Search (1375 results, page 1 of 69)

0.12294867 = product of:
  0.184423 = sum of:
    0.16523369 = weight(_text_:me in 1183) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.16523369 = score(doc=1183,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.48167694 = fieldWeight in 1183, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1183)
    0.019189315 = product of:
      0.03837863 = sum of:
        0.03837863 = weight(_text_:22 in 1183) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03837863 = score(doc=1183,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 1183, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1183)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Abstract

The following discussion is in appreciation of the invaluable inspirations Pauline Cochrane, by her acumen and perspicacity, has implanted into my thinking regarding various applications of library and information science, especially those involving machine-readable records and subject categorization. It is indeed an honor for me at my age to be offered to contribute to Pauline's Festschrift when instead I should be concerned about my forthcoming obituary. In the following, I must give some Background to what formed my thinking before my involvement in the field and thus before I encountered Pauline.

Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

0.11015579 = product of:
  0.33046737 = sum of:
    0.33046737 = weight(_text_:me in 1682) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.33046737 = score(doc=1682,freq=8.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.9633539 = fieldWeight in 1682, product of:
          2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
            8.0 = termFreq=8.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1682)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

TEL-ME-MOR is funded by European Commission, Directorate E - Content, as a result of the third call for proposals published in 2004, under the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6). As part of Workpackage 3 the national libraries of the 10 New Member States responded to a questionnaire to enable the TEL-ME-MOR project to establish an overview of subject access tools and practice in their institutions. Results are analysed and areas for further study are identified, in particular in the field of cross language access.

Object

TEL-ME-MOR

0.10505158 = product of:
  0.31515473 = sum of:
    0.31515473 = sum of:
      0.23839748 = weight(_text_:plus in 4751) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.23839748 = score(doc=4751,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.29135957 = queryWeight, product of:
            6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
            0.047210995 = queryNorm
          0.8182243 = fieldWeight in 4751, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4751)
      0.07675726 = weight(_text_:22 in 4751) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
        0.07675726 = score(doc=4751,freq=2.0), product of:
          0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.047210995 = queryNorm
          0.46428138 = fieldWeight in 4751, product of:
            1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
              2.0 = termFreq=2.0
            3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
            0.09375 = fieldNorm(doc=4751)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

Rezension zur Microsoft Encarta Plus 2000

Source

Online Mitteilungen. 2000, Nr.66, S.22-25 [=Mitteilungen VÖB 53(2000) H.1]

0.10385589 = product of:
  0.31156766 = sum of:
    0.31156766 = weight(_text_:me in 5032) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.31156766 = score(doc=5032,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.9082588 = fieldWeight in 5032, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5032)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

This paper introduces to the new Internet service The European Library, provided by the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL), and gives an overview of activities in Europe for multilingual library services, developed and tested in various projects: TEL-ME-MOR, MACS (Multilingual Access to Subjects), MSAC (Multilingual Subject Access to Catalogues of National Libraries), Crisscross, and VIAF (Virtual International Authority File).

Object

TEL-ME-MOR

0.102457225 = product of:
  0.15368584 = sum of:
    0.13769475 = weight(_text_:me in 1184) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.13769475 = score(doc=1184,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.40139747 = fieldWeight in 1184, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1184)
    0.015991095 = product of:
      0.03198219 = sum of:
        0.03198219 = weight(_text_:22 in 1184) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03198219 = score(doc=1184,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.19345059 = fieldWeight in 1184, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1184)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Abstract

I had the distinct pleasure of working with Pauline Atherton (Cochrane) during the 1960s, a period that can be considered the heyday of automated information system design and evaluation in the United States. I first met Pauline at the 1962 American Documentation Institute annual meeting in North Hollywood, Florida. My company, Westat Research Analysts, had recently been awarded a contract by the U.S. Patent Office to provide statistical support for the design of experiments with automated information retrieval systems. I was asked to attend the meeting to learn more about information retrieval systems and to begin informing others of U.S. Patent Office activities in this area. At one session, Pauline and I questioned a speaker about the research that he presented. Pauline's questions concerned the logic of their approach and mine, the statistical aspects. After the session, she came over to talk to me and we began a professional and personal friendship that continues to this day. During the 1960s, Pauline was involved in several important information-retrieval projects including a series of studies for the American Institute of Physics, a dissertation examining the relevance of retrieved documents, and development and evaluation of an online information-retrieval system. I had the opportunity to work with Pauline and her colleagues an four of those projects and will briefly describe her work in the 1960s.

Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

0.07949811 = product of:
  0.23849432 = sum of:
    0.23849432 = weight(_text_:me in 4492) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.23849432 = score(doc=4492,freq=6.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.69524086 = fieldWeight in 4492, product of:
          2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
            6.0 = termFreq=6.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=4492)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

The study reported in this paper is part of a programme of ongoing research based on the model of the Information Search Process (ISP) developed in a series of prior studies by Kuhlthau. This study sought to gain a better understanding of the variety of tasks that involve lawyers as a particular group of information workers, how they use information to accomplish their work, and the role mediators play in their process of information seeking and use. Findings revealed that these lawyers frequently were involved in complex tasks that required a constructive process of interpreting, learning and creating. To accomplish these complex tasks, they preferred printed texts over computer databases primarily because computer databases required well-specified requests and did not offer an option for examining a wide range of information at one time. These lawyers called for an active potential role for mediators in 'just for me' services. 'Just for me' services would encompass designing systems to provide a wider range of access more compatible with the process of construction, applying and developing principles of classification that would offer a more uniform system for organising and accessing files, and providing direction in filtering the overwhelming amount of information available on electronic resources.

0.07949811 = product of:
  0.23849432 = sum of:
    0.23849432 = weight(_text_:me in 1717) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.23849432 = score(doc=1717,freq=6.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.69524086 = fieldWeight in 1717, product of:
          2.4494898 = tf(freq=6.0), with freq of:
            6.0 = termFreq=6.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0390625 = fieldNorm(doc=1717)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

A dialogue-based interface for information systems is considered a potentially very useful approach to information access. A key step in computer processing of natural-language dialogues is dialogue-act (DA) recognition. In this paper, we apply a feature-based classification approach for DA recognition, by using the maximum entropy (ME) method to build a classifier for labeling utterances with DA tags. The ME method has the advantage that a large number of heterogeneous features can be flexibly combined in one classifier, which can facilitate feature selection. A unique characteristic of our approach is that it does not need to model the prior probability of DAs directly, and thus avoids the use of a discourse grammar. This simplifies the implementation of the classifier and improves the efficiency of DA recognition, without sacrificing the classification accuracy. We evaluate the classifier using a large data set based on the Switchboard corpus. Encouraging performance is observed; the highest classification accuracy achieved is 75.03%. We also propose a heuristic to address the problem of sparseness of the data set. This problem has resulted in poor classification accuracies of some DA types that have very low occurrence frequencies in the data set. Preliminary evaluation shows that the method is effective in improving the macroaverage classification accuracy of the ME classifier.

0.07492111 = product of:
  0.22476332 = sum of:
    0.22476332 = product of:
      0.44952664 = sum of:
        0.44952664 = weight(_text_:plus in 3899) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.44952664 = score(doc=3899,freq=4.0), product of:
            0.29135957 = queryWeight, product of:
              6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            1.5428586 = fieldWeight in 3899, product of:
              2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
                4.0 = termFreq=4.0
              6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
              0.125 = fieldNorm(doc=3899)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

0.0734372 = product of:
  0.2203116 = sum of:
    0.2203116 = weight(_text_:me in 6865) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.2203116 = score(doc=6865,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.64223593 = fieldWeight in 6865, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=6865)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Content

"Bertelsmann Universal Lexikon (4 CD-ROM oder DVD) enthält mehr als 115000 Stichwörter und 3000 vertiefende Texte. Der Atlas enthält 520 überarbeitete geographische Karten, die geschichtliche Zeitleiste (Timeline) etwa 10 000 Einträge. Wer einen Internet Anschluss hat, kann per monatlichem Update weitere zehn bis 15 vertiefende Texte zu aktuellen Ereignissen herunterladen. Als Multimedia-Elemente stehen 7 Stunden Tonmaterial mit Reden, Klassikmusik, Videos und Animationen zur Verfügung. Der Rechner sollte üppig mit Arbeitsspeicher ausgestattetet sein. Das Programm läuft unter Windows 95/98/ME/NT 4.0/2000 und kostet 39,10 Mark"

