its rigid and single-layered linear structure. The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model, which is designed to overcome the problems of MARC, does not provide sufficient data elements and adopts a predetermined hierarchy. A flexible structure for bibliographic data with detailed data elements is needed. Integrating MARC format with the hierarchical structure of FRBR is one approach to meet this need. The purpose of this research is to propose an approach that can facilitate interoperability between MARC and FRBR by providing a conceptual structure that can function as a mediator between MARC data elements and FRBR attributes.
- Date
- 10. 9.2000 17:38:22
-
USMARC format for bibliographic data : including guidelines for content designation (1994)
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- Abstract
- Here is the standard for representing and exchanging bibliographic data in machine-readable form in the United States. This comprehensive publication defines the structure of the MARC bibliographic record in full detail. Also defines the codes and conventions (tags, indicators, subfield codes and codes values) that identify the data elements in USMARC bibliographic records. Includes specifications for a National Level Bibliographic record (both full and minimal). The remaining future format integration changes are specified
-
Setting the record straight : understanding the MARC format (1993)
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- Abstract
- MARC is an acronym for Machine Readable Catalogue or Cataloguing. This general description, howcver, is rather misleading as MARC is neither a kind of catalogue nor a method of cataloguing. In fact, MARC is a Standardformat for representing bibliographic information for handling by computer. While the MARC format was primarily designed to serve the needs of libraries, the concept has since been embraced by the wider information community as a convenient way of storing and exchanging bibliographic data. The original MARC format was developed at the Library of Congress in 1965-6 leading to a pilot project, known as MARC I, which had the aim of investigating the feasibility of producing machine-readable catalogue data. Similar work was in progress in the United Kingdom whcre the Council of the British National Bibliography had set up the BNB MARC Project with the rennt of examining the use of machine-readable data in producing the printed British National Bibliography (BNB). These parallel developments led to Anglo-American co-operation an the MARC 11 project which was initiated in 1968. MARC II was to prove instrumental in defining the concept of MARC as a communications format.
-
Kokabi, M.: ¬The internationalization of MARC : Pt.4: UNIMARC, some formats based on it and some other MARC formats (1995)
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- Abstract
- Discusses the problems associated with the requirements for international standards for the exchange of bibliographic records in machine readable form, including the roles of national bibliographies and national libraries; a lack of international cataloguing standards and subject control systems; language difficulties; character sets and codes, and non roman alphabets. Suggests that these problems lie behind the development of various MARC formats out of UNIMARC. In this final part of a 4 part article describes the formats for South Africa, Taiwan, Japan, Croatia and Germany and indicates the points of difference and the influence of local requirements
-
Kokabi, M.: ¬The internationalization of MARC : Pt.4: UNIMARC, some formats based on it and some other MARC formats (1996)
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- Abstract
- Discusses some of the problems associated with the requirements and prospects for international standards for the exchange of bibliographic records in machine readable form, the various roles of national bibliographies and national libraries; the lack of international cataloguing standards and of an international subject control systems; language difficulties; character sets and codes, and non roman alphabets. Explains how these problems lie behind the development of various MARC formats out of UNIMARC. In this final part of a 4 part article describes the formats for South Africa, Taiwan, Japan, Croatia and Germany and indicates the points of difference and the influence of local requirements
-
Devadason, F.J.: Common format for machine-readable bibliographic records for India : a proposal (1978)
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- Source
- Towards a common bibliographic exchange format? International Symposium on Bibliographic Exchange Formats, Taormina, Sicily, 27-29 April 1978
-
¬The exchange of bibliographic data and the MARC format : Proc. of the International Seminar on the MARC format and the Exchange of Bibliographic Data in Machine Readable Form ... Berlin, June 14-16, 1971 (1972)
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-
Dierickx, H. (Bearb.); Hopkinson, A. (Bearb.): UNISIST reference manual for machine-readable bibliographic description (1986)
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-
Guenther, R.S.: ¬The USMARC Format for Classification Data : development and implementation (1992)
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- Abstract
- This paper discusses the newly developed USMARC Format for Classification Data. It reviews its potential uses within an online system and its development as one of the USMARC standards for representing bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form. It provides a summary of the fields in the format, and considers the prospects for its implementation.
