Search (111 results, page 1 of 6)

  • × type_ss:"a"
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  1. Spertus, E.: ParaSite : mining structural information on the Web (1997) 0.15 
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    Abstract
    Discusses the varieties of link information on the WWW, how the Web differs from conventional hypertext, and how the links can be exploited to build useful applications. Specific applications presented as part of the ParaSite system find individuals' homepages, new locations of moved pages and unindexed information
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:08:06
    Footnote
    Contribution to a special issue of papers from the 6th International World Wide Web conference, held 7-11 Apr 1997, Santa Clara, California
    Source
    Computer networks and ISDN systems. 29(1997) no.8, S.1205-1215
  2. Milosavljevic, M.; Oberlander, J.: Dynamic catalogues on the WWW (1998) 0.14 
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    Abstract
    Natural language generation techniques can be used to dynamically produce hypertext dynamic catalogues on the Web, resulting in DYNAMIC HYPERTEXT. A dynamic hypertext document can be tailored more precisely to a particular user's needs and background, thus helping the user to search more effectively. Describes the automatic generation of WWW documents and illustrates with 2 implemented systems
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:08:06
    Footnote
    Contribution to a special issue devoted to the Proceedings of the 7th International World Wide Web Conference, held 14-18 April 1998, Brisbane, Australia
    Source
    Computer networks and ISDN systems. 30(1998) nos.1/7, S.666-668
  3. Barry, J.: ¬The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) and the World-Wide Web : raising ASCII text to a new level of usability (1994) 0.13 
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    Source
    Public access computer systems review. 5(1994) no.5, S.5-62
  4. Falquet, G.; Guyot, J.; Nerima, L.: Languages and tools to specify hypertext views on databases (1999) 0.11 
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    Abstract
    We present a declarative language for the construction of hypertext views on databases. The language is based on an object-oriented data model and a simple hypertext model with reference and inclusion links. A hypertext view specification consists in a collection of parameterized node schemes which specify how to construct node and links instances from the database contents. We show how this language can express different issues in hypertext view design. These include: the direct mapping of objects to nodes; the construction of complex nodes based on sets of objects; the representation of polymorphic sets of objects; and the representation of tree and graph structures. We have defined sublanguages corresponding to particular database models (relational, semantic, object-oriented) and implemented tools to generate Web views for these database models
    Date
    21.10.2000 15:01:22
    Series
    Lecture notes in computer science; vol.1590
    Source
    The World Wide Web and Databases: International Workshop WebDB'98, Valencia, Spain, March 27-28, 1998, Selected papers. Eds.: P. Atzeni et al
  5. Bieber, M.: Fourth generation hypermedia : some missing links for the World Wide Web (1997) 0.09 
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    Source
    International journal of human-computer studies. 47(1997) no.1, S.31-65
  6. Sindoni, G.: Incremental maintenance of hypertext views (1999) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    A materialized hypertext view is a hypertext containing data coming from a database and whose pages are stored in files. A Web site presenting data coming from a database is an example of such a view, where the hypertext pages are HTML files. Even if the most popular approach to the generation of such sites is the virtual one, there is also a rationale for a materialized apporach. This paper deals with the maintenance issues required by these derived hypertext to enforce consistency between page content and database state
    Series
    Lecture notes in computer science; vol.1590
    Source
    The World Wide Web and Databases: International Workshop WebDB'98, Valencia, Spain, March 27-28, 1998, Selected papers. Eds.: P. Atzeni et al
  7. Lavin, P.: ¬The World Wide Web : ready for use? (1994) 0.08 
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    Abstract
    Author looks at how the Web and its associated bandwagon is likely to develop
  8. Felker, K.: Ariadne's thread : hypertext, writing, and the World Wide Web (2002) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Examines the concept of hypertext and how it relates to the World Wide Web, along with a discussion of why this is important to librarians. Includes examples of library Web pages and products that take advantage of the medium and some that do not, along with a specific discussion of crafting text, structure and linking for the Web.