0.0734372 = product of:
  0.2203116 = sum of:
    0.2203116 = weight(_text_:me in 5513) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.2203116 = score(doc=5513,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.64223593 = fieldWeight in 5513, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0625 = fieldNorm(doc=5513)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

0.07172006 = product of:
  0.107580096 = sum of:
    0.09638633 = weight(_text_:me in 1429) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.09638633 = score(doc=1429,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.28097823 = fieldWeight in 1429, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1429)
    0.011193767 = product of:
      0.022387534 = sum of:
        0.022387534 = weight(_text_:22 in 1429) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.022387534 = score(doc=1429,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.1354154 = fieldWeight in 1429, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.02734375 = fieldNorm(doc=1429)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Abstract

Pauline Atherton Cochrane has been contributing to library and information science for fifty years. Think of it-from mid-century to the millennium, from ENIAC (practically) to Internet 11 (almost here). What a time to be in our field! Her work an indexing, subject access, and the user-oriented approach had immediate and sustained impact, and she continues to be one of our most heavily cited authors (see, JASIS, 49[4], 327-55) and most beloved personages. This introduction includes a few words about my own experiences with Pauline as well as a short summary of the contributions that make up this tribute. A review of the curriculum vita provided at the end of this publication Shows that Pauline Cochrane has been involved in a wide variety of work. As Marcia Bates points out in her note (See below), Pauline was (and is) a role model, but I will always think of her as simply the best teacher 1 ever had. In 1997, I entered the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science as a returning mid-life student; my previous doctorate had not led to a full-time job and I was re-tooling. I was not sure what 1 would find in library school, and the introductory course attended by more than 100 students from widely varied backgrounds had not yet convinced me I was in the right place. Then, one day, Pauline gave a guest lecture an the digital library in my introductory class. I still remember it. She put up some notes-a few words clustered an the blackboard with some circles and directional arrows-and then she gave a free, seemingly extemporaneous, but riveting narrative. She set out a vision for ideal information exchange in the digital environment but noted a host of practical concerns, issues, and potential problems that required (demanded!) continued human intervention. The lecture brought that class and the entire semester's work into focus; it created tremendous excitement for the future of librarianship. 1 saw that librarians and libraries would play an active role. I was in the right place.

Date

22. 9.1997 19:16:05

0.0702403 = product of:
  0.10536044 = sum of:
    0.097364895 = weight(_text_:me in 2139) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.097364895 = score(doc=2139,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.28383088 = fieldWeight in 2139, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=2139)
    0.007995548 = product of:
      0.015991095 = sum of:
        0.015991095 = weight(_text_:22 in 2139) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.015991095 = score(doc=2139,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.09672529 = fieldWeight in 2139, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=2139)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Content