- Object
- USMARC for classification data
-
Keyser, P.d.: Conversie van bibliografische gegevens (1997)
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- Abstract
- Programs for converting bibligraphic data are not only of interest to libraries but also to researchers compiling bibliographies. However, few programs are currently available. In choosing a suitable program care must be taken to ensure that it is capable of identifying and converting all fields likely to be encountered, to the required format. Optical scanning can provide a convenient solution for converting printed output to machine-readable format. Increasing acceptance of standardised formats will facilitate exchange of data
- Footnote
- Übers. des Titels: Conversion of bibliographic data
-
Furrie, B.; Data Base Development Department of The Follett Software Company: Understanding MARC Bibliographic : Machine-readable cataloging (2000)
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- Footnote
- Vgl. auch unter: http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/umb/. - Understanding MARC: Bibliographic was a copyrighted work originally published by the Follett Software Co. in 1988 (second edition, 1989, third edition, 1990, fourth edition, 1994, fifth edition, 1998)
-
McCallum, S.H.: Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC): 1975-2007 (2009)
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- Abstract
- This entry describes the development of the MARC Communications format. After a brief overview of the initial 10 years it describes the succeeding phases of development up to the present. This takes the reader through the expansion of the format for all types of bibliographic data and for a multiple character scripts. At the same time a large business community was developing that offered products based on the format to the library community. The introduction of the Internet in the 1990s and the Web technology brought new opportunities and challenges and the format was adapted to this new environment. There has been a great deal of international adoption of the format that has continued into the 2000s. More recently new syntaxes for MARC 21 and models are being explored.
- Date
- 27. 8.2011 14:22:38
-
Guenther, R.S.: Automating the Library of Congress Classification Scheme : implementation of the USMARC format for classification data (1996)
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- Abstract
- Potential uses for classification data in machine readable form and reasons for the development of a standard, the USMARC Format for Classification Data, which allows for classification data to interact with other USMARC bibliographic and authority data are discussed. The development, structure, content, and use of the standard is reviewed with implementation decisions for the Library of Congress Classification scheme noted. The author examines the implementation of USMARC classification at LC, the conversion of the schedules, and the functionality of the software being used. Problems in the effort are explored, and enhancements desired for the online classification system are considered.
- Object
- USMARC for classification data
-
Maxwell, R.L.: Bibliographic control (2009)
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- Abstract
- Bibliographic control is the process of creation, exchange, preservation, and use of data about information resources. Formal bibliographic control has been practiced for millennia, but modern techniques began to be developed and implemented in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A series of cataloging codes characterized this period. These codes governed the creation of library catalogs, first in book form, then on cards, and finally in electronic formats, including MAchine-Readable Cataloging (MARC). The period was also characterized by the rise of shared cataloging programs, allowing the development of resource-saving copy cataloging procedures. Such programs were assisted by the development of cataloging networks such as OCLC and RLG. The twentieth century saw progress in the theory of bibliographic control, including the 1961 Paris Principles, culminating with the early twenty-first century Statement of International Cataloguing Principles and IFLA's Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). Toward the end of the period bibliographic control began to be applied to newly invented electronic media, as "metadata." Trends point toward continued development of collaborative and international approaches to bibliographic control.
