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Schreiweis, U.: Hypertextstrukturen als Grundlage für integrierte Wissensakquisitionssysteme (1993)
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- 19.10.1995 10:22:53
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Aßfalg, R.: Integration eines offenen Hypertextsystems in den Internet-Mehrwertdienst World Wide Web : ein Ansatz unter Verwendung eines objektorientierten Datenbanksystems (1996)
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- 22. 2.1997 19:40:31
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Menges, T.: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Übertragbarkeit eines Buches auf Hypertext am Beispiel einer französischen Grundgrammatik (Klein; Kleineidam) (1997)
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- 22. 7.1998 18:23:25
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Tergan, S.-O.: Zum Aufbau von Wissensstrukturen mit Texten und Hypertexten (1993)
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- Nachrichten für Dokumentation. 44(1993) H.1, S.15-22
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Griffith, C.: What's all the hype about hypertext? (1989)
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- Information today. 6(1989) no.4, S.22-24
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Welsch, L.A.: Multimedia and hypermedia : model and framework (1993)
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- Footnote
- Part of a special issue featuring papers from the workshop on hypermedia and hypertext standards held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 22-23 April 1993
-
Rada, R.: Hypertext and paper : a special synergy (1991)
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- Source
- International journal of information management. 11(1991) no.1, S.14-22
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Papers from the workshop on hypermedia and hypertext standards held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 22-23 April 1993 (1993)
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-
Gabbard, R.: Recent literature shows accelerated growth in hypermedia tools : an annotated bibliography (1994)
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- Reference services review. 22(1994) no.2, S.31-40
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Dimitroff, A.; Wolfram, D.: Searcher response in a hypertext-based bibliographic information retrieval system (1995)
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- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 46(1995) no.1, S.22-29
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Smith, L.C.: "Wholly new forms of encyclopedias" : electronic knowledge in the form of hypertext (1989)
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- Date
- 7. 1.1996 22:47:52
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Ramarapu, N.: ¬The impact of hypertext versus sequential information presentation on decision making : a conceptual model (1996)
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- Date
- 24.10.1996 19:57:22
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Hammwöhner, R.: Offene Hypertextsysteme : Das Konstanzer Hypertextsystem (KHS) im wissenschaftlichen und technischen Kontext (1997)
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- 17. 7.2002 16:22:13
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Spertus, E.: ParaSite : mining structural information on the Web (1997)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
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Diaz, P.; Aedo, I.; Panetsos, F.: Labyrinth, an abstract model for hypermedia applications : Description of its static components (1997)
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- Source
- Information systems. 22(1997) no.8, S.447-464
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Milosavljevic, M.; Oberlander, J.: Dynamic catalogues on the WWW (1998)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
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Baoming, Z.: Authoring a hypertext database : experiences with HyperPAD (1993)
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- Source
- Aslib proceedings. 45(1993) no.1, S.19-22
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Capps, M.; Ladd, B.; Stotts, D.: Enhanced graph models in the Web : multi-client, multi-head, multi-tail browsing (1996)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
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Kim, S.H.; Eastman, C.M.: ¬An experiment on node size in a hypermedia system (1999)
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- 22. 5.1999 9:35:20
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Jünger, G.: ¬Ein neues Universum (2003)
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- Content
- Eine stetige Erfahrung der Techniksoziologie und -geschichte besagt, dass sich wirklich neue Konzepte, die ihrer Zeit vorauseilen, am Ende nicht durchsetzen können. Erfolg haben stattdessen mittelmäßige Nachbildungen der ersten Idee, die dann, um periphere Funktionen und Dekorationen erweitert, als große Innovationen auftreten. Beispiele für zweitbeste Lösungen, von denen jeder weiß, dass sie nur Krücken sind, liefert gerade die Informatik in großer Zahl. Das Gespann der Programmiersprachen Smalltalk und C++ gehört dazu, aber auch das World Wide Web, das wir heute kennen, bleibt weit hinter Konzepten eines universalen, globalen Informationssystems zurück, die lange vor der Definition des Hypertext-Protokolls durch Tim Berners-Lee entwickelt worden sind. Die Frage nach der technischen Vorgeschichte und ihren verpassten Chancen ist keineswegs nur von akademischem Interesse. Das "Xanadu" genannte System, das zum ersten Mal das weltweit vorhandene Wissen in digitaler Form radikal demokratisieren wollte, kann sehr gut als Folie dienen für die Diskussion über die zukünftige Entwicklung des WWW. Zweifellos ist der Wunsch, möglichst viel Wissen anzuhäufen, uralt. Er hat die Errichter der Bibliothek von Alexandria angetrieben, die kopierenden und kommentierenden Mönche des Mittelalters oder die Enzyklopädisten des 18. Jahrhunderts in Frankreich. Spätestens seit dem 20. Jahrhundert war die pure Menge des nun Wissbaren so nicht mehr zu bewältigen. Über die materielle Ablage der Dokumente hinaus mussten neue Organisationsprinzipien gefunden werden, um den Berg zu erschließen und seine Bestandteile untereinander in nutzbarer Weise zu verbinden. Nur dann konnte eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Wissenschaftler jetzt noch in vertretbarer Zeit zum aktuellen Wissensstand auf einem Gebiet aufschließen. Im Epochenjahr 1945 entwarf Vannevar Bush, ein wissenschaftlicher Berater von Roosevelt während des Zweiten Weltkriegs, eine erste Antwort auf die Frage nach einem solchen Organisationsprinzip. Er nannte sein System "Memex" (Memory Extender), also "Gedächtniserweiterer". Wissen sollte in der Form von Mikrofilmen archiviert und die dabei erzeugten Einzelbestandteile sollten so mit einander verknüpft werden, dass das sofortige Aufsuchen von Verweisen möglich würde. Technisch misslang das System, mit Hilfe von Mikrofilmen ließ es sich wohl kaum realisieren. Aber der Gedanke war formuliert, dass große Wissensbestände nicht unbedingt in separaten Dokumenten und überwiegend linear (Seite 2 folgt auf Seite 1) angeordnet zu werden brauchten. Sie können durch interne Verknüpfungen zwischen Einzelseiten zu etwas Neuem zusammengefügt werden. Der Flugzeugingenieur Douglas Engelbart las schon in den Vierzigerjahren von Bushs Idee. Ihm gebührt das Verdienst, sie auf die neue Technik der digitalen Computer übertragen zu haben. Eine Sitzung der "Fall Joint Computer Conference" im Jahr 1968 demonstrierte seine "NLS" (oN Line System) genannte Verwirklichung des Memex-Konzepts in der Praxis und war für viele Teilnehmer die Initialzündung zu eigenen Versuchen auf diesem Gebiet. NLS war ein riesiges Journal von einzelnen Memos und Berichten eines Vorgängerprojekts, das es den beteiligten Wissenschaftlern erlaubte, über adressierte Verweise unmittelbar zu einem benachbarten Dokument zu springen - ein Netz aus Knoten und `Kanten, dem nur noch ein geeigneter Name für seine neue Eigenschaft fehlte:
