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Content

What is metadata? - Metadata schemas & their relationships to particular communities - Library and information-related metadata schemas - Creating library metadata for monographic materials - Creating library metadata for continuing materials - Integrating library metadata into local cataloging and bibliographic - databases - Digital collections/digital libraries - Archiving & preserving digital materials - Impact of digital resources on library services - Future possibilities

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST. 58(2007) no.6., S.909-910 (A.D. Petrou): "A division in metadata definitions for physical objects vs. those for digital resources offered in Chapter 1 is punctuated by the use of broader, more inclusive metadata definitions, such as data about data as well as with the inclusion of more specific metadata definitions intended for networked resources. Intertwined with the book's subject matter, which is to "distinguish traditional cataloguing from metadata activity" (5), the authors' chosen metadata definition is also detailed on page 5 as follows: Thus while granting the validity of the inclusive definition, we concentrate primarily on metadata as it is most commonly thought of both inside and outside of the library community, as "structured information used to find, access, use and manage information resources primarily in a digital environment." (International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science, 2003) Metadata principles discussed by the authors include modularity, extensibility, refinement and multilingualism. The latter set is followed by seven misconceptions about metadata. Two types of metadata discussed are automatically generated indexes and manually created records. In terms of categories of metadata, the authors present three sets of them as follows: descriptive, structural, and administrative metadata. Chapter 2 focuses on metadata for communities of practice, and is a prelude to content in Chapter 3 where metadata applications, use, and development are presented from the perspective of libraries. Chapter 2 discusses the emergence and impact of metadata on organization and access of online resources from the perspective of communities for which such standards exist and for the need for mapping one standard to another. Discussion focuses on metalanguages, such as Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) and eXtensible Markup Language (XML), "capable of embedding descriptive elements within the document markup itself' (25). This discussion falls under syntactic interoperability. For semantic interoperability, HTML and other mark-up languages, such as Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) and Computer Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI), are covered. For structural interoperability, Dublin Core's 15 metadata elements are grouped into three areas: content (title, subject, description, type, source, relation, and coverage), intellectual property (creator, publisher, contributor and rights), and instantiation (date, format, identifier, and language) for discussion.
Other selected specialized metadata element sets or schemas, such as Government Information Locator Service (GILS), are presented. Attention is brought to the different sets of elements and the need for linking up these elements across metadata schemes from a semantic point of view. It is no surprise, then, that after the presentation of additional specialized sets of metadata from the educational community and the arts sector, attention is turned to the discussion of Crosswalks between metadata element sets or the mapping of one metadata standard to another. Finally, the five appendices detailing elements found in Dublin Core, GILS, ARIADNE versions 3 and 3. 1, and Categories for the Description of Works of Art are an excellent addition to this chapter's focus on metadata and communities of practice. Chapters 3-6 provide an up-to-date account of the use of metadata standards in Libraries from the point of view of a community of practice. Some of the content standards included in these four chapters are AACR2, Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), and Library of Congress Subject Classification. In addition, uses of MARC along with planned implementations of the archival community's encoding scheme, EAD, are covered in detail. In a way, content in these chapters can be considered as a refresher course on the history, current state, importance, and usefulness of the above-mentioned standards in Libraries. Application of the standards is offered for various types of materials, such as monographic materials, continuing resources, and integrating library metadata into local catalogs and databases. A review of current digital library projects takes place in Chapter 7. While details about these projects tend to become out of date fast, the sections on issues and problems encountered in digital projects and successes and failures deserve any reader's close inspection. A suggested model is important enough to merit a specific mention below, in a short list format, as it encapsulates lessons learned from issues, problems, successes, and failures in digital projects. Before detailing the model, however, the various projects included in Chapter 7 should be mentioned. The projects are: Colorado Digitization Project, Cooperative Online Resource Catalog (an Office of Research project by OCLC, Inc.), California Digital Library, JSTOR, LC's National Digital Library Program and VARIATIONS.
Chapter 8 discusses issues of archiving and preserving digital materials. The chapter reiterates, "What is the point of all of this if the resources identified and catalogued are not preserved?" (Gorman, 2003, p. 16). Discussion about preservation and related issues is organized in five sections that successively ask why, what, who, how, and how much of the plethora of digital materials should be archived and preserved. These are not easy questions because of media instability and technological obsolescence. Stakeholders in communities with diverse interests compete in terms of which community or representative of a community has an authoritative say in what and how much get archived and preserved. In discussing the above-mentioned questions, the authors once again provide valuable information and lessons from a number of initiatives in Europe, Australia, and from other global initiatives. The Draft Charter on the Preservation of the Digital Heritage and the Guidelines for the Preservation of Digital Heritage, both published by UNESCO, are discussed and some of the preservation principles from the Guidelines are listed. The existing diversity in administrative arrangements for these new projects and resources notwithstanding, the impact on content produced for online reserves through work done in digital projects and from the use of metadata and the impact on levels of reference services and the ensuing need for different models to train users and staff is undeniable. In terms of education and training, formal coursework, continuing education, and informal and on-the-job training are just some of the available options. The intensity in resources required for cataloguing digital materials, the questions over the quality of digital resources, and the threat of the new digital environment to the survival of the traditional library are all issues quoted by critics and others, however, who are concerned about a balance for planning and resources allocated for traditional or print-based resources and newer digital resources. A number of questions are asked as part of the book's conclusions in Chapter 10. Of these questions, one that touches on all of the rest and upon much of the book's content is the question: What does the future hold for metadata in libraries? Metadata standards are alive and well in many communities of practice, as Chapters 2-6 have demonstrated. The usefulness of metadata continues to be high and innovation in various elements should keep information professionals engaged for decades to come. There is no doubt that metadata have had a tremendous impact in how we organize information for access and in terms of who, how, when, and where contact is made with library services and collections online. Planning and commitment to a diversity of metadata to serve the plethora of needs in communities of practice are paramount for the continued success of many digital projects and for online preservation of our digital heritage."

