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Abstract

For decades, we have been told we live in the "information age"-a time when disruptive technological advancement has reshaped the categories and social uses of knowledge and when quantitative assessment is increasingly privileged. Such methodologies and concepts of information are usually considered the provenance of the natural and social sciences, which present them as politically and philosophically neutral. Yet the humanities should and do play an important role in interpreting and critiquing the historical, cultural, and conceptual nature of information. This book is one of two companion volumes that explore theories and histories of information from a humanistic perspective. They consider information as a long-standing feature of social, cultural, and conceptual management, a matter of social practice, and a fundamental challenge for the humanities today. Information: A Reader provides an introduction to the concept of information in historical, literary, and cultural studies. It features excerpts from more than forty texts by theorists and critics who have helped establish the notion of the "information age" or expand upon it. The reader establishes a canonical framework for thinking about information in humanistic terms. Together with Information: Keywords, it sets forth a major humanistic vision of the concept of information.

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Abstract

For decades, we have been told we live in the "information age"-a time when disruptive technological advancement has reshaped the categories and social uses of knowledge and when quantitative assessment is increasingly privileged. Such methodologies and concepts of information are usually considered the provenance of the natural and social sciences, which present them as politically and philosophically neutral. Yet the humanities should and do play an important role in interpreting and critiquing the historical, cultural, and conceptual nature of information. This book is one of two companion volumes that explore theories and histories of information from a humanistic perspective. They consider information as a long-standing feature of social, cultural, and conceptual management, a matter of social practice, and a fundamental challenge for the humanities today. Bringing together essays by prominent critics, Information: Keywords highlights the humanistic nature of information practices and concepts by thinking through key terms. It describes and anticipates directions for how the humanities can contribute to our understanding of information from a range of theoretical, historical, and global perspectives. Together with Information: A Reader, it sets forth a major humanistic vision of the concept of information.

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Abstract

An argument that information exists at different levels of analysis-syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic-and an exploration of the implications. Although this is the Information Age, there is no universal agreement about what information really is. Different disciplines view information differently; engineers, computer scientists, economists, linguists, and philosophers all take varying and apparently disconnected approaches. In this book, Antonio Badia distinguishes four levels of analysis brought to bear on information: syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and network-based. Badia explains each of these theoretical approaches in turn, discussing, among other topics, theories of Claude Shannon and Andrey Kolomogorov, Fred Dretske's description of information flow, and ideas on receiver impact and informational interactions. Badia argues that all these theories describe the same phenomena from different perspectives, each one narrower than the previous one. The syntactic approach is the more general one, but it fails to specify when information is meaningful to an agent, which is the focus of the semantic and pragmatic approaches. The network-based approach, meanwhile, provides a framework to understand information use among agents. Badia then explores the consequences of understanding information as existing at several levels. Humans live at the semantic and pragmatic level (and at the network level as a society), computers at the syntactic level. This sheds light on some recent issues, including "fake news" (computers cannot tell whether a statement is true or not, because truth is a semantic notion) and "algorithmic bias" (a pragmatic, not syntactic concern). Humans, not computers, the book argues, have the ability to solve these issues.

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Content

Semantic information and the veridicality thesis. Introduction ; The data-based approach to semantic information ; The general definition of information ; Understanding data ; Taxonomic neutrality ; Typological neutrality ; Ontological neutrality ; Genetic neutrality ; Alethic neutrality ; Why false information is not a kind of semantic information ; Why false information is pseudo-information : attributive vs predictive use ; Why false information is pseudo-information : a semantic argument ; The definition of semantic information -- Outline of a theory of strongly semantic information. Introduction ; The Bar-Hillel-Carnap paradox ; Three criteria of information equivalence ; Three desiderata for TSSI ; Degrees of vacuity and inaccuracy ; Degrees of informativeness ; Quantities of vacuity and of semantic information ; The solution of the Bar-Hillel-Carnap paradox ; TSSI and the scandal of deduction --
The symbol grounding problem. Introduction ; The symbol of grounding problem ; The representationalist approach ; The semi-representationalist approach ; The non-representationalist approach -- Action-based semantics. Introduction ; Action-based semantics ; Two-machine artificial agents and their AbS ; From grounded symbols to grounded communication and abstractions -- Semantic information and the correctness theory of truth. Introduction ; First step : translation ; Second step : polarization ; Third step : normalization ; Fourth step : verification and validation ; Fifth step : correctness ; Some implications and advantages of the correctness theory of truth -- The logical unsolvability of the Gettier problem. Introduction ; Why the Gettier problem is unsolvable in principle ; Three objections and replies -- The logic of being informed. Introduction ; Three logics of information ; Modelling "being informed" ; Four epistemological implications of KTB-IL -- Understanding epistemic relevance. Introduction ; Epistemic vs casual relevance ; The basic case ; A probabilistic revision of the basic case ; A counterfactual revision of the probabilistic analysis ; A metatheoretical revision of the counterfactual analysis ; Advantages of the metatheoretical revision ; Some illustrative cases ; Misinformation cannot be relevant ; Two objections and replies --