-
Chomsky, N.: Aspects of the theory of syntax (1965)
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- Date
- 6. 1.1999 10:29:22
-
Trentin, G.: Graphic tools for knowledge representation and informal problem-based learning in professional online communities (2007)
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- Abstract
- The use of graphical representations is very common in information technology and engineering. Although these same tools could be applied effectively in other areas, they are not used because they are hardly known or are completely unheard of. This article aims to discuss the results of the experimentation carried out on graphical approaches to knowledge representation during research, analysis and problem-solving in the health care sector. The experimentation was carried out on conceptual mapping and Petri Nets, developed collaboratively online with the aid of the CMapTool and WoPeD graphic applications. Two distinct professional communities have been involved in the research, both pertaining to the Local Health Units in Tuscany. One community is made up of head physicians and health care managers whilst the other is formed by technical staff from the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene. It emerged from the experimentation that concept maps arc considered more effective in analyzing knowledge domain related to the problem to be faced (description of what it is). On the other hand, Petri Nets arc more effective in studying and formalizing its possible solutions (description of what to do to). For the same reason, those involved in the experimentation have proposed the complementary rather than alternative use of the two knowledge representation methods as a support for professional problem-solving.
- Date
- 28. 2.2008 14:16:29
-
Hughes, A.V.; Rafferty, P.: Inter-indexer consistency in graphic materials indexing at the National Library of Wales (2011)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - This paper seeks to report a project to investigate the degree of inter-indexer consistency in the assignment of controlled vocabulary topical subject index terms to identical graphical images by different indexers at the National Library of Wales (NLW). Design/methodology/approach - An experimental quantitative methodology was devised to investigate inter-indexer consistency. Additionally, the project investigated the relationship, if any, between indexing exhaustivity and consistency, and the relationship, if any, between indexing consistency/exhaustivity and broad category of graphic format. Findings - Inter-indexer consistency in the assignment of topical subject index terms to graphic materials at the NLW was found to be generally low and highly variable. Inter-indexer consistency fell within the range 10.8 per cent to 48.0 per cent. Indexing exhaustivity varied substantially from indexer to indexer, with a mean assignment of 3.8 terms by each indexer to each image, falling within the range 2.5 to 4.7 terms. The broad category of graphic format, whether photographic or non-photographic, was found to have little influence on either inter-indexer consistency or indexing exhaustivity. Indexing exhaustivity and inter-indexer consistency exhibited a tendency toward a direct, positive relationship. The findings are necessarily limited as this is a small-scale study within a single institution. Originality/value - Previous consistency studies have almost exclusively investigated the indexing of print materials, with very little research published for non-print media. With the literature also rich in discussion of the added complexities of subjectively representing the intellectual content of visual media, this study attempts to enrich existing knowledge on indexing consistency for graphic materials and to address a noticeable gap in information theory.
-
Buckland, M.: Document theory (2018)
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- Abstract
- Document theory examines the concept of a document and how it can serve with other concepts to understand communication, documentation, information, and knowledge. Knowledge organization itself is in practice based on the arrangement of documents representing concepts and knowledge. The word "document" commonly refers to a text or graphic record, but, in a semiotic perspective, non-graphic objects can also be regarded as signifying and, therefore, as documents. The steady increase in the variety and number of documents since prehistoric times enables the development of communities, the division of labor, and reduction of the constraints of space and time. Documents are related to data, facts, texts, works, information, knowledge, signs, and other documents. Documents have physical (material), cognitive, and social aspects.
-
Greenberg, J.: Intellectual control of visual archives : a comparison between the Art and Architecture Thesaurus and the Library of Congress Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (1993)
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- Abstract
- The following investigation is a comparison between the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) and the LC Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (LCTGM), two popular sources for providing subject access to visual archives. The analysis begins with a discussion on the nature of visual archives and the employment of archival control theory to graphic materials. The major difference observed is that the AAT is a faceted structure geared towards a specialized audience of art and architecture researchers, while LCTGM is similar to LCSH in structure and aims to service the wide-spread archival community. The conclusion recognizes the need to understand the differences between subject thesauri and subject heading lists, and the pressing need to investigate and understand intellectual control of visual archives in today's automated environment.