LCSH

Digital preservation
Digital libraries

Series

Library and information science text series

Subject

Digital preservation
Digital libraries

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Footnote

Rez. in: Knowledge organization 27(2000) no.3, S.173-175 (G. Campbell): "Bibliographic control rests on a rich and intriguing theoretical foundation. All too often, however, students and scholars of information studies pass this foundation over, perhaps because of its fragmentation. Information organization theory has evolved in tandem with practice, and particularly through innumerable policy decisions: its central tenets, therefore, appear in prefaces to manuals and catalogues, in library bulletins, in standards and rule interpretations, and in professional and scholarly conference proceedings. Gathering this theory together is a formidable task, and Svenonius has already made a significant contribution through the two sourcebooks she has coedited: Foundations of Cataloging (1985), and Theory of Subject Analysis (1985). With The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization, 'Svenonius goes a huge step further: she pulls the fragments of bibliographic control theory together and sets them within a holistic theoretical framework. The result is a significant contribution to LIS scholarship, one which evokes the best of all possible responses: dissatisfied cries for more. Svenonius divides her treatise into two parts containing five chapters each. The first part provides a theoretically-grounded articulation of the objectives, entities, languages and principles of information organization. The field, she argues, rests on three distinct philsophical traditions. Systems philosophy, as developed in library circles by Charles Cutter, gives a holistic and visionary dimension to bibliographic control: a tendency to see individual processes as part of a larger, coherent structure. The philosophy of science, typified in the field by Cyril Cleverdon in the 1950s, emphasizes the need to quantify and generalize, and to subject the tenets of information retrieval to empirical verification. Language philosophy introduces the concept of language rules, and argues that information organization is a "particular kind of language use" (p. 6): an approach which enables us to employ linguistic concepts of semantics, vocabulary and syntax to explain the processes of information organization. Having established this framework, Svenonius goes on to discuss the objectives of bibliographic retrieval systems. Deftly combining the seminal contributions of Cutter, Seymour Lubetzky, the Paris Principles of 1961, and the IFLA objectives of 1997, she produces five central objectives of bibliographic control: locating entitles (finding), identifying entitles (collocating), selecting them (choice), acquiring or gaining access to them (acquisition), and navigating a bibliographic database (navigation) (p. 20)". -