-
Fattahi, R.: ¬A uniform approach to the indexing of cataloguing data in online library systems (1997)
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- Abstract
- Argues that in library cataloguing and for optional functionality of bibliographic records the indexing of fields and subfields should follow a uniform approach. This would maintain effectiveness in searching, retrieval and display of bibliographic information both within systems and between systems. However, a review of different postings to the AUTOCAT and USMARC discussion lists indicates that the indexing and tagging of cataloguing data do not, at present, follow a consistent approach in online library systems. If the rationale of cataloguing principles is to bring uniformity in bibliographic description and effectiveness in access, they should also address the question of uniform approaches to the indexing of cataloguing data. In this context and in terms of the identification and handling of data elements, cataloguing standards (codes, MARC formats and the Z39.50 standard) should be brought closer, in that they should provide guidelines for the designation of data elements for machine readable records
-
Kushwoh, S.S.; Gautam, J.N.; Singh, R.: Migration from CDS / ISIS to KOHA : a case study of data conversion from CCF to MARC 21 (2009)
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- Abstract
- Standards are important for quality and interoperability in any system. Bibliographic record creation standards such as MARC 21 (Machine Readable Catalogue), CCF (Common Communication Format), UNIMARC (Universal MARC) and their local variations, are in practice all across the library community. ILMS (Integrated Library Management Systems) are using these standards for the design of databases and the creation of bibliographic records. Their use is important for uniformity of the system and bibliographic data, but there are problems when a library wants to switch over from one system to another using different standards. This paper discusses migration from one record standard to another, mapping of data and related issues. Data exported from CDS/ISIS CCF based records to KOHA MARC 21 based records are discussed as a case study. This methodology, with few modifications, can be applied for migration of data in other bibliographicformats too. Freeware tools can be utilized for migration.
-
Zapounidou, S.; Sfakakis, M.; Papatheodorou, C.: Library data integration : towards BIBFRAME mapping to EDM (2014)
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- Abstract
- Integration of library data into the Linked Data environment is a key issue in libraries and is approached on the basis of interoperability between library data conceptual models. Achieving interoperability for different representations of the same or related entities between the library and cultural heritage domains shall enhance rich bibliographic data reusability and support the development of new data-driven information services. This paper aims to contribute to the desired interoperability by attempting to map core semantic paths between the BIBFRAME and EDM conceptual models. BIBFRAME is developed by the Library of Congress to support transformation of legacy library data in MARC format into linked data. EDM is the model developed for and used in the Europeana Cultural Heritage aggregation portal.
- Source
- Metadata and semantics research: 8th Research Conference, MTSR 2014, Karlsruhe, Germany, November 27-29, 2014, Proceedings. Eds.: S. Closs et al
-
El-Sherbini, M.A.: Cataloging and classification : review of the literature 2005-06 (2008)
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- Abstract
- This paper reviews library literature on cataloging and classification published in 2005-06. It covers pertinent literature in the following areas: the future of cataloging; Functional Requirement for Bibliographic Records (FRBR); metadata and its applications and relation to Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC); cataloging tools and standards; authority control; and recruitment, training, and the changing role of catalogers.
- Date
- 10. 9.2000 17:38:22
-
Simmons, P.: Preserving compatibility with standard data formats (1994)
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- Abstract
- Librarians in countries without well-established national bibliographic systems increasingly find themselves faced with the problem of establishing local formats for machine-readable cataloguing and for referral data. Often they lack the background and the resources - especially trained staff - either to adopt an existing MARC format or to develop their own. Such international formats as UNIMARC and CCF, despite widespread international use, present problems of their own; MARC formats are not practical for agencies that do not follow standard cataloguing rules, and CCF offers little guidance to agencies wishing to adopt it for local use. A number of techniques useful in adapting and implementing international and national standard formats are presented, with some guidelines for preserving compatibility with standards
-
Chandrakar, R.: Mapping CCF to MARC21 : an experimental approach (2001)
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- Abstract
- The purpose of this article is to raise and address a number of issues pertaining to the conversion of Common Communication Format (CCF) into MARC21. In this era of global resource sharing, exchange of bibliographic records from one system to another is imperative in today's library communities. Instead of using a single standard to create machine-readable catalogue records, more than 20 standards have emerged and are being used by different institutions. Because of these variations in standards, sharing of resources and transfer of data from one system to another among the institutions locally and globally has become a significant problem. Addressing this problem requires keeping in mind that countries such as India and others in southeast Asia are using the CCF as a standard for creating bibliographic cataloguing records. This paper describes a way to map the bibliographic catalogue records from CCF to MARC21, although 100% mapping is not possible. In addition, the paper describes an experimental approach that enumerates problems that may occur during the mapping of records/exchanging of records and how these problems can be overcome.