-
Xiong, C.: Knowledge based text representations for information retrieval (2016)
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- Content
- Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Language and Information Technologies. Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~cx%2Fpapers%2Fknowledge_based_text_representation.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0SaTSvhWLTh__Uz_HtOtl3.
-
Yukimo Kobashio, N.; Santos, R.N.M.: Information organization and representation by graphic devices : an interdisciplinary approach (2007)
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- Date
- 29.12.2007 18:17:29
-
Houser, J.: ¬The visual vocabulary of the graphical environment (1996)
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- Abstract
- Identifies the visual vocabulary of use in the graphic user interface (GUI) environment. Offers tips on using GUIs to the user's advantage, highlighting areas which frequently cause confusion. Presents a thesaurus of GUI terms
- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:03:57
-
Cooper, W.S.: Indexing documents by Gedanken experimentation (1978)
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- Abstract
- Although it is widely accepted that indexing and cataloging are central to the document and reference retrieval process, there is as yet little unamity on the issue of how these operations ought to be carried out. Since indexing is a decision-making process, decision theory and utility theory have been proposed as a possible theoretical framework within which to formulate decision rules for indexing. These decision rules may be interpreted operationally as guides to th thought processes appropriate to the making of sound indexing decisions. Ond such thought process involves "gedanken experimentation", in which the indexer is led to an indexing decision by performing suitable thought experiments. This approach to indexing, in addition to providing a theoretical basis for what the indexer does, lends itself to various training schemes for the education of indexers, to the provision of graphic aids to indexing, and to the evaluation of indexing performance. There are also ramifications for automatic indexing.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 29(1978), S.107-119
-
Farazi, M.: Faceted lightweight ontologies : a formalization and some experiments (2010)
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- Content
- PhD Dissertation at International Doctorate School in Information and Communication Technology. Vgl.: https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F150083013.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2n-qisNagpyT0lli_6QbAQ.
-
Shala, E.: ¬Die Autonomie des Menschen und der Maschine : gegenwärtige Definitionen von Autonomie zwischen philosophischem Hintergrund und technologischer Umsetzbarkeit (2014)
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- Footnote
- Vgl. unter: https://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwizweHljdbcAhVS16QKHXcFD9QQFjABegQICRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271200105_Die_Autonomie_des_Menschen_und_der_Maschine_-_gegenwartige_Definitionen_von_Autonomie_zwischen_philosophischem_Hintergrund_und_technologischer_Umsetzbarkeit_Redigierte_Version_der_Magisterarbeit_Karls&usg=AOvVaw06orrdJmFF2xbCCp_hL26q.
-
Donsbach, W.: Wahrheit in den Medien : über den Sinn eines methodischen Objektivitätsbegriffes (2001)
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- Source
- Politische Meinung. 381(2001) Nr.1, S.65-74 [https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgfe.de%2Ffileadmin%2FOrdnerRedakteure%2FSektionen%2FSek02_AEW%2FKWF%2FPublikationen_Reihe_1989-2003%2FBand_17%2FBd_17_1994_355-406_A.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2KcbRsHy5UQ9QRIUyuOLNi]
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Piros, A.: Az ETO-jelzetek automatikus interpretálásának és elemzésének kérdései (2018)
0.07
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- Content
- Vgl. auch: New automatic interpreter for complex UDC numbers. Unter: <https%3A%2F%2Fudcc.org%2Ffiles%2FAttilaPiros_EC_36-37_2014-2015.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3kc9CwDDCWP7aArpfjrs5b>
-
Gabler, S.: Vergabe von DDC-Sachgruppen mittels eines Schlagwort-Thesaurus (2021)
0.07
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- Content
- Master thesis Master of Science (Library and Information Studies) (MSc), Universität Wien. Advisor: Christoph Steiner. Vgl.: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/371680244_Vergabe_von_DDC-Sachgruppen_mittels_eines_Schlagwort-Thesaurus. DOI: 10.25365/thesis.70030. Vgl. dazu die Präsentation unter: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=0CAIQw7AJahcKEwjwoZzzytz_AhUAAAAAHQAAAAAQAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.dnb.de%2Fdownload%2Fattachments%2F252121510%2FDA3%2520Workshop-Gabler.pdf%3Fversion%3D1%26modificationDate%3D1671093170000%26api%3Dv2&psig=AOvVaw0szwENK1or3HevgvIDOfjx&ust=1687719410889597&opi=89978449.