Series

Digital libraries and electronic publishing series

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Abstract

Organizing is such a common activity that we often do it without thinking much about it. In our daily lives we organize physical things--books on shelves, cutlery in kitchen drawers--and digital things--Web pages, MP3 files, scientific datasets. Millions of people create and browse Web sites, blog, tag, tweet, and upload and download content of all media types without thinking "I'm organizing now" or "I'm retrieving now." This book offers a framework for the theory and practice of organizing that integrates information organization (IO) and information retrieval (IR), bridging the disciplinary chasms between Library and Information Science and Computer Science, each of which views and teaches IO and IR as separate topics and in substantially different ways. It introduces the unifying concept of an Organizing System--an intentionally arranged collection of resources and the interactions they support--and then explains the key concepts and challenges in the design and deployment of Organizing Systems in many domains, including libraries, museums, business information systems, personal information management, and social computing. Intended for classroom use or as a professional reference, the book covers the activities common to all organizing systems: identifying resources to be organized; organizing resources by describing and classifying them; designing resource-based interactions; and maintaining resources and organization over time. The book is extensively annotated with disciplinary-specific notes to ground it with relevant concepts and references of library science, computing, cognitive science, law, and business.

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 33(2006) no.1, S.58-60 (S.J. Miller): "Metadata: A Cataloger's Primer is a welcome addition to the field of introductory books about metadata intended for librarians and students. The book consists of a collection of papers co-published simultaneously as Cataloging and Classification Quarterly, Volume 40, Numbers 3/4 2005. In the Introduction, the book's editor, Richard P Smiraglia, states that "The purpose of this volume is to provide a learning resource about metadata for catalog librarians and students ... The point of the volume, overall, is that in library and information science there is an ongoing convergence of cataloging and metadata, such that the community will benefit from instructional material that demonstrates this convergence" (p. 1). The collection is divided into two major sections. Part I, "Intellectual Foundations," includes papers with an introductory and theoretical focus, while Part II, "How to Create, Apply, and Use Metadata," contains material with a relatively more practical, instructive focus. In "Understanding Metadata and Metadata Schemes," Jane Greenberg defines metadata and its functions and provides a useful framework for analyzing and comparing diverse metadata schemes based on their objectives and principles, domains, and architectural layout. In her paper "Metadata and Bibliographic Control: Soul-mates or Two Solitudes?" Lynne Howarth directly addresses the central theme of this collection by examining the historical development of, and growing convergence between, the two fields, and concludes that they are more soulmates than solitudes. In "Metadata, Metaphor, and Metonymy," D. Grant Campbell outlines the development of metadata among different stakeholder communities and employs structuralist literary theory to illuminate a perspective on metadata and information representation as special uses of human language in the form of metaphor and metonymy. Part I continues with three papers that present the results of original applied research. Leatrice Ferraioli explores the ways in which individual workers use their own personal metadata for organizing documents in the workplace in "An Exploratory Study of Metadata Creation in a Health Care Agency." In her paper "The Defining Element-A Discussion of the Creator Element within Metadata Schemas," Jennifer Cwiok analyses divergent uses of the "Creator" or equivalent elements in seven different metadata schemes and compares those with the AACR2 approach to representing authorship and intellectual responsibility. The relevance of the bibliographic concept of "the work" to metadata creation for museum artifacts is the focus of "Content Metadata-An Analysis of Etruscan Artifacts in a Museum of Archeology" by Richard P Smiraglia.
Part II consists of five papers on specific metadata standards and applications. Anita Coleman presents an element-by-element description of how to create Dublin Core metadata for Web resources to be included in a library catalog, using principles inspired by cataloging practice, in her paper "From Cataloging to Metadata: Dublin Core Records for the Library Catalog." The next three papers provide especially excellent introductory overviews of three diverse types of metadata-related standards: "Metadata Standards for Archival Control: An Introduction to EAD and EAC" by Alexander C. Thurman, "Introduction to XML" by Patrick Yott, and "METS: the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard" by Linda Cantara. Finally, Michael Chopey offers a superb and most useful overview of "Planning and Implementing a Metadata-Driven Digital Repository." Although all of the articles