  9. Maurer, H.; Tomek, I.: Broadening the scope of hypermedia principles (1990) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Argues for the inclusion of hypermedia systems among the basic components of computer environments. Reviews hypermedia principles and the terminolgy used and gives examples of several applications in which hypermedia already are or couls advantageously be used. Most computer applications would greatly benefit if hypermedia were extended from isolated applications to a system-wide facility and this could substantially simplify implementation of new applications. Extending hypermedia concepts to the organisation of the computer environment itself - the file system - and to the user interface would make computer environments more flexible and easier to use
  10. Machovec, G.S.: World Wide Web : accessing the Internet (1993) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The World Wide Web (WWW) is one of the newest tools available to assist in the navigation of the Internet. As with other client/server network tools such as Gopher and WAIS, developments with the Web are in a dynamic state of change. Basically, WWW is an effort to organize information on the Internet plus local information into a set of hypertext documents; a person navigates the network by moving from one document to another via a set of hypertext links
  11. Tredinnick, L.: Post-structuralism, hypertext, and the World Wide Web (2007) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of post-structuralist theory to understanding hypertext and the World Wide Web, and the challenge posed by digital information technology to the practices of the information profession. Design/methodology/approach - The method adopted is that of a critical study. Findings - The paper argues for the importance of post-structuralism for an understanding of the implications of digital information for the information management profession. Originality/value - Focuses on an epistemological gap between the traditional practices of the information profession, and the structure of the World Wide Web.
  12. Wätjen, H.-J.: Hypertextbasierte OPACs im World-wide Web (1996) 0.06 
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  13. Capps, M.; Ladd, B.; Stotts, D.: Enhanced graph models in the Web : multi-client, multi-head, multi-tail browsing (1996) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    Richer graph models permit authors to 'program' the browsing behaviour they want WWW readers to see by turning the hypertext into a hyperprogram with specific semantics. Multiple browsing streams can be started under the author's control and then kept in step through the synchronization mechanisms provided by the graph model. Adds a Semantic Web Graph Layer (SWGL) which allows dynamic interpretation of link and node structures according to graph models. Details the SWGL and its architecture, some sample protocol implementations, and the latest extensions to MHTML
    Date
    1. 8.1996 22:08:06
    Source
    Computer networks and ISDN systems. 28(1996) nos.7/11, S.1105-1112
  14. Kinnell, S.K.; Franklin, C.: Hypertext and hypercard : early development (2009) 0.06 
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    Abstract
    The ease of linking and hopping from one text to another that we associate today with the World Wide Web was implemented in a different context prior to the Web. The creation of "hypertext" has a long and interesting history prior to the Web, as this article demonstrates. At the time it was issued, the HyperCard software application was expected to be the foundation of a widely-used new means of information organization. We can see now that the key ideas of hypertext were present in HyperCard, without the ease of use of subsequent World Wide Web features.