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Duchemin, P.-Y.: ¬La nemrisation des documents graphiques (1997)
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- Abstract
- Creating a digital collection of graphic documents raises policy, legal and technical issues. Documents should be selected according to overall documentation policy criteria (value, preservation, exploitation) and meet a real need. The objectives must be clear, e.g. to improve access, widen communication, conserve originals. Technical questions e.g. whether to use originals or photos, text or image scanner, need to be resolved. Cataloguing and indexing involves decisions about the relationship between the digital copy and the original. Copyright legislation may mean only public domain material can be used. Finally the needs of unknown external users have to be considered in making the documents available on the Internet
- Date
- 29. 1.1996 16:50:24
- Footnote
- Übers. des Titels: Digitisation of graphic documents
-
Dyson, M.; Box, H.; Twyman, M.: ¬The perception of symbols on screen and methods of retrieval from a database (1994)
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- Abstract
- Report of a 2 year research project on symbols carried out by Reading University, Department of Typography and Graphic Communication. The research is divided into 2 parts: the perception of symbols and their legibility or discriminability; and methods of retrieval of symbols from image databases containing symbols. The aim of the research is to provide a useful basis for future work on the automatic recognition of symbols and their components and on methods if image enhancement
-
Hartel, J.: ¬An arts-informed study of information using the draw-and-write technique (2014)
0.07
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- Abstract
- There are untold conceptions of information in information science, and yet the nature of information remains obscure and contested. This article contributes something new to the conversation as the first arts-informed, visual, empirical study of information utilizing the draw-and-write technique. To approach the concept of information afresh, graduate students at a North American iSchool were asked to respond to the question "What is information?" by drawing on a 4- by 4-inch piece of paper, called an iSquare. One hundred thirty-seven iSquares were produced and then analyzed using compositional interpretation combined with a theoretical framework of graphic representations. The findings indicate how students visualize information, what was drawn, and associations between the iSquares and prior renderings of information based on words. In the iSquares, information appears most often as pictures of people, artifacts, landscapes, and patterns. There are also many link diagrams, grouping diagrams, symbols, and written text, each with distinct qualities. Methodological reflections address the relationship between visual and textual data, and the sample for the study is critiqued. A discussion presents new directions for theory and research on information, namely, the iSquares as a thinking tool, visual stories of information, and the contradictions of information. Ideas are also provided on the use of arts-informed, visual methods and the draw-and-write technique in the classroom.
-
Doran, K.: Unified disparity : theory and practice of union listing (1996)
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- Abstract
- There is a disagreement about the viability of graphic user interface (GUI) programs for the general public's use for searching bibliographic databases. Reports on a field study carried out in public libraries in Connecticut, to discover whether library users found a GUI easier to use than the character based user interfaces, the characterisitcs of users who preferred one interface over the other, and whether instruction was a variable in user's stated preference. Describes the methodology folowed and discusses the results
-
Tozer, J.: How long is the perfect book? : Bigger really is better. What the numbers say (2019)
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- Abstract
- British novelist E.M. Forster once complained that long books "are usually overpraised" because "the reader wishes to convince others and himself that he has not wasted his time." To test his theory we collected reader ratings for 737 books tagged as "classic literature" on Goodreads.com, a review aggregator with 80m members. The bias towards chunky tomes was substantial. Slim volumes of 100 to 200 pages scored only 3.87 out of 5, whereas those over 1,000 pages scored 4.19. Longer is better, say the readers.
- Source
- https://www.1843magazine.com/data-graphic/what-the-numbers-say/how-long-is-the-perfect-book
-
Sherman, R.J.: ¬The electronic book (1993)
0.06
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- Abstract
- Describes the Electronic Book (EB) standard developed by the Sony Corporation. It defines compatibility with ISO 9660, the international standard for file structures on CD-ROM. The EB standard defines search methods according to word search, endword search, keyword search, menu search, multi search, graphic search and linking. Provides a summary of EB players covering the Sony DD1-EX, DD8, DD-DR1 and Panasonic KXEBP1. Discusses EB software