in this book contain interesting, often illuminating, and potentially useful information, not all serve equally well as introductory material for working catalogers not already familiar with metadata. It would be difficult to consider this volume, taken as a whole, as truly a "primer" for catalog librarians, as the subtitle implies. The content of the articles is too much a mix of introductory essays and original research, some of it at a relatively more advanced level. The collection does not approach the topic in the kind of coherent, systematic, or comprehensive way that would be necessary for a true "primer" or introductory textbook. While several of the papers would be quite appropriate for a primer, such a text would need to include, among other things, coverage of other metadata schemes and protocols such as TEI, VRA, and OAI, which are missing here. That having been said, however, Dr. Smiraglia's excellent introduction to the volume itself serves as a kind of concise, well-written "mini-primer" for catalogers new to metadata. It succinctly covers definitions of metadata, basic concepts, content designation and markup languages, metadata for resource description, including short overviews of TEI, DC, EAD, and AACR2/MARC21, and introduces the papers included in the book. In the conclusion to this essay, Dr. Smiraglia says about the book: "In the end the contents go beyond the definition of primer as `introductory textbook.' But the authors have collectively compiled a thought-provoking volume about the uses of metadata" (p. 15). This is a fair assessment of the work taken as a whole. In this reviewer's opinion, there is to date no single introductory textbook on metadata that is fully satisfactory for both working catalogers and for library and information science (LIS) students who may or may not have had exposure to cataloging. But there are a handful of excellent books that serve different aspects of that function. These include the following recent publications:
- Caplan, Priscilla. 2003. Metadata fundamentals for all librarians. Chicago: ALA Editions. - Gorman, G.E. and Daniel G. Dorner, eds. 2004. Metadata applications and management. International yearbook of library and information management 2003/2004. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. - Intner, Sheila S., Susan S. Lazinger and Jean Weihs. 2006. Metadata and its impact on libraries. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. - Haynes, David. 2004. Metadata for information management and retrieval. London: Facet. - Hillmann, Diane I. and Elaine L. Westbrooks, eds. 2004. Metadata in practice. Chicago: American Library Association. Metadata: A Cataloger's Primer compares favorably with these texts, and like them has its own special focus and contribution to make to the introductorylevel literature on metadata. Although the focus, purpose, and nature of the contents are different, this volume bears a similarity to the Hillmann and Westbrooks text insofar as it consists of a collection of papers written by various authors tied together by a general, common theme. In conclusion, this volume makes a significant contribution to the handful of books that attempt to present introductory level information about metadata to catalog librarians and students. Although it does not serve fully satisfactorily as a stand-alone textbook for an LIS course nor as a single unified and comprehensive introduction for catalogers, it, like the others mentioned above, could serve as an excellent supplementary LIS course text, and it is highly worthwhile reading for working catalogers who want to learn more about metadata, as well as librarians and instructors already well-versed in metadata topics."

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LCSH

Digital libraries

Subject

Digital libraries

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Abstract

This book covers the key aspects of information architecture: core elements of information management - indexing, cataloguing and classification - organising and recording information in the digital environment. The book also focuses on design - specifically user-centred design: designing information systems that support the needs of users, by providing attractive, intuitive interfaces that support a range of information tasks and accommodate a range of individual resources. Key Features: (1) Is aimed at information professionals - existing texts in this emerging area are primarily aimed at web managers. (2) Is a straightforward introduction to the area. The Author: Dr Batley is a senior lecturer at the London Metropolitan University with teaching and research in the areas of organisation and retrieval of information and knowledge resources. Having completed a PhD on factors affecting the retrieval of information from picture databases in 1989, she worked as a subject librarian at the University of East London, before taking up her current post in 1996. Dr Batley is the author of another Chandos book, 'Classification in Theory and Practice'. Readership: The book is aimed at library and information practitioners; students of librarianship, information studies and information management. Contents: Introduction to information architecture Managing content Document description and content analysis Needs, task and resource analysis Indexing and ontologies Metadata Classification and taxonomy creation User-centred design and evaluation