  15. Nickerson, G.: World Wide Web : Hypertext from CERN (1992) 0.05 
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  16. Lehner, C.: Hypertext und World Wide Web als Hilfen für einen Programmierkurs in Prolog (1998) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt auf, wie sich Neue Medien zur Verbesserung der Qualität der universitären Lehre einsetzen lassen. Exemplarische Vertreter der Neuen Medien sind in diesem Zusammenhang vor allem Hypertext und das auf Hypertext basierende World Wide Web, das dem Internet seit Beginn der Neunziger Jahre zu dem enormen Popularitätsschub verholfen hat. Das WWW bringt nicht nur die vielbeschworene 'Informationsflut' mit sich, sondern es liegt durch das WWW auch ein Werkzeug vor, um Informationen und Wissen optimal zu organisieren und aufzubereiten. Exemplarisch wird an einem Online-Programmierkurs verdeutlicht, wie sich Informations- und Wissensressourcen mit Hilfe der Neuen Medien besser strukturieren und produktiver einsetzen lassen
  17. Gaines, B.R.; Shaw, M.L.G.: Concept maps as hypermedia components (1995) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Concept mapping has a history of use in many disciplines as a formal or semi formal diagramming technique. Concept maps have an abstract structure as type hypergraphs, and computer support for concept mapping can associate visual attributes with node types to provide an attractive and consistent appearance. Computer support can also provide interactive interfaces allowing arbitrary actions to be associated with nodes such as hypermedia links to other maps and documents. Describes a general concept mapping system that is open architecture for integration with other systems, scriptable to support arbitrary interactions and computations, and customizable to emulate many styles of map. The system supports collaborative development of concept maps across local area and wide area networks, and integrates with WWW in both client helper and server gateway roles. A number of applications are illustrated ranging through education, artificial intelligence, active documents, hypermedia indexing and concurrent engeneering. Concept maps should be regarded as basic components of any hypermedia system, complementing text and images with formal and semi-formal active diagrams
    Source
    International journal of human-computer studies. 43(1995) no.3, S.323-361
  18. Heffron, J.K.; Dillon, A.; Mostafa, J.: Landmarks in the World Wide Web : a preliminary study (1996) 0.04 
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  19. Hammwöhner, R.: Komplexe Hypertextmodelle im World Wide Web durch dynamische Dokumente (1997) 0.04 
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  20. Jünger, G.: ¬Ein neues Universum (2003) 0.04 
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    Abstract
    Autorenrechte statt Geschäften der Medienkonzerne: Das Wolrd Wide Web von heute bleibt weit hinter den Möglichkeiten zurück, die das System 'Xanadu' schon vor 40 Jahren entworfen hatte
    Content
    Eine stetige Erfahrung der Techniksoziologie und -geschichte besagt, dass sich wirklich neue Konzepte, die ihrer Zeit vorauseilen, am Ende nicht durchsetzen können. Erfolg haben stattdessen mittelmäßige Nachbildungen der ersten Idee, die dann, um periphere Funktionen und Dekorationen erweitert, als große Innovationen auftreten. Beispiele für zweitbeste Lösungen, von denen jeder weiß, dass sie nur Krücken sind, liefert gerade die Informatik in großer Zahl. Das Gespann der Programmiersprachen Smalltalk und C++ gehört dazu, aber auch das World Wide Web, das wir heute kennen, bleibt weit hinter Konzepten eines universalen, globalen Informationssystems zurück, die lange vor der Definition des Hypertext-Protokolls durch Tim Berners-Lee entwickelt worden sind. Die Frage nach der technischen Vorgeschichte und ihren verpassten Chancen ist keineswegs nur von akademischem Interesse. Das "Xanadu" genannte System, das zum ersten Mal das weltweit vorhandene Wissen in digitaler Form radikal demokratisieren wollte, kann sehr gut als Folie dienen für die Diskussion über die zukünftige Entwicklung des WWW. Zweifellos ist der Wunsch, möglichst viel Wissen anzuhäufen, uralt. Er hat die Errichter der Bibliothek von Alexandria angetrieben, die kopierenden und kommentierenden Mönche des Mittelalters oder die Enzyklopädisten des 18. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich. Spätestens seit dem 20. Jahrhundert war die pure Menge des nun Wissbaren so nicht mehr zu bewältigen. Über die materielle Ablage der Dokumente hinaus mussten neue Organisationsprinzipien gefunden werden, um den Berg zu erschließen und seine Bestandteile untereinander in nutzbarer Weise zu verbinden. Nur dann konnte eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Wissenschaftler jetzt noch in vertretbarer Zeit zum aktuellen Wissensstand auf einem Gebiet aufschließen. Im Epochenjahr 1945 entwarf Vannevar Bush, ein wissenschaftlicher Berater von Roosevelt während des Zweiten Weltkriegs, eine erste Antwort auf die Frage nach einem solchen Organisationsprinzip. Er nannte sein System "Memex" (Memory Extender), also "Gedächtniserweiterer". Wissen sollte in der Form von Mikrofilmen archiviert und die dabei erzeugten Einzelbestandteile sollten so mit einander verknüpft werden, dass das sofortige Aufsuchen von Verweisen möglich würde. Technisch misslang das System, mit Hilfe von Mikrofilmen ließ es sich wohl kaum realisieren. Aber der Gedanke war formuliert, dass große Wissensbestände nicht unbedingt in separaten Dokumenten und überwiegend linear (Seite 2 folgt auf Seite 1) angeordnet zu werden brauchten. Sie können durch interne Verknüpfungen zwischen Einzelseiten zu etwas Neuem zusammengefügt werden. Der Flugzeugingenieur Douglas Engelbart las schon in den Vierzigerjahren von Bushs Idee. Ihm gebührt das Verdienst, sie auf die neue Technik der digitalen Computer übertragen zu haben. Eine Sitzung der "Fall Joint Computer Conference" im Jahr 1968 demonstrierte seine "NLS" (oN Line System) genannte Verwirklichung des Memex-Konzepts in der Praxis und war für viele Teilnehmer die Initialzündung zu eigenen Versuchen auf diesem Gebiet. NLS war ein riesiges Journal von einzelnen Memos und Berichten eines Vorgängerprojekts, das es den beteiligten Wissenschaftlern erlaubte, über adressierte Verweise unmittelbar zu einem benachbarten Dokument zu springen - ein Netz aus Knoten und `Kanten, dem nur noch ein geeigneter Name für seine neue Eigenschaft fehlte:
    - Hypertext - Nicht nur den Namen "Hypertext" für ein solches Netz, sondern auch entscheidende Impulse zu einer konkreten Ausgestaltung eines durch Links verknüpften Netzes steuerte ab 1965 Ted Nelson bei. Sein mit dem Namen "Xanadu" verbundenes Wissenschaftsnetz gibt noch heute die Messlatte ab, an der sich das WWW behaupten muss. Nelson versuchte, sein Konzept auch kommerziell zum Erfolg zu bringen. Zeitweise konnte er auf ein starkes finanzielles Engagement der CAD-Firma Autodesk rechnen, die sich jedoch nach ausbleibenden Erfolgen aus diesem Engagement zurückzog. Heute ist der Quellcode der Software frei zugänglich, und die Website xanadu.net informiert über die Aktivitäten der kleinen Xanadu-Gemeinde von heute. Nelson selbst stellt sein Projekt als ein geschlossenes System von Dokumenten dar, dessen Zugang man ähnlich erwirbt wie den zu einem Provider oder zum Zahlfernsehen. Dokumente werden in diesem aus vernetzten Computern bestehenden System binär gespeichert, unabhängig davon, ob im einzelnen Dokument Bilder, Müsik, Text oder sonst etwas vorliegen. Sie zerfallen in winzige, aber identifizierbare Bestandteile, so dass jeder Dokumententeil mit einer eindeutigen ID versehen ist und einem bestimmten Autor zugeordnet werden kann. Liest ein Leser ein Dokumententeil in Xanadu, wird dadurch automatisch eine Gutschrift für das Konto des Urhebers des Dokuments erzeugt. Wie im existierenden Web sind einzelne Wörter, Bilder oder andere Medieninhalte Anker zu Verweisen auf andere Dokumentenbestandteile, die sich per Mausklick aufrufen lassen. Im Unterschied zum Web aber führt der Weg nicht nur in eine Richtung. Stichwort A verweist nicht nur auf X, sondern X macht auch alle Dokumente kenntlich, von denen aus auf X gezeigt wird. Es ist also jederzeit nachvollziehbar, wo überall von einem Dokument Gebrauch gemacht wird. Dadurch lässt sich überprüfen, ob ein als Beleg verwendeter Verweis zu Recht oder zu Unrecht angegeben wird.
