-
Khoo, C.S.G.; Wan, K.-W.: ¬A simple relevancy-ranking strategy for an interface to Boolean OPACs (2004)
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- Abstract
- A relevancy-ranking algorithm for a natural language interface to Boolean online public access catalogs (OPACs) was formulated and compared with that currently used in a knowledge-based search interface called the E-Referencer, being developed by the authors. The algorithm makes use of seven weIl-known ranking criteria: breadth of match, section weighting, proximity of query words, variant word forms (stemming), document frequency, term frequency and document length. The algorithm converts a natural language query into a series of increasingly broader Boolean search statements. In a small experiment with ten subjects in which the algorithm was simulated by hand, the algorithm obtained good results with a mean overall precision of 0.42 and mean average precision of 0.62, representing a 27 percent improvement in precision and 41 percent improvement in average precision compared to the E-Referencer. The usefulness of each step in the algorithm was analyzed and suggestions are made for improving the algorithm.
- Content
- "Most Web search engines accept natural language queries, perform some kind of fuzzy matching and produce ranked output, displaying first the documents that are most likely to be relevant. On the other hand, most library online public access catalogs (OPACs) an the Web are still Boolean retrieval systems that perform exact matching, and require users to express their search requests precisely in a Boolean search language and to refine their search statements to improve the search results. It is well-documented that users have difficulty searching Boolean OPACs effectively (e.g. Borgman, 1996; Ensor, 1992; Wallace, 1993). One approach to making OPACs easier to use is to develop a natural language search interface that acts as a middleware between the user's Web browser and the OPAC system. The search interface can accept a natural language query from the user and reformulate it as a series of Boolean search statements that are then submitted to the OPAC. The records retrieved by the OPAC are ranked by the search interface before forwarding them to the user's Web browser. The user, then, does not need to interact directly with the Boolean OPAC but with the natural language search interface or search intermediary. The search interface interacts with the OPAC system an the user's behalf. The advantage of this approach is that no modification to the OPAC or library system is required. Furthermore, the search interface can access multiple OPACs, acting as a meta search engine, and integrate search results from various OPACs before sending them to the user. The search interface needs to incorporate a method for converting the user's natural language query into a series of Boolean search statements, and for ranking the OPAC records retrieved. The purpose of this study was to develop a relevancyranking algorithm for a search interface to Boolean OPAC systems. This is part of an on-going effort to develop a knowledge-based search interface to OPACs called the E-Referencer (Khoo et al., 1998, 1999; Poo et al., 2000). E-Referencer v. 2 that has been implemented applies a repertoire of initial search strategies and reformulation strategies to retrieve records from OPACs using the Z39.50 protocol, and also assists users in mapping query keywords to the Library of Congress subject headings."
- Source
- Electronic library. 22(2004) no.2, S.112-120
-
Nelson, M.J.: Correlation of term usage and term indexing frequencies (1988)
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- Abstract
- There have been several studies on the distribution of index terms, title terms, authors, and other elements employed in searching bibliographic databases. What is needed is to relate this information to the actual selection of terms for searching. This study analyzes data taken from monitoring the actual selection of terms for searching an online catalog at the School of Library and Information Science at the University of Western Ontario. Every time a term was employed in a search expression, a count in the dictionary file was updated. If the word was not in the dictionary, it was added. As a check on other studies, the rank distribution of terms chosen for searching was fit and found to be of a general Bradford-Zipf type. The main hypothesis was that high frequency terms in the catalog are the ones most frequently chosen in searches. The regular scatterplot of number of postings in the catalog versus the frequency in searching was checked and Pearson's correlation and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients were calculated. These data show that in general searchers actually tend to select the terms with a high number of postings for searching the catalog
-
Larson, R.R.: ¬The decline of subject searching : long-term trends and patterns of index use in an online catalog (1991)
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- Abstract
- Search index usage in a large university online catalog system over a six-year period (representing about 15,3 million searches) was investigated using transaction monitor data. Mathematical models of trends and patterns in the data were developed and tested using regression techniques. The results of the analyses show a consistent decline in the frequency of subject index use by online catalog users, with a corresponding increase in the frequency of title keyword searching. Significant annual patterns in index usage were also identified. Analysis of the transaction data, and related previous studies of online catalog users, suggest a number of factors contributing to the decline in subject search frequency. Chief among these factors are user difficulties in formulating subject queries with LCSH, leading to search failure, and the problem of "information overload" as database size increases. This article presents the models and results of the transaction log analysis, discusses the underlying problems with subject searching contributing to the observed decline, and reviews some proposed improvements to online catalog systems to aid in overcoming these problems
-
Beaulieu, M.; Jones, S.: Interactive searching and interface issues in the Okapi best match probabilistic retrieval system (1998)
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- Abstract
- Explores interface design raised by the development and evaluation of Okapi, a highly interactive information retrieval system based on a probabilistic retrieval model with relevance feedback. It uses terms frequency weighting functions to display retrieved items in a best match ranked order; it can also find additional items similar to those marked as relevant by the searcher. Compares the effectiveness of automatic and interactive query expansion in different user interface environments. focuses on the nature of interaction in information retrieval and the interrelationship between functional visibility, the user's cognitive loading and the balance of control between user and system
-
Pu, H.-T.: Exploration of personalized information service for OPAC (1997)
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- Abstract
- Library OPACs have long been the gateways between users and information. They present to users the achievements of library automation, and are the most widely available automated retrieval systems and the first that many user encounter. Current trends in OPAC design are toward a user oriented, individual information service which can meet the different needs of users with a variety of background and interests. Compared with the rather inactive, short term and general information service of conventional systems, this type of system focuses on active, long term and personalized service. Proposes a framework for the design of such an OPAC and discusses some recent developments in personalized information service
- Date
- 4. 8.1998 19:36:22
-
Horn, M.E.: "Garbage" in, "refuse and refuse disposal" out : making the most of the subject authority file in the OPAC (2002)
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- Abstract
- Subject access in the OPAC, as discussed in this article, is predicated on two different kinds of searching: subject (authority, alphabetic, or controlled vocabulary searching) or keyword (uncontrolled, free text, natural language vocabulary). The literature has focused on demonstrating that both approaches are needed, but very few authors address the need to integrate keyword into authority searching. The article discusses this difference and compares, with a query on the term garbage, search results in two online catalogs, one that performs keyword searches through the authority file and one where only bibliographic records are included in keyword searches.