Footnote

Dem Begriff IA kann also nicht mehr ausgewichen werden. Was ist nun wirklich damit gemeint? Das IIA gibt folgende Definition: "1. Das strukturelle Design von gemeinschaftlich genutzten Informationsumgebungen. 2. Die Kunst und Wissenschaft Websites, Intranets, Online-Communitys [sic!] und Software zu strukturieren und Bezeichnungssysteme zu entwickeln, um Usability und die Auffindbarkeit von Inhalten herzustellen. 3. Eine sich herauskristallisierende Community von Praktikern, die Designund Architekturprinzipien in die digitale Landschaft einführen will." Bei Rosenfeld & Morville (Auflage 1998) heisst es - nicht unähnlich, aber doch nicht deckungsgleich -, IA sei: 1. The combination of organization, labeling, and navigation schemes within an information system. 2. The structural design of an information space to facilitate task completion and intuitive access to content. 3. The art and science of structuring and classifying web sites and intranets to help people find and manage information. 4. An emerging discipline and community of practice focusing on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. IA hat aber wohl nicht nur mit dem Design von Websites zu tun. Sue Batley, deren Buch sich im Gegensatz zu jenem der beiden amerikanischen Autoren nicht an Webdesigner, sondern an Informationsspezialisten wendet, betont im ersten Kapitel, dass es gegenwärtig (noch) keine allgemeingültige Definition für IA gebe; zuviel sei noch in Entwicklung bzw. im Fluss. Sie sieht, mit Blick auf die Zielgruppe der Informationsspezialisten, IA als eine Verbindung der Kernelemente des Informationsmanagements mit den Prinzipien des benutzerzentrierten Designs. Die Verbesserung von Auffindbarkeit ("increasing findability") gilt ihr hier als die wesentliche Aktivität. Als zentrale Begriffe in diesem Zusammenhang stellt Batley daher auch "indexes and indexing", "classification", "cataloguing" sowie "user-centered design" (von Informationssystemen) vor.

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Content

Inhalt: Chapters 2 to 5: Scopes, Domains, and Display Media (pp. 47-102) Chapters 6 to 8: Documents, Analysis, and Indexing (pp. 103-176) Chapters 9 to 10: Exhaustivity and Specificity (pp. 177-196) Chapters 11 to 13: Displayed/Nondisplayed Indexes, Syntax, and Vocabulary Management (pp. 197-364) Chapters 14 to 16: Surrogation, Locators, and Surrogate Displays (pp. 365-390) Chapters 17 and 18: Arrangement and Size of Displayed Indexes (pp. 391-446) Chapters 19 to 21: Search Interface, Record Format, and Full-Text Display (pp. 447-536) Chapter 22: Implementation and Evaluation (pp. 537-541)

