-
Ménard, E.; Mas, S.; Alberts, I.: Faceted classification for museum artefacts : a methodology to support web site development of large cultural organizations (2010)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - This research project aims to provide a new visual representation of the Artefacts Canada digital collection, as well as a means for users to browse this content. Artefacts Canada Humanities is a database containing approximately 3.5 million records describing the different collections of Canadian museums. Design/methodology/approach - A four-step methodology was adopted for the development of the faceted taxonomy model. First, a best practice review consisting of an extensive analysis of existing terminology standards in museum communities and public web interfaces of large cultural organizations was performed. The second step of the methodology entailed a domain analysis; this involved extracting and comparing relevant concepts from terminological authoritative sources. The third step proceeded to term clustering and entity listing,which involved the breaking-up of the taxonomy domains into potential facets. An incremental user testing was also realized in order to validate and refine the taxonomy components (facets, values, and relationships). Findings - The project resulted in a bilingual and expandable vocabulary structure that will further be used to describe the Artefacts Canada database records. The new taxonomy simplifies the representation of complex content by grouping objects into similar facets to classify all records of the Artefacts Canada database. The user-friendly bilingual taxonomy provides worldwide visitors with the means to better access Canadian virtual museum collections. Originality/value - Few methodological tools are available for museums which wish to adopt a faceted approach in the development of their web sites. For practitioners, the methodology developed within this project is a direct contribution to support web site development of large cultural organizations.
- Footnote
- Beitrag in einem Special Issue: Content architecture: exploiting and managing diverse resources: proceedings of the first national conference of the United Kingdom chapter of the International Society for Knowedge Organization (ISKO)
-
Doyle, B.: ¬The classification and evaluation of Content Management Systems (2003)
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- Abstract
- This is a report on how Doyle and others made a faceted classification scheme for content management systems and made it browsable on the web (see CMS Review in Example Web Sites, below). They discuss why they did it, how, their use of OPML and XFML, how they did research to find terms and categories, and they also include their taxonomy. It is interesting to see facets used in a business environment.
- Date
- 30. 7.2004 12:22:52
-
Louie, A.J.; Maddox, E.L.; Washington, W.: Using faceted classification to provide structure for information architecture (2003)
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- Abstract
- This is a short, but very thorough and very interesting, report on how the writers built a faceted classification for some legal information and used it to structure a web site with navigation and searching. There is a good summary of why facets work well and how they fit into bibliographic control in general. The last section is about their implementation of a web site for the Washington State Bar Association's Council for Legal Public Education. Their classification uses three facets: Purpose (the general aim of the document, e.g. Resources for K-12 Teachers), Topic (the subject of the document), and Type (the legal format of the document). See Example Web Sites, below, for a discussion of the site and a problem with its design.
-
Denton, W.: Putting facets on the Web : an annotated bibliography (2003)
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- Abstract
- This is a classified, annotated bibliography about how to design faceted classification systems and make them usable on the World Wide Web. It is the first of three works I will be doing. The second, based on the material here and elsewhere, will discuss how to actually make the faceted system and put it online. The third will be a report of how I did just that, what worked, what didn't, and what I learned. Almost every article or book listed here begins with an explanation of what a faceted classification system is, so I won't (but see Steckel in Background below if you don't already know). They all agree that faceted systems are very appropriate for the web. Even pre-web articles (such as Duncan's in Background, below) assert that hypertext and facets will go together well. Combined, it is possible to take a set of documents and classify them or apply subject headings to describe what they are about, then build a navigational structure so that any user, no matter how he or she approaches the material, no matter what his or her goals, can move and search in a way that makes sense to them, but still get to the same useful results as someone else following a different path to the same goal. There is no one way that everyone will always use when looking for information. The more flexible the organization of the information, the more accommodating it is. Facets are more flexible for hypertext browsing than any enumerative or hierarchical system.
Consider movie listings in newspapers. Most Canadian newspapers list movie showtimes in two large blocks, for the two major theatre chains. The listings are ordered by region (in large cities), then theatre, then movie, and finally by showtime. Anyone wondering where and when a particular movie is playing must scan the complete listings. Determining what movies are playing in the next half hour is very difficult. When movie listings went onto the web, most sites used a simple faceted organization, always with movie name and theatre, and perhaps with region or neighbourhood (thankfully, theatre chains were left out). They make it easy to pick a theatre and see what movies are playing there, or to pick a movie and see what theatres are showing it. To complete the system, the sites should allow users to browse by neighbourhood and showtime, and to order the results in any way they desired. Thus could people easily find answers to such questions as, "Where is the new James Bond movie playing?" "What's showing at the Roxy tonight?" "I'm going to be out in in Little Finland this afternoon with three hours to kill starting at 2 ... is anything interesting playing?" A hypertext, faceted classification system makes more useful information more easily available to the user. Reading the books and articles below in chronological order will show a certain progression: suggestions that faceting and hypertext might work well, confidence that facets would work well if only someone would make such a system, and finally the beginning of serious work on actually designing, building, and testing faceted web sites. There is a solid basis of how to make faceted classifications (see Vickery in Recommended), but their application online is just starting. Work on XFML (see Van Dijck's work in Recommended) the Exchangeable Faceted Metadata Language, will make this easier. If it follows previous patterns, parts of the Internet community will embrace the idea and make open source software available for others to reuse. It will be particularly beneficial if professionals in both information studies and computer science can work together to build working systems, standards, and code. Each can benefit from the other's expertise in what can be a very complicated and technical area. One particularly nice thing about this area of research is that people interested in combining facets and the web often have web sites where they post their writings.