- Zugriff auf Datei-Newsgroups - Diese Lücke füllen Anbieter, die auf BinärNewsgroups spezialisiert sind. Sie haben in leistungsfähige Hardware und eine schnelle Internet Anbindung investiert und bieten gegen Gebühr Zugang zu den Terabytes an Daten. In aller Regel bezahlen Sie einen Monatsbeitrag, der sich um 10 Euro herum bewegt. Was Sie dafür erwarten können, unterscheidet sich zum Teil erheblich von Dienst zu Dienst. Beim einen Anbieter können Sie unbeschränkt Daten herunterladen, müssen aber in Kauf nehmen, dass jede Nachricht beziehungsweise Datei nach drei Tagen vom Server verschwunden und durch neue Daten ersetzt ist. Wer nichts verpassen will, muss also ständig ein Auge auf neue Inhalte haben. Andere Anbieter halten jede Datei mehr als 20 Tage vor und bieten nützliche Zusatzfunktionen, beschränken Ihre Download-Menge aber auf 6 bis 20 GB pro Monat. - Sieben Anbieter im Test - Wir haben sieben interessante Angebote getestet. Auswahlkriterium war zum einen der Preis: Mehr als 13 Euro im Monat sollte ein Newsserver-Zugang nicht kosten. Zum anderen haben wir Anbieter bevorzugt, bei denen man per Bankeinzug bezahlen kann und nicht nur per Kreditkarte. Wir bewerten die Download-Geschwindigkeit, die Vorhaltezeit der Nachrichten und die Anzahl der angebotenen Newsgroups. Zudem berücksichtigen wir bei der Bewertung Zusatzfunktionen, die ein Dienst bietet. Normalerweise benötigen Sie ein Newsreader-Programm, um auf Newsserver zuzugreifen. Ein großer Pluspunkt ist es, wenn ein Anbieter auch per WebBrowser Zugang auf die Datei-Schätze der Newsgroups bietet. Die Web-Schnittstellen verfügen meist über Komfortfunktionen, die die Bedienung erleichtern. Genauere Infos zum Testverfahren gibt's im Kasten "Wie wir testen" auf Seite 148. - Diese Newsreader sind empfehlenswert - Für Datei-Newsgroups gibt es speziell angepasste Newsreader. Wir empfehlen Newsbin Pro 4.2 für Windows 98/ME, 2000 und XP Mit der englischsprachigen Shareware lassen sich mehrere Dateien gleichzeitig von einem Server herunterladen - eine überaus wichtige Funktion bei Newsservern, die die Bandbreite pro Verbindung beschränken: In dem Fall können Sie nur durch parallele Downloads die Kapazität eines DSL-Anschlusses ausnutzen. Newsbin Pro lässt sich 10 Tagelang testen und kostet 35 Dollar (auf OHeft-CD und unter www.newsbin.com, 1,6 MB). Eine Freeware-Alternative ist Xnews 5.04.25 für Windows 98/ME, NT 4, 2000 und XP. Das englischsprachige Tool ist weniger komfortabel und etwas komplizierter zu bedienen. Es unterstützt maximal vier Downloads gleichzeitig. Hier eine kleine Hilfestellung zu Xnews: Dateien, die Sie herunterladen möchten, markieren Sie mit der Leertaste. Den Download-Vorgang starten Sie mit "Article, Decode" oder der Taste <F4>. Xnews finden Sie unter http:// xnews.newsguy.com (697 KB). Eine deutschsprachige Hilfe-Datei können Sie unter http://xnews.newsguy.com/xnews-de.chm (113 KB) herunterladen.
- Finden, was Sie suchen - Normalerweise können Sie im Usenet nur jede Newsgroup einzeln durchsuchen. Lediglich zwei Dienste im Test bieten eine globale Suchfunktion über alle Newsgroups hinweg: Easynews.com und Newshosting. Sie ist in der jeweiligen Web-Oberfläche integriert. Ein Klick auf einen Eintrag in der Ergebnisliste startet den Download. Komfortabler geht's kaum. Eine Hand voll kostenloser Anbieter indizieren Datei-Newsgroups und bieten ein Suchformular, etwa www.bincrawiercom, www. newzsearch.com und http://altbinaries.ni. Um eine gefundene Datei herunterzuladen, Müssen Sie im Anschluss Ihren Newsreader starten und in die angegebene Newsgroup wechseln. Bincrawler.com wurde im Oktober von einem anderen Anbieter aufgekauft. Ob er den kostenlosen Dienst weiterführen wird, ist ungewiss. - So vermeiden Sie illegale Inhalte - In Foren, in die jeder Anwender nach Belieben Dateien hineinstellen kann, landet auch viel Schmutz. In manchen Newsgroups finden sich etwa Software-Raubkopien und strafrechtlich relevante Bilder. Um nicht damit konfrontiert zu werden, sollten Sie Newsgroups mit eindeutig klingenden Namen meiden. Außerdem sind die angebotenen Dateien häufig mit Viren verseucht. Auch in Newsgroups mit harmloser Bezeichnung stoßen Sie möglicherweise auf urheberrechtlich geschütztes Material. Laden Sie deshalb nur Dateien herunter, von denen Sie sicher sind, dass sie legal angeboten werden. Vor allem urheberrechtlich geschützte MP3-Dateien sollten Sie meiden, da Sie sonst mit ernsten Konsequenzen rechnen müssen (> Beitrag auf Seite 22)."

