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Abstract

All types of information can be referenced to a geographic place. Maps, aerial photographs, and remote sensing images are spatially georeferenced. Other forms of information such as books, articles, research papers, pieces of music, and art are often linked to a geographic location through place names (geographic names). A gazetteer (a dictionary of geographic names) that is spatially referenced itself provides the bridge between these two types of georeferencing. With a georeferenced gazetteer translation service, a user can start with a geographic name and find information that is described with either geographic names or with geospatial coordinates. Use of this powerful indirect geospatially referencing tool can be applied as a common approach to libraries, bibliographic files, data centers, web resources, and museum and specimen collections and can be particular useful across language barriers since latitude and longitude coordinates are universally understood. The Alexandria Digital Library has implemented a gazetteer component for its georeferenced digital library. This experience resulted in the creation of a Gazetteer Content Standard, a Feature Type Thesaurus, and an operational interactive gazetteer service. This paper describes the development of these components and illustrates the use of this tool in a georeferenced digital library. It also relates progress in working with Federal agencies and others toward developing shareable gazetteer data through Digital Gazetteer Information Exchange programs

Date

29. 9.2001 20:22:45

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Object

Alexandria Digital Library

Source

Vocabulary as a central concept in digital libraries: interdisciplinary concepts, challenges, and opportunities : proceedings of the Third International Conference an Conceptions of Library and Information Science (COLIS3), Dubrovnik, Croatia, 23-26 May 1999. Ed. by T. Arpanac et al

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Abstract

Based on a decade's experience with the Alexandria Digital Library Project, seven issues are presented that arise in creating georeferenced digital libraries, and that appear to be intrinsic to the problem of creating any library-like information system that operates on georeferenced and geospatial resources. The first and foremost issue is providing discovery of georeferenced resources. Related to discovery are the issues of gazetteer integration and specialized ranking of search results. Strong data typing and scalability are implementation issues. Providing spatial context is a critical user interface issue. Finally, sophisticated resource access mechanisms are necessary to operate on geospatial resources.

Object

Alexandria Digital Library Project

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Abstract

Within a digital library, collections may range from an ad hoc set of objects that serve a temporary purpose to established library collections intended to persist through time. The objects in these collections vary widely, from library and data center holdings to pointers to real-world objects, such as geographic places, and the various metadata schemes that describe them. The key to integrated use of such a variety of collections in a digital library is collection metadata that represents the inherent and contextual characteristics of a collection. The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project has designed and implemented collection metadata for several purposes: in XML form, the collection metadatada 'registers' the collection with the user interface client; in HTML form, it is used for user documentation; eventually, it will be used to describe the collection to network search agents; and it is used for internal collection management, including mapping the object metadata attributes to the common search parameters of the system

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Abstract

The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) is one of the 6 digital library projects funded by NSF, DARPA, and NASA. ADL's collection and services focus on information containing georeferences: maps, images, data sets, text and other information sources with links to geographic locations. During this study period, 3 different user interfaces were developed and tested by user groups. User feedback was collected through various formal and informal approaches and the results fed back into the design and implementation cycle. This article describes the evolution of the ADL system and the effect of user evaluation on that evolution. ADL is an ongoing project; user feedback and evaluation plans for the remainder of the project are described

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Abstract

The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project has developed a content standard for gazetteer objects and a hierarchical type scheme for geographic features. Both of these developments are based on ADL experience with an earlier gazetteer component for the Library, based on two gazetteers maintained by the U.S. federal government. We define the minimum components of a gazetteer entry as (1) a geographic name, (2) a geographic location represented by coordinates, and (3) a type designation. With these attributes, a gazetteer can function as a tool for indirect spatial location identification through names and types. The ADL Gazetteer Content Standard supports contribution and sharing of gazetteer entries with rich descriptions beyond the minimum requirements. This paper describes the content standard, the feature type thesaurus, and the implementation and research issues. A gazetteer is list of geographic names, together with their geographic locations and other descriptive information. A geographic name is a proper name for a geographic place and feature, such as Santa Barbara County, Mount Washington, St. Francis Hospital, and Southern California. There are many types of printed gazetteers. For example, the New York Times Atlas has a gazetteer section that can be used to look up a geographic name and find the page(s) and grid reference(s) where the corresponding feature is shown. Some gazetteers provide information about places and features; for example, a history of the locale, population data, physical data such as elevation, or the pronunciation of the name. Some lists of geographic names are available as hierarchical term sets (thesauri) designed for information retreival; these are used to describe bibliographic or museum materials. Examples include the authority files of the U.S. Library of Congress and the GeoRef Thesaurus produced by the American Geological Institute. The Getty Museum has recently made their Thesaurus of Geographic Names available online. This is a major project to develop a controlled vocabulary of current and historical names to describe (i.e., catalog) art and architecture literature. U.S. federal government mapping agencies maintain gazetteers containing the official names of places and/or the names that appear on map series. Examples include the U.S. Geological Survey's Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency's Geographic Names Processing System (GNPS). Both of these are maintained in cooperation with the U.S. Board of Geographic Names (BGN). Many other examples could be cited -- for local areas, for other countries, and for special purposes. There is remarkable diversity in approaches to the description of geographic places and no standardization beyond authoritative sources for the geographic names themselves.

Object

Alexandria Digital Library