This bibliography is not meant to be exhaustive, but unfortunately it is not as complete as I wanted. Some books and articles are not be included, but they may be used in my future work. (These include two books and one article by B.C. Vickery: Faceted Classification Schemes (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 1966), Classification and Indexing in Science, 3rd ed. (London: Butterworths, 1975), and "Knowledge Representation: A Brief Review" (Journal of Documentation 42 no. 3 (September 1986): 145-159; and A.C. Foskett's "The Future of Faceted Classification" in The Future of Classification, edited by Rita Marcella and Arthur Maltby (Aldershot, England: Gower, 2000): 69-80). Nevertheless, I hope this bibliography will be useful for those both new to or familiar with faceted hypertext systems. Some very basic resources are listed, as well as some very advanced ones. Some example web sites are mentioned, but there is no detailed technical discussion of any software. The user interface to any web site is extremely important, and this is briefly mentioned in two or three places (for example the discussion of lawforwa.org (see Example Web Sites)). The larger question of how to display information graphically and with hypertext is outside the scope of this bibliography. There are five sections: Recommended, Background, Not Relevant, Example Web Sites, and Mailing Lists. Background material is either introductory, advanced, or of peripheral interest, and can be read after the Recommended resources if the reader wants to know more. The Not Relevant category contains articles that may appear in bibliographies but are not relevant for my purposes.
-
XFML Core - eXchangeable Faceted Metadata Language (2003)
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- Abstract
- The specification for XFML, a markup language designed to handle faceted classifications. Browsing the site (http://www.xfml.org/) will reveal news about XFML and links to related software and web sites. XFML is not an officially recognized Internet standard, but is the de facto standard.
-
Peereboom, M.: DutchESS : Dutch Electronic Subject Service - a Dutch national collaborative effort (2000)
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- Abstract
- This article gives an overview of the design and organisation of DutchESS, a Dutch information subject gateway created as a national collaborative effort of the National Library and a number of academic libraries. The combined centralised and distributed model of DutchESS is discussed, as well as its selection policy, its metadata format, classification scheme and retrieval options. Also some options for future collaboration on an international level are explored
- Date
- 22. 6.2002 19:39:23
-
Dack, D.: Australian attends conference on Dewey (1989)
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- Abstract
- Edited version of a report to the Australian Library and Information Association on the Conference on classification theory in the computer age, Albany, New York, 18-19 Nov 88, and on the meeting of the Dewey Editorial Policy Committee which preceded it. The focus of the Editorial Policy Committee Meeting lay in the following areas: browsing; potential for improved subject access; system design; potential conflict between shelf location and information retrieval; and users. At the Conference on classification theory in the computer age the following papers were presented: Applications of artificial intelligence to bibliographic classification, by Irene Travis; Automation and classification, By Elaine Svenonious; Subject classification and language processing for retrieval in large data bases, by Diana Scott; Implications for information processing, by Carol Mandel; and implications for information science education, by Richard Halsey.
- Date
- 8.11.1995 11:52:22
-
Saeed, H.; Chaudry, A.S.: Potential of bibliographic tools to organize knowledge on the Internet : the use of Dewey Decimal classification scheme for organizing Web-based information resources (2001)
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- Abstract
- Possibilities are being explored to use traditional bibliographic tools, like Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Library of Congress Classification (LCC), Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), and Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), to improve the organization of information resources on the Internet. The most recent edition of DDC, with its enhanced features, has greater potential than other traditional approaches. A review of selected Web sites that use DDC to organize Web resources indicates, however, that the full potential of the DDC scheme for this purpose has not been realized. While the review found that the DDC classification structure was more effective when compared with other knowledge organization systems, we conclude that DDC needs to be further enhanced to make it more suitable for this application. As widely reported in the professional literature, OCLC has conducted research on the potential of DDC for organizing Web resources. Such research, however, is experimental and should be supplemented by empirical studies with user participation.
-
Kwasnik, B.H.: Commercial Web sites and the use of classification schemes : the case of Amazon.Com (2003)
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-
Yu, N.: Readings & Web resources for faceted classification
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- Abstract
- The term "facet" has been used in various places, while in most cases it is just a buzz word to replace what is indeed "aspect" or "category". The references below either define and explain the original concept of facet or provide guidelines for building 'real' faceted search/browse. I was interested in faceted classification because it seems to be a natural and efficient way for organizing and browsing Web collections. However, to automatically generate facets and their isolates is extremely difficult since it involves concept extraction and concept grouping, both of which are difficult problems by themselves. And it is almost impossible to achieve mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive 'true' facets without human judgment. Nowadays, faceted search/browse widely exists, implicitly or explicitly, on a majority of retail websites due to the multi-aspects nature of the data. However, it is still rarely seen on any digital library sites. (I could be wrong since I haven't kept myself updated with this field for a while.)
-
Hill, J.S.: Online classification number access : some practical considerations (1984)
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- Source
- Journal of academic librarianship. 10(1984), S.17-22
-
Svenonius, E.: Design of controlled vocabularies in the context of emerging technologies (1988)
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- Abstract
- Delineates on the changing role of vocabulary control devices such as classification, subject headings, and thesaurus. Identifies the basic issue in the design and development of these devices and their role in the changing information technology. The paper identifies the differentiations needed in the new roles of these devices in data base technology
-
Lim, E.: Southeast Asian subject gateways : an examination of their classification practices (2000)
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- Date
- 22. 6.2002 19:42:47
-
Neelameghan, A.: S.R. Ranganathan's general theory of knowledge classification in designing, indexing and retrieving from specialised databases (1997)
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- Abstract
- Summarizes some experiences of the application of the priciples and postulates of S.R. Ranganathan's General Theory of Knowledge Classification, incorporating the freely faceted approach and analytico synthetic methods, to the design and development of specialized databases, including indexing, user interfaces and retrieval. Enumerates some of the earlier instances of the facet method in machine based systems, beginning with Hollerith's punched card system for the data processing of the US Census. Elaborates on Ranganathan's holistic approach to information systems and services provided by his normative principles. Notes similarities between the design of databases and faceted classification systems. Examples from working systems are given to demonstrate the usefulness of selected canons and principles of classification and the analytico synthetic methodology to database design. The examples are mostly operational database systems developed using Unesco's Micro CDS-ISIS software
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Comaromi, C.L.: Summation of classification as an enhancement of intellectual access to information in an online environment (1990)
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- Date
- 8. 1.2007 12:22:40
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Reiner, U.: Automatische DDC-Klassifizierung von bibliografischen Titeldatensätzen (2009)
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- Date
- 22. 8.2009 12:54:24
-
Williamson, N.J.: ¬The Library of Congress Classification in the computer age (1989)
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- Abstract
- Research leading to a detailed content analysis and profile of the Library of Congress Classification schedules. A description of the design, methodology, and preliminary findings of research in progress. Final results of the study are expected to aid the Library of Congress in the development of a MARC format for its classification schedules and in the conversion of the schedules into machine-readable form. LC's ultimate goal is the design of an integrated system which will permit on-line editing, maintenance, and control of the schedules, on-line classification and shelflisting procedures, the production of the schedules in two or more physical formats, and the use of LCC to enhance search capabilities in on-line catalogues.
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Koh, G.S.: Options in classification available through modern technology (1995)
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- Abstract
- System design options and user searching options are discussed. The problems of electronic union catalogs, including a 'virtual union catalog' in particular are considered and enhancements made possible through classification are explored. The combined system of subject headings and classification is presented as the model of the integrated subject searching tool which will meet individualized learning styles and user responsive vocabulary
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Lösse, M.; Svensson, L.: "Classification at a Crossroad" : Internationales UDC-Seminar 2009 in Den Haag, Niederlande (2010)
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- Abstract
- Am 29. und 30. Oktober 2009 fand in der Königlichen Bibliothek in Den Haag das zweite internationale UDC-Seminar zum Thema "Classification at a Crossroad" statt. Organisiert wurde diese Konferenz - wie auch die erste Konferenz dieser Art im Jahr 2007 - vom UDC-Konsortium (UDCC). Im Mittelpunkt der diesjährigen Veranstaltung stand die Erschließung des World Wide Web unter besserer Nutzung von Klassifikationen (im Besonderen natürlich der UDC), einschließlich benutzerfreundlicher Repräsentationen von Informationen und Wissen. Standards, neue Technologien und Dienste, semantische Suche und der multilinguale Zugriff spielten ebenfalls eine Rolle. 135 Teilnehmer aus 35 Ländern waren dazu nach Den Haag gekommen. Das Programm umfasste mit 22 Vorträgen aus 14 verschiedenen Ländern eine breite Palette, wobei Großbritannien mit fünf Beiträgen am stärksten vertreten war. Die Tagesschwerpunkte wurden an beiden Konferenztagen durch die Eröffnungsvorträge gesetzt, die dann in insgesamt sechs thematischen Sitzungen weiter vertieft wurden.
- Date
- 22. 1.2010 15:06:54
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Frost, C.O.; Janes, J.: ¬An empirical test of gopher searching using three organizational schemes : background and methods (1994)
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- Abstract
- This paper describes the background underlying and the methods to be used in an investigation of use of the gopher protocol for browsing and searching for information via the Internet. Networked information resources are notoriously difficult to find; gopher is one attempt to facilitate the processes of organization and retrieval in that environment. Our project will design classification schemes based on traditional library models (i.e. Dewey and Library of Congress) and compare use of these to use of an existing gopher. We describe the project, the research questions, literature on related issues, the construction of the classification schemes, and the experimental methodology used