- Date
- 10. 9.2000 17:38:22
-
Tseng, Y.H.; Lin, Y.I.: Evaluation of fuzzy search, term suggestion, and term relevance feedback in an OPAC system (1998)
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-
Ashton, J.: ONE: the final OPAC frontier (1998)
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- Abstract
- Describes the European Commission's OPAC Network in Europe (ONE) project which attempts to make it simpler to search a number of major European OPACs crossing all frontiers via online interface. Explains how this is done and the British Library's involvement in it, assessment of the project and plans for the future
- Source
- Select newsletter. 1998, no.22, Spring, S.5-6
-
Hancock-Beaulieu, M.; Fieldhouse, M.; Do, T.: ¬An evaluation of interactive query expansion in an online library catalogue with a graphical user interface (1995)
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- Abstract
- An online library catalogue served as a testbed to evaluate an interactive query expansion facility based on relevance feedback for the Okapi probabilistic term weighting retrieval system. The facility was implemented in a graphical user interface (GUI) environment using a game-board metaphor for the search process, and allowed searchers to select candidate terms extracted from relevant retrieved itms to reformulate queries. The take-up of the interactive query expansion option was found to be lower, and its retrieval performance less effective, compared to previous tests featuring automatic query expansion. Contributory factors including the number, presentation and source of terms are discussed
-
Tinker, A.J.; Pollitt, A.S.; O'Brien, A.; Braekevelt, P.A.: ¬The Dewey Decimal Classification and the transition from physical to electronic knowledge organisation (1999)
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- Abstract
- The physical organisation of items on library shelves using any classification scheme is inevitable a compromise. The best efforts to achieve an arrangement that is helpful to users will be thwarted by the multifaceted nature of these items and the specific needs of the user and the library. Items on a particular subject will be scattered throughout the library building(s) across disciplines, by physical form, by frequency of use and whether and for how long they may be borrowed. Even thought he rich information content of multifaceted items may be represented in the notation, the items required by a user will be scattered across library shelves when the item is placed in a single relative location. This paper explores these issues uisng examples from a University Library classified using the DDC. The electronic context of the library OPAC can transcend the constraints imposed by the predominantly physical nature of library collections, yet the current use of classification schemes in on-line systems retains many of these limitations. Examples of such systems applying DDC on the WWW are discussed and compared with a system that seeks to use DDC in what is called view-based searching. The interface and the resulting browsing and searching capability of a view-based OPAC are described. Ways in which subject access to library collections can be improved and disciplinary scatter resolved by assigning multiple class number to items and exploiting the rich Dewey structure in a faceted form are discussed. It is suggested that the informative power of visual classificatory structures at the search interface will be beneficial to the broader learning experience of the user. The paper concludes that the application of classification schemes in electronic interfaces should not be bound by the the physical constraints that no longer apply in an electronic context but be exploited to provide a complete, flexible and individual interface as determined by the needs of each user
-
Striedieck, S.: Online catalog maintenance : the OOPS command in LIAS (1985)
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- Abstract
- LIAS, the Pennsylvania State University's (Penn State) integrated interactive online system, provides for messaging by the user to inform library staff of errors found in bibliographic records. The message is sent by use of the OOPS command, and results in a printout which is used by processing staff for online catalog maintenance. This article describes LIAS, the use of the OOPS command, the processing of the resulting OOPS reports, an assessment of the effect of its use, and some speculation on the expansion of the LIAS message system for use in catalog maintenance.
- Date
- 7. 1.2007 13:22:30
-
Slone, D.J.: Encounters with the OPAC : On-line searching in public libraries (2000)
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- Abstract
- This article reports on a qualitative study exploring: (1) strategies and behaviors of public library users during interaction with an OPAC; and (2) users' confidence in finding needed information on-line. Questionnaires, interviews, and observations were employed to gather data from 32 public library users. the results found search behaviors, confidence, and other feelings varied, based on 3 types of searches: unknown-item searches; area searches; and known-item searches. Term generation was the most important factor in unknown-item search strategies. Speed and convenience palyed a role in area searches, and simplicity characterized known-item searches. Of the 3 types, unknown-item searchers experienced the most frustration and doubt; known-item searchers the most disappointment; and area searchers the most confidence and contentment. Knowledge of these differences may prove helpful for librarians and interface designers
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Borgman, C.L.: Why are online catalogs still hard to use? (1996)
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- Abstract
- We return to arguments made 10 years ago that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catalogs. With this analysis, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of user behavior and to lay to rest the card catalog design model for online catalogs. We discuss the problems with query matching systems, which were designed for skilled search intermediaries rather than end-users, and the knowledge and skills they require in the information-seeking process, illustrated with examples of searching card and online catalogs. Searching requires conceptual knowledge of the information retrieval process - translating an information need into a searchable query; semantic knowledge of how to implement a query in a given system - the how and when to use system features; and technical skills in executing the query - basic computing skills and the syntax of entering queries as specific search statements. In the short term, we can help make online catalogs easier to use through improved training and documentation that is based on information-seeking bahavior, with the caveat that good training is not a substitute for good system design. Our long term goal should be to design intuitive systems that require a minimum of instruction. Given the complexity of the information retrieval problem and the limited capabilities of today's systems, we are far from achieving that goal. If libraries are to provide primary information services for the networked world, they need to put research results on the information-seeking process into practice in designing the next generation of online public access information retrieval systems
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Cherry, J.M.: Bibliographic displays in OPACs and Web catalogs : how well do they comply with display guidelines (1998)
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- Abstract
- Reports and combines the results of 2 assessments of full bibliographic displays in the online catalogue of academic libraries. The first assessment evaluated displays in 12 OPACs while the second evaluated displays in 10 WWW based catalogues. Displays were evaluated against a checklist of desirable features derived from published display guidelines. Results showed that, on average, displays in OPACs scored 58% and displays in Web catalogues scored 60%. Discusses some of the weaknesses identified by the assessments, focusing on those found in the majority of the displays evaluated
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Solomon, P.: Access to fiction for children : a user-based assessment of options and opportunities (1997)
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Beiser, K.; Nelson, N.M.: CD-ROM public access catalogs : an assessment (1989)
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Kilgour, F.G.: Effectiveness of surname-title-words searches by scholars (1995)
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- Abstract
- This article reprots the findings of an experiment employing a simulated scholarly use of an OPAC to determine the frequency of one-screen displays when a scholar searches for a known-item with so-called 'keywords' in an implied boolean system. The experiment revealed that a 'keyword' search formula comprising surname plus first and last title words produced a single screen 92.8% of the time, thereby reducing the failure of traditional title searching to produce single screens by nearly one half; such a formula also enables a scholar to search successfully with abbreviated, unsearchable bibliographic citations. Additional research should be carried out, for if it is further demonstrated that replacing traditional bibliographic catalog entries with transcribed title pages provides an improved known-item OPAC, users would benefit and libraries would enjoy huge savings
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Pedretti, G.: ¬L'¬uso dei cataloghi in biblioteca (1996)
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- Abstract
- Reports an empirical study at the Queriniana Civic Library, Brescia, of interaction betwee researchers and printed catalogues during bibliographic data retrieval. The study sought to ascertain frequency of catalogue use; research success rate and time taken; and to identify user profiles. Data were obtained by a mixture of questionnaires, interviews and direct observation. Findings showed that 64% of the catalogue users were female; 70% were aged 19-30; 65% were university students or had good school grades; and hardly any were working class. University students preferred keyword access. 50% or all searches were successful. Most search failures related to subject catalogues, which usually required more time. Provides statistics on time spent in research
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Fadayomi, J.A.: OPAC use in a newly automated library in Nigeria : fears and hopes (1998)
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- Abstract
- Reports results of a questionnaire survey, conducted at Ilorin University Library, Nigeria, to investigate the patterns of student use, of the library's OPAC in the 4 reading rooms of the main library and their attitudes towards it. The questions focused on: frequency of use of the card catalogue; users' feelings about using the OPAC; effectiveness of the OPAC in retrieving relevant items; number of available terminals; training methods; and major inhibitors to OPAC use. 50 questionnaires were administered and 47 (94%) were returned. The study was designed to yield primarily descriptive results since there was very little baseline data with which to compare responses
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Kilgour, F.G.; Moran, B.B.; Barden, J.R.: Retrieval effectiveness of surname-title-word searches for known items by academic library users (1999)
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- Abstract
- This article reports the findings of an experiment using a simulated title pages, author surnames, and title words, one-third of which were selected by each of the 3 authors, to determine the frequency of one-screen displays when used to search for known items in an implied Boolean retrieval system. Searches comprising surname plus one significant title word produced one-screen displays 78% of time; surname plus 2 words 97% of the time; and surname plus 3 words 98,5%. Three quarters of the significant words were nouns