0.0702403 = product of:
  0.10536044 = sum of:
    0.097364895 = weight(_text_:me in 1919) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.097364895 = score(doc=1919,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.28383088 = fieldWeight in 1919, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=1919)
    0.007995548 = product of:
      0.015991095 = sum of:
        0.015991095 = weight(_text_:22 in 1919) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.015991095 = score(doc=1919,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.09672529 = fieldWeight in 1919, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=1919)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Content

"1. What is? Many of us equate the principle activity of knowledge organization with that of ontology, which at its essence is the revelation of the structure of a domain. Among the essential choices that must be made in the construction of ontology are those involving "IsA" relationships. "What is a" is the primary question that defines what belongs inside a set and what, therefore, does not. Employing Dahlberg's concept-theoretic is one approach to defining the elements that belong in a set, although there are many other approaches as well. Whatever method is used, once a set is constituted its members will be considered to be like each other in some way, in other words, they are thought to be the same in some manner, or to some degree. Which leads naturally to the question of how alike must two entities be to be declared the same? Or its correlate, how dissimilar must they be to be declared different? Pondering this question led me to think about musical works that are of the genre "variations on a theme by X." In such works a composer uses a musical mnemonic-a melody usually-to draw listeners into the aural experience, and then, subsequent iterations all contain this original mnemonic but surround it or manipulate it in various ways. The result is always iterative but never boring because each iteration is subtly (or not so subtly) different from the last. And the technique allows the character of the original to be explored fully as well as for it to be reinterpreted by the current composer. In the end it is not so unlike, although a lot more interesting than, multiple citations by an author of another's works- say, like the way each time I cite Patrick Wilson it comes out a little differently. Same but different. Sameness and difference turn out to be essential philosophical positions. Many of the philosophical points of view brought to bear on knowledge organization suggest one or more points of view about this essential question. Semiotics (for example) suggests that signs are always being interpreted anew, phenomenology suggests entities might appear differently as a matter of their individual perception. All points of view are useful because they all shed light on formerly dark corners of the essential questions in knowledge organization.
2. Collocation versus disambiguation Of course, the practical reality is that systems must accommodate dual purposes when they declare entities to be the same or different. We wish at once to collocate or draw together everything that is alike, and at the same time to disambiguate the collocated set. So, the tension between the two purposes holds every system in balance. A set of collocated entities is thought to contain entities that are the same to some degree, but different enough to require an approach to sorting the elements of the set. It reminds me again of Wilson, who said of relevance that sometimes people just want something that serves as a means to some end. What does that suggest about sameness and difference? Perhaps that "more or less the same" or "a little bit different" reveals a sort of fuzzy-set, which opens the brackets around the set of equivalent entities that have been collocated. If so, then it means all the more that the differences, no matter how slight, need to be accounted for in the disambiguation. Of course there is quite a lot of overlap among domains, especially among closely related domains. We can see that in the articles in the present issue of this journal. We have papers that have come from at least three domains, and yet they all treat of knowledge and its conceptual ordering. Yet there is little conformity among the works cited by these four papers. What does that tell us? Perhaps that different domains are a little bit the same?

Date

12. 6.2008 20:18:22

0.064257555 = product of:
  0.19277266 = sum of:
    0.19277266 = weight(_text_:me in 4868) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.19277266 = score(doc=4868,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.56195647 = fieldWeight in 4868, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.0546875 = fieldNorm(doc=4868)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

Purpose - To reflect on the matter of self-consciousness. Design/methodology/approach - The purpose is achieved through the process of answering four questions presented to me by Heinz von Foerster in the course of our many conversations. Findings - It is not possible to understand the nature of self-consciousness without understanding the operation of human beings as living systems that exist as emotional languaging living systems: self-consciousness is a manner of living. Practical implications - We human beings can become more aware of our responsibility in the design of robots that imitate us. Originality/value - Reflects on what makes us humans special, on subjective experience, and on the world we bring forth.

0.06278193 = product of:
  0.094172895 = sum of:
    0.07498358 = product of:
      0.22495073 = sum of:
        0.22495073 = weight(_text_:3a in 562) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.22495073 = score(doc=562,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.40025535 = queryWeight, product of:
              8.478011 = idf(docFreq=24, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.56201804 = fieldWeight in 562, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              8.478011 = idf(docFreq=24, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=562)
      0.33333334 = coord(1/3)
    0.019189315 = product of:
      0.03837863 = sum of:
        0.03837863 = weight(_text_:22 in 562) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.03837863 = score(doc=562,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.23214069 = fieldWeight in 562, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=562)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Content

Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.