    - Forschungsdebatten - Die Vorteile dieses Systems vor dem Web liegen auf der Hand: Alle Urheberrechte sind grundsätzlich und zugunsten der tatsächlichen Autoren geregelt, auch im Falle der Belletristik, die in der Regel nur konsumiert wird. Darüber hinaus profitierte die wissenschaftliche Arbeit von der Möglichkeit, Texte zu kommentieren oder vorhandene Argumentationen zitierend in die eigene Darstellung aufzunehmen. Forschungsdebatten sind jederzeit an jeder Stelle möglich - und zugänglich werden sie durch die Funktion, Änderungsanzeigen für bestimmte Knoten abonnieren, zu können. Damit wird es einem Autor möglich, auf eine Entgegnung zügig zu antworten. So können nicht nur einzelne Knoten, sondern ganze Knotennetze bearbeitet werden. Man kann also eine vorhandene Darstellung zustimmend übernehmen, aber die zwei, drei Zusatzpunkte hinzufügen, in denen die eigene Meinung vom Knotenstandard abweicht. Schließlich schafft ein System wie Xanadu mit Versionskontrolle und garantiertem Speicherplatz ein Dauerproblem des vorhandenen Webs mit seinen toten Links aus der Welt und erzeugt mit dem eingebauten Dokumentenvergleich ein Maximum an Übersicht.
    - Technische Hürden - Bleibt die Frage, weshalb Xanadu mit seiner Vision, das Weltwissen one mouse-click away erreichbar zu machen - Nelson spricht gar von einem docuverse -, bislang so erfolglos blieb. Ernst zu nehmen sind zunächst die technischen Anforderungen, die Xanadu stellt. Sie beginnen bei einer Editorensoftware, die die Autorenkennungen- vorhandener und zitierter Dokumentknoten bewahrt. Dass diese Software am Ende weniger techniklastig ist als die heutigen HTML-Editoren, wie Nelson annimmt, darf bezweifelt werden. Hinzu kommen Anforderungen an Rechnersysteme und Verwaltungsaufgaben: Da Xanadu ein konsistentes Dokumentmanagement garantieren und Dokumente für den Notfall auch redundant auf mehreren Rechnern gleichzeitig vorhalten muss, wären die technischen und Managementherausforderungen für ein aus zig Milliarden Dokumenten bestehendes System beachtlich. Andere Gründe sind prinzipieller Art: Die Bereitschaft, für Inhalte auch nur mit kleinen Beiträgen zu zahlen, ist bei den meisten. Internetnutzern als recht gering anzusetzen. Anders ließe sich das Scheitern vieler Anbieter für Bezahlinhalte im bestehenden Web kaum interpretieren. Möglicherweise gibt es auch einen latenten Widerwillen, einer zentralen und weltweit auftretenden Organisation- und trete sie mit noch so ehrenhaften Zielen an - die Aufgabe anzuvertrauen, das Weltwissen abzulegen. Hier hat offenbar - Ironie der Geschichte - das Computernetz des Militärs die Nase vorn, das aus Gründen eines auch in der Katastrophe funktionierenden Systems auf stets austauschbare Rechner setzt und das Chaos ins Kalkül aufgenommen hat. Es ist daher absehbar, dass sich Xanadu in der skizzierten Form nicht mehr durchsetzen wird. Damit ist wahrscheinlich auch eine Chance für eine neue Internetarchitektur vertan. Was als Wunsch aber für die Weiterentwicklung des bestehenden Webs nicht laut genug vorgebracht werden kann, ist, dass die Visionen und konkreten Möglichkeiten von Xanadu stärker berücksichtigt werden sollten. Vielleicht sind die Aversionen gegen zentral geregelte Systeme aber immerhin dazu gut, dass das ".Net"; das Lieblingsprojekt des Softwaregiganten Microsoft, zu einem offenen System umgewandelt wird.

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