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Footnote

Weitere Rez. in: Rez. in: nfd 55(2004) H.4, S.252 (D. Lewandowski):"Die Zahl der Bücher zum Thema Information Retrieval ist nicht gering, auch in deutscher Sprache liegen einige Titel vor. Trotzdem soll ein neues (englischsprachiges) Buch zu diesem Thema hier besprochen werden. Dieses zeichnet sich durch eine Kürze (nur etwa 230 Seiten Text) und seine gute Verständlichkeit aus und richtet sich damit bevorzugt an Studenten in den ersten Semestern. Heting Chu unterrichtet seit 1994 an Palmer School of Library and Information Science der Long Island University New York. Dass die Autorin viel Erfahrung in der Vermittlung des Stoffs in ihren Information-Retrieval-Veranstaltungen sammeln konnte, merkt man dem Buch deutlich an. Es ist einer klaren und verständlichen Sprache geschrieben und führt in die Grundlagen der Wissensrepräsentation und des Information Retrieval ein. Das Lehrbuch behandelt diese Themen als Gesamtkomplex und geht damit über den Themenbereich ähnlicher Bücher hinaus, die sich in der Regel auf das Retrieval beschränken. Das Buch ist in zwölf Kapitel gegliedert, wobei das erste Kapitel eine Übersicht über die zu behandelnden Themen gibt und den Leser auf einfache Weise in die Grundbegriffe und die Geschichte des IRR einführt. Neben einer kurzen chronologischen Darstellung der Entwicklung der IRR-Systeme werden auch vier Pioniere des Gebiets gewürdigt: Mortimer Taube, Hans Peter Luhn, Calvin N. Mooers und Gerard Salton. Dies verleiht dem von Studenten doch manchmal als trocken empfundenen Stoff eine menschliche Dimension. Das zweite und dritte Kapitel widmen sich der Wissensrepräsentation, wobei zuerst die grundlegenden Ansätze wie Indexierung, Klassifikation und Abstracting besprochen werden. Darauf folgt die Behandlung von Wissensrepräsentation mittels Metadaten, wobei v.a. neuere Ansätze wie Dublin Core und RDF behandelt werden. Weitere Unterkapitel widmen sich der Repräsentation von Volltexten und von Multimedia-Informationen. Die Stellung der Sprache im IRR wird in einem eigenen Kapitel behandelt. Dabei werden in knapper Form verschiedene Formen des kontrollierten Vokabulars und die wesentlichen Unterscheidungsmerkmale zur natürlichen Sprache erläutert. Die Eignung der beiden Repräsentationsmöglichkeiten für unterschiedliche IRR-Zwecke wird unter verschiedenen Aspekten diskutiert.

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Abstract

LIS professionals use structures for organizing knowledge when they catalog and classify objects in the collection, when they develop databases, when they design customized taxonomies, or when they search online. Structures for Organizing Knowledge: Exploring Taxonomies, Ontologies, and Other Schema explores and explains this basic function by looking at three questions: 1) How do we organize objects so that they make sense and are useful? 2) What role do categories, classifications, taxonomies, and other structures play in the process of organizing? 3) What do information professionals need to know about organizing behaviors in order to design useful structures for organizing knowledge? Taking a broad, yet specialized approach that is a first in the field, this book answers those questions by examining three threads: traditional structures for organizing knowledge; personal structures for organizing knowledge; and socially-constructed structures for organizing knowledge. Through these threads, it offers avenues for expanding thinking on classification and classification schemes, taxonomy and ontology development, and structures. Both a history of the development of taxonomies and an analysis of current research, theories, and applications, this volume explores a wide array of topics, including the new digital, social aspect of taxonomy development. Examples of subjects covered include: Formal and informal structures Applications of knowledge structures Classification schemes Early taxonomists and their contributions Social networking, bookmarking, and cataloging sites Cataloging codes Standards and best practices Tags, tagging, and folksonomies Descriptive cataloging Metadata schema standards Thought exercises, references, and a list of helpful websites augment each section. A final chapter, "Thinking Ahead: Are We at a Crossroads?" uses "envisioning exercises" to help LIS professionals look into the future.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Annals of Library and Information Studies 62(2015) no.4, S.301 (A.K. Das)

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Abstract

Drawing on the research of experts from the fields of computing and library science, this ground-breaking work will show you how to combine two very different approaches to classification to create more effective, user-friendly information-retrieval systems. * Provides an interdisciplinary overview of current and potential approaches to organizing information by subject * Covers both pure computer science and pure library science topics in easy-to-understand language accessible to audiences from both disciplines * Reviews technological standards for representation, storage, and retrieval of varied knowledge-organization systems and their constituent elements * Suggests a collaborative approach that will reduce duplicate efforts and make it easier to find solutions to practical problems.