Date

8. 1.2013 10:22:32

0.062453628 = product of:
  0.09368044 = sum of:
    0.06884737 = weight(_text_:me in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.06884737 = score(doc=589,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.20069873 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
    0.024833072 = product of:
      0.049666144 = sum of:
        0.049666144 = weight(_text_:plus in 589) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.049666144 = score(doc=589,freq=2.0), product of:
            0.29135957 = queryWeight, product of:
              6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.1704634 = fieldWeight in 589, product of:
              1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
                2.0 = termFreq=2.0
              6.1714344 = idf(docFreq=250, maxDocs=44218)
              0.01953125 = fieldNorm(doc=589)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Content

Während Blinde das Leben im Cyberspace mit diesen Hilfsmitteln nahezu mühelos bewältigen können, bietet der Alltag nach wie vor Hürden, die sie nur mit der Unterstützung von Sehenden überwinden. Halte ich gerade die Dose mit den Erbsen oder das Hundefutter in der Hand? Habe ich zwei verschiedenfarbige Socken an? Auch eine handgeschriebene Postkarte müssen sich gehbehinderte immer noch vorlesen lassen-was voraussetzt, dass gerade jemand da ist. Um die Abhängigkeit der Blinden von ihrem Umfeld zu lockern, hat sich Joachim Frank "Klickblick" ausgedacht. Die Erfindung erinnert in ihrer Kreativität ein wenig an die verrückten Schöpfzungen von Walt Disneys Daniel Düsentrieb. Im Gegensatz zu den Einfällen der Erfinder-Ente funktioniert Franks Entwicklung aber tatsächlich. Was Marita Kessler beweist. Mit Hilfe einer Webcam, die sie an ihrem PC angebracht hat, und der nötigen Software ist sie in der Lage, ein Bild der Postkarte ins Internet zu übermitteln. Daraufhin kann ihr ein so genannter Blicker, der auch online ist, die Postkarte vorlesen - entweder über eine TelefonInternet-Verbindung oder in Form eines getippten Textes. "Somit können Blinde jederzeit auf die Unterstützung Sehender zurückgreifen - auch wenn gerade keiner in der Nähe ist", erklärt Joachim Frank. Damit Klickblick funktioniert, muss sich der Blicker lediglich die entsprechende kostenlose Software herunterladen und ein Mikrofon fier die Sprachverbindung anschaffen. Der blinde Frager benötigt zusätzlich die Webcam und muss - je nach Benutzungsfrequenz - einen kleinen Be-trag bezahlen. Natürlich brauchen beide einen Internet-Zugang oder zumindest einen Zugriff zu einem lokalen Netzwerk. Derzeit ist die aktive Klickblick-Gemeinschaft überschaubar. An der Testphase des Projekts, das im vergangenen Jahr mit dem "Start Social, einem Sozialpreis der Bundesregierung, ausgezeichnet wurde, beteiligen sich seit Januar 20 Blinde und 50 Blicker. Die Gefahr ist noch groß, dass in dem Moment, in dem der Blinde sich das Auge eines anderen Users leihen möchte, keiner online ist. Deshalb will Joachim Frank mehr sehende Menschen für seine Idee begeistern. Unterstützung von den deutschen Blinden-Selbsthilfeverbänden hat er bereits: Mit ihnen hat Frank den gemeinnützigen Verein "Klickblick Plus" gegründet. Wir haben uns hauptsächlich die' Förderung von Klickblick und die internationale Verbreitung der Erfindung zum Ziel gesetzt", erklärt Frank. Gerade hat er Klickblick auf einer Messe in Los Angeles vorgestellt. "Wir, wollen keine verschiedensprachigen Netzwerke, sondern eine einzige Community einrichten, beschreibt er. Dort könne man sich mit seiner Muttersprache und seinen Zweitsprache registrieren. "Das wird dann zu einer transnationalen Brücke führen°, hofft Frank. Die Namen für Klickblick, die sind allerdings noch unterschiedlich: Auf Spanisch heißt die Entwicklung "Los ojos", die Augen Und das Englische kommt der eigentlichen: Bedeutung, nämlich der Idee des ausgeliehenen Auges, vielleiht am nächsten: Hier heißt Klickblick schlicht "See for me"."

0.06045653 = product of:
  0.090684794 = sum of:
    0.077891916 = weight(_text_:me in 359) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.077891916 = score(doc=359,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.2270647 = fieldWeight in 359, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.015625 = fieldNorm(doc=359)
    0.012792877 = product of:
      0.025585754 = sum of:
        0.025585754 = weight(_text_:22 in 359) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
          0.025585754 = score(doc=359,freq=8.0), product of:
            0.16532487 = queryWeight, product of:
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.047210995 = queryNorm
            0.15476047 = fieldWeight in 359, product of:
              2.828427 = tf(freq=8.0), with freq of:
                8.0 = termFreq=8.0
              3.5018296 = idf(docFreq=3622, maxDocs=44218)
              0.015625 = fieldNorm(doc=359)
      0.5 = coord(1/2)
  0.6666667 = coord(2/3)

Content

"The contents of the book cover: This book is intended as an introduction to the Dewey Decimal Classification, edition 22. It is not a substitute for it, and I assume that you have it, all four volumes of it, by you while reading the book. I have deliberately included only a short section an WebDewey. This is partly because WebDewey is likely to change more frequently than the printed version, but also because this book is intended to help you use the scheme regardless of the manifestation in which it appears. If you have a subscription to WebDewey and not the printed volumes you may be able to manage with that, but you may then find my references to volumes and page numbers baffling. All the examples and exercises are real; what is not real is the idea that you can classify something without seeing more than the title. However, there is nothing that I can do about this, and I have therefore tried to choose examples whose titles adequately express their subject-matter. Sometimes when you look at the 'answers' you may feel that you have been cheated, but I hope that this will be seldom. Two people deserve special thanks. My colleague Vanda Broughton has read drafts of the book and made many suggestions. Ross Trotter, chair of the CILIP Dewey Decimal Classification Committee, who knows more about Dewey than anyone in Britain today, has commented extensively an it and as far as possible has saved me from error, as well as suggesting many improvements. What errors remain are due to me alone. Thanks are also owed to OCLC Online Computer Library Center, for permission to reproduce some specimen pages of DDC 22. Excerpts from the Dewey Decimal Classification are taken from the Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index, Edition 22 which is Copyright 2003 OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. DDC, Dewey, Dewey Decimal Classification and WebDewey are registered trademarks of OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc."

Object

DDC-22

0.055077896 = product of:
  0.16523369 = sum of:
    0.16523369 = weight(_text_:me in 1597) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.16523369 = score(doc=1597,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.48167694 = fieldWeight in 1597, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=1597)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Abstract

Die populären Web 2.0-Dienste werden von Prosumern - Produzenten und gleichsam Konsumenten - nicht nur dazu genutzt, Inhalte zu produzieren, sondern auch, um sie inhaltlich zu erschließen. Folksonomies erlauben es dem Nutzer, Dokumente mit eigenen Schlagworten, sog. Tags, zu beschreiben, ohne dabei auf gewisse Regeln oder Vorgaben achten zu müssen. Neben einigen Vorteilen zeigen Folksonomies aber auch zahlreiche Schwächen (u. a. einen Mangel an Präzision). Um diesen Nachteilen größtenteils entgegenzuwirken, schlagen wir eine Interpretation der Tags als natürlichsprachige Wörter vor. Dadurch ist es uns möglich, Methoden des Natural Language Processing (NLP) auf die Tags anzuwenden und so linguistische Probleme der Tags zu beseitigen. Darüber hinaus diskutieren wir Ansätze und weitere Vorschläge (Tagverteilungen, Kollaboration und akteurspezifische Aspekte) hinsichtlich eines Relevance Rankings von getaggten Dokumenten. Neben Vorschlägen auf ähnliche Dokumente ("more like this!") erlauben Folksonomies auch Hinweise auf verwandte Nutzer und damit auf Communities ("more like me!").

0.055077896 = product of:
  0.16523369 = sum of:
    0.16523369 = weight(_text_:me in 2433) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.16523369 = score(doc=2433,freq=2.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.48167694 = fieldWeight in 2433, product of:
          1.4142135 = tf(freq=2.0), with freq of:
            2.0 = termFreq=2.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.046875 = fieldNorm(doc=2433)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Object

TEL-ME-MOR

0.051927947 = product of:
  0.15578383 = sum of:
    0.15578383 = weight(_text_:me in 5024) [ClassicSimilarity], result of:
      0.15578383 = score(doc=5024,freq=4.0), product of:
        0.3430384 = queryWeight, product of:
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.047210995 = queryNorm
        0.4541294 = fieldWeight in 5024, product of:
          2.0 = tf(freq=4.0), with freq of:
            4.0 = termFreq=4.0
          7.2660704 = idf(docFreq=83, maxDocs=44218)
          0.03125 = fieldNorm(doc=5024)
  0.33333334 = coord(1/3)

Content

"Die Konferenz der Europäischen Nationalbibliothekare (Conference of European National Librarians, CENL) begrüßt die Pläne der Europäischen Kommission, den digitalen Zugang zum europäischen Kulturerbe durch den Aufbau einer Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek zu unterstützen. Die finanzielle Förderung der Kommission wird sich auf den Aufbau eines europaweiten Netzwerkes von Digitalisierungszentren und auf die Etablierung eines geeigneten juristischen Rahmens für den Schutz von Urheberrechten im Zusammenhang mit digitalen Bibliotheken konzentrieren. CENL teilt die Vision einer Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek und hat mit der Entwicklung von The European Library, TEL, wichtige Vorarbeiten geleistet. The European Library wurde in der Projektphase von der Europäischen Kommission gefördert. Die Europäische Kommission erkennt diese Vorarbeiten durch CENL mit ihrer Absicht an, die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek auf der TEL-Infrastruktur aufzubauen. The European Library ist der Webservice der 45 CENL-Mitgliedsbibliotheken und bietet Zugang zu Katalogen und digitalen Sammlungen von derzeit 15 europäischen Nationalbibliotheken. Ende 2006 wird sich die Zahl der europäischen Nationalbibliotheken, die sich als Vollmitglieder an dem Webservice beteiligen, um die zehn neuen Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union sowie alle übrigen EU- und EFTA-Staaten erweitern. Die Nationalbibliotheken der zehn neuen Mitgliedsstaaten bereiten sich zurzeit auf den Beitritt zu The European Library im Rahmen des TEL-ME-MOR-Projektes vor. CENL ist davon überzeugt, dass The European Library die ideale organisatorische Basis für den Aufbau der Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek darstellt. Als Gruppe sind die Mitglieder von CENL die Bewahrer des europäischen publizierten kulturellen Erbes - viele durch das nationale Pflichtexemplarrecht, viele für den gesamten Zeitraum der Geschichte ihrer Nation. Dies bildet die Basis für die Europäische Digitale Bibliothek, einen gut sichtbaren, multilingualen Zugang zu den digitalen Materialien europäischer kultureller Institutionen. CENL begrüßt insbesondere die Pläne der Europäischen Kommission, die erfolgreiche Zusammenarbeit der Nationalbibliotheken auf die Archive und Museen auszuweiten, um eine umfassende Europäische Digitale Bibliothek aufzubauen. CENL ist bereit, die bestehenden Kontakte zu europäischen Archiven und Museen zu vertiefen und konkrete Schritte auf dem Weg zur Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek zu diskutieren. Da das Europa der Zukunft größer sein wird als heute ist es wichtig, von Anfang an alle europäischen Staaten einzubeziehen, nicht nur diejenigen, die heute zur Europäischen Union gehören. Ein erweiterbares System aufzubauen bedeutet neben der Einbeziehung weiterer Institutionen und Staaten nicht nur technische, sondern auch funktionale Skalierbarkeit: Es bedeutet, alle europäischen Sprachen mit ihren verschiedenen Schriften zu berücksichtigen. Die Vision einer umfassenden Europäischen Digitalen Bibliothek lässt sich durch gemeinsame Anstrengungen und abgestimmte Vorgehensweisen pragmatisch realisieren."

Object

TEL-ME-MOR