-
Nuovo soggettario : guida al sistema italiano di indicizzazione per soggetto, prototipo del thesaurus (2007)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Knowledge organization 34(2007) no.1, S.58-60 (P. Buizza): "This Nuovo soggettario is the first sign of subject indexing renewal in Italy. Italian subject indexing has been based until now on Soggettario per i cataloghi delle biblioteche italiane (Firenze, 1956), a list of preferred terms and see references, with suitable hierarchical subdivisions and cross references, derived from the subject catalogue of the National Library in Florence (BNCF). New headings later used in Bibliografia nazionale italiana (BNI) were added without references, nor indeed with any real maintenance. Systematic instructions on how to combine the terms are lacking: the indexer using this instrument is obliged to infer the order of terms absent from the lists by consulting analogous entries. Italian libraries are suffering from the limits of this subject catalogue: vocabulary is inadequate, obsolete and inconsistent, the syndetic structure incomplete and inaccurate, and the syntax ill-defined, poorly explained and unable to reflect complex subjects. In the nineties, the Subject Indexing Research Group (Gruppo di ricerca sull'indicizzazione per soggetto, GRIS) of the AIB (Italian Library Association) developed the indexing theory and some principles of PRECIS and drew up guidelines based on consistent principles for vocabulary, semantic relationships and subject string construction, the latter according to role syntax (Guida 1997). In overhauling the Soggettario, the National Library in Florence aimed at a comprehensive indexing system. (A report on the method and evolution of the work has been published in Knowledge Organization (Lucarelli 2005), while the feasibility study is available in Italian (Per un nuovo Soggettario 2002). Any usable terms from the old Soggettario will be transferred to the new system, while taking into consideration international norms and interlinguistic compatibility, as well as applications outside the immediate library context. The terms will be accessible via a suitable OPAC operating on the most advanced software.
The guide Nuovo soggettario was presented on February 8' 2007 at a one-day seminar in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, in front of some 500 spellbound people. The Nuovo soggettario comes in two parts: the guide in book-form and an accompanying CD-ROM, by way of which a prototype of the thesaurus may be accessed on the Internet. In the former, rules are stated; the latter contains a pdf version of the guide and the first installment of the controlled vocabulary, which is to be further enriched and refined. Syntactic instructions (general application guidelines, as well as special annotations of particular terms) and the compiled subject strings file have yet to be added. The essentials of the new system are: 1) an analytic-synthetic approach, 2) use of terms (units of controlled vocabulary) and subject strings (which represent subjects by combining terms in linear order to form syntactic relationships), instead of main headings and subdivisions, 3) specificity of terms and strings, with a view to the co-extension of subject string and subject matter and 4) a clear distinction between semantic and syntactic relationships, with full control of them both. Basic features of the vocabulary include the uniformity and univocality of terms and thesaural management of a priori (semantic) relationships. Starting from its definition, each term can be categorially analyzed: four macro-categories are represented (agents, action, things, time), for which there are subcategories called facets (e.g., for actions: activities, disciplines, processes), which in turn have sub-facets. Morphological instructions conform to national and international standards, including BS 8723, ANSI/ NISO Z39.19 and the IFLA draft of Guidelines for multilingual thesauri, even for syntactic factorization. Different kinds of semantic relationships are represented thoroughly, and particular attention is paid to poly-hierarchies, which are used only in moderation: both top terms must actually be relevant. Node labels are used to specify the principle of division applied. Instance relationships are also used.
An entry is structured so as to present all the essential elements of the indexing system. For each term are given: category, facet, related terms, Dewey interdisciplinary class number and, if necessary; definition or scope notes. Sources used are referenced (an appendix in the book lists those used in the current work). Historical notes indicate whenever a change of term has occurred, thus smoothing the transition from the old lists. In chapter 5, the longest one, detailed instructions with practical examples show how to create entries and how to relate terms; upper relationships must always be complete, right up to the top term, whereas hierarchies of related terms not yet fully developed may remain unfinished. Subject string construction consists in a double operation: analysis and synthesis. The former is the analysis of logical functions performed by single concepts in the definition of the subject (e.g., transitive actions, object, agent, etc.) or in syntactic relationships (transitive relationships and belonging relationship), so that each term for those concepts is assigned its role (e.g., key concept, transitive element, agent, instrument, etc.) in the subject string, where the core is distinct from the complementary roles (e.g., place, time, form, etc.). Synthesis is based on a scheme of nuclear and complementary roles, and citation order follows agreed-upon principles of one-to-one relationships and logical dependence. There is no standard citation order based on facets, in a categorial logic, but a flexible one, although thorough. For example, it is possible for a time term (subdivision) to precede an action term, when the former is related to the latter as the object of action: "Arazzi - Sec. 16.-17. - Restauro" [Tapestry - 16th-17th century - Restoration] (p. 126). So, even with more complex subjects, it is possible to produce perfectly readable strings covering the whole of the subject matter without splitting it into two incomplete and complementary headings. To this end, some unusual connectives are adopted, giving the strings a more discursive style.
Thesaurus software is based on AgroVoc (http:// www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm) provided by the FAO, but in modified form. Many searching options and contextualization within the full hierarchies are possible, so that the choice of morphology and syntax of terms and strings is made easier by the complete overview of semantic relationships. New controlled terms will be available soon, thanks to the work in progress - there are now 13,000 terms, of which 40 percent are non-preferred. In three months, free Internet access by CD-ROM will cease and a subscription will be needed. The digital version of old Soggettario and the corresponding unstructured lists of headings adopted in 1956-1985 are accessible together with the thesaurus, so that the whole vocabulary, old and new, will be at the fingertips of the indexer, who is forced to work with both tools during this transition period. In the future, it will be possible to integrate the thesaurus into library OPACs. The two parts form a very consistent and detailed resource. The guide is filled with examples; the accurate, clearly-expressed and consistent instructions are further enhanced by good use of fonts and type size, facilitating reading. The thesaurus is simple and quick to use, very rich, albeit only a prototype; see, for instance, a list of DDC numbers and related terms with their category and facet, and then entries, hierarchies and so on, and the capacity of the structure to show organized knowledge. The excellent outcome of a demanding experimentation, the intended guide welcomes in a new era of subject indexing in Italy and is highly recommended. The new method has been designed to be easily teachable to new and experimented indexers.
Now BNI is beginning to use the new language, pointing the way for the adoption of Nuovo soggettario in Italian libraries: a difficult challenge whose success is not assured. To name only one issue: including all fields of study requires particular