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Content

"The book should be the natural choice as a textbook for the many new undergraduate courses on organization of information offered by schools of library and /or information science"

Series

Library and information science text series

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Content

Ch. 1. Introduction: theory, knowledge organization, epistemology, culture -- ch. 3. Praxes of knowledge organization in the first Chinese library catalog, the Seven epitomes -- ch. 4. Feminist epistemologies and knowledge organization -- ch. 5. Problems and characteristics of Foucauldian discourse analysis as a research method -- ch. 6. Epistemology of domain analysis -- ch. 8. Rethinking genre in knowledge organization through a functional unit taxonomy -- Conclusions: Toward multicultural domain plurality in knowledge organization

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Date

23. 7.2017 13:49:22

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Abstract

Many information professionals working in small units today fail to find the published tools for subject-based organization that are appropriate to their local needs, whether they are archivists, special librarians, information officers, or knowledge or content managers. Large established standards for document description and organization are too unwieldy, unnecessarily detailed, or too expensive to install and maintain. In other cases the available systems are insufficient for a specialist environment, or don't bring things together in a helpful way. A purpose built, in-house system would seem to be the answer, but too often the skills necessary to create one are lacking. This practical text examines the criteria relevant to the selection of a subject-management system, describes the characteristics of some common types of subject tool, and takes the novice step by step through the process of creating a system for a specialist environment. The methodology employed is a standard technique for the building of a thesaurus that incidentally creates a compatible classification or taxonomy, both of which may be used in a variety of ways for document or information management. Key areas covered are: What is a thesaurus? Tools for subject access and retrieval; what a thesaurus is used for? Why use a thesaurus? Examples of thesauri; the structure of a thesaurus; thesaural relationships; practical thesaurus construction; the vocabulary of the thesaurus; building the systematic structure; conversion to alphabetic format; forms of entry in the thesaurus; maintaining the thesaurus; thesaurus software; and; the wider environment. Essential for the practising information professional, this guide is also valuable for students of library and information science.

Footnote

Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 60(2007) H.1, S.98-101 (O. Oberhauser): "Die Autorin von Essential thesaurus construction (and essential taxonomy construction, so der implizite Untertitel, vgl. S. 1) ist durch ihre Lehrtätigkeit an der bekannten School of Library, Archive and Information Studies des University College London und durch ihre bisherigen Publikationen auf den Gebieten (Facetten-)Klassifikation und Thesaurus fachlich einschlägig ausgewiesen. Nach Essential classification liegt nun ihr Thesaurus-Lehrbuch vor, mit rund 200 Seiten Text und knapp 100 Seiten Anhang ein handliches Werk, das seine Genese zum Grossteil dem Lehrbetrieb verdankt, wie auch dem kurzen Einleitungskapitel zu entnehmen ist. Das Buch ist der Schule von Jean Aitchison et al. verpflichtet und wendet sich an "the indexer" im weitesten Sinn, d.h. an alle Personen, die ein strukturiertes, kontrolliertes Fachvokabular für die Zwecke der sachlichen Erschliessung und Suche erstellen wollen bzw. müssen. Es möchte dieser Zielgruppe das nötige methodische Rüstzeug für eine solche Aufgabe vermitteln, was einschliesslich der Einleitung und der Schlussbemerkungen in zwanzig Kapiteln geschieht - eine ansprechende Strukturierung, die ein wohldosiertes Durcharbeiten möglich macht. Zu letzterem tragen auch die von der Autorin immer wieder gestellten Übungsaufgaben bei (Lösungen jeweils am Kapitelende). Zu Beginn der Darstellung wird der "information retrieval thesaurus" von dem (zumindest im angelsächsischen Raum) weit öfter mit dem Thesaurusbegriff assoziierten "reference thesaurus" abgegrenzt, einem nach begrifflicher Ähnlichkeit angeordneten Synonymenwörterbuch, das gerne als Mittel zur stilistischen Verbesserung beim Abfassen von (wissenschaftlichen) Arbeiten verwendet wird. Ohne noch ins Detail zu gehen, werden optische Erscheinungsform und Anwendungsgebiete von Thesauren vorgestellt, der Thesaurus als postkoordinierte Indexierungssprache erläutert und seine Nähe zu facettierten Klassifikationssystemen erwähnt. In der Folge stellt Broughton die systematisch organisierten Systeme (Klassifikation/ Taxonomie, Begriffs-/Themendiagramme, Ontologien) den alphabetisch angeordneten, wortbasierten (Schlagwortlisten, thesaurusartige Schlagwortsysteme und Thesauren im eigentlichen Sinn) gegenüber, was dem Leser weitere Einordnungshilfen schafft. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten von Thesauren als Mittel der Erschliessung (auch als Quelle für Metadatenangaben bei elektronischen bzw. Web-Dokumenten) und der Recherche (Suchformulierung, Anfrageerweiterung, Browsing und Navigieren) kommen ebenso zur Sprache wie die bei der Verwendung natürlichsprachiger Indexierungssysteme auftretenden Probleme. Mit Beispielen wird ausdrücklich auf die mehr oder weniger starke fachliche Spezialisierung der meisten dieser Vokabularien hingewiesen, wobei auch Informationsquellen über Thesauren (z.B. www.taxonomywarehouse.com) sowie Thesauren für nicht-textuelle Ressourcen kurz angerissen werden.
Weitere Rez. in: New Library World 108(2007) nos.3/4, S.190-191 (K.V. Trickey): "Vanda has provided a very useful work that will enable any reader who is prepared to follow her instruction to produce a thesaurus that will be a quality language-based subject access tool that will make the task of information retrieval easier and more effective. Once again I express my gratitude to Vanda for producing another excellent book." - Electronic Library 24(2006) no.6, S.866-867 (A.G. Smith): "Essential thesaurus construction is an ideal instructional text, with clear bullet point summaries at the ends of sections, and relevant and up to date references, putting thesauri in context with the general theory of information retrieval. But it will also be a valuable reference for any information professional developing or using a controlled vocabulary." - KO 33(2006) no.4, S.215-216 (M.P. Satija)

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Footnote

Im dritten Kapitel, Linguistics, Terminology, and Natural Language Processing, werden Anwendungen der Sprachtechnologie auf die Informationsrecherche und -verteilung über Sprachgrenzen hinweg, die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Sprachvarianten auf lexikalische Wissensmuster sowie ein "gateway" für fachübergreifende Wissensbanken, das auf einem Vokabular von Allgemeinbegriffen aus neun verschiedenen MetadatenSchemata beruht, behandelt. Der letzte Abschnitt trägt den etwas rätselhaften Titel Knowledge in the World and the World of Knowledge und enthält so heterogene Beiträge wie den Entwurf eines axiomatischen Systems für die semantische Integration von Ontologien, einen Vergleich der einflussreichen Knowledge-Management-Ansätze von Nonaka & Takeuchi (Japan) und Davenport & Prusak (USA) sowie einen Vergleich der Repräsentation amerikanischer und internationaler agrarökonomischer Themen in LCC (Library of Congress Classification) und NAICS (North American Industrial Classification System). Die eingangs erwähnten Lobeshymnen sind meiner Meinung nach ein wenig übertrieben. Das Buch ist nicht mehr und nicht weniger als ein recht typischer Sammelband mit wissenschaftlichen Artikeln von unterschiedlicher Qualität. Einige davon sind in verständlicher Sprache verfasst (wie etwa der kurze Beitrag über allgemeine vs. spezifische Klassifikationssysteme von J.-E. Mai), andere sind für normale Bibliothekare bzw. Informationswissenschaftler praktisch unlesbar (wie jener über Ontologien von R. E. Kent, der mehr als nur oberflächliche Kenntnisse der formalen Logik voraussetzt). Einige Artikel fand ich recht interessant, andere eher etwas langatmig. Die meisten Beiträge werden vermutlich eher bei wissenschaftlichen Vertretern unserer Disziplin auf Interesse stossen als bei Praktikern. Dass das Buch überein brauchbares Register verfügt, sei positiv vermerkt, zumal derlei heute nicht mehrselbstverständlich ist. Zur Anschaffung empfehlen würde ich diesen Band nicht nur Bibliotheken mit Spezialisierung auf Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft, sondern auch allen grossen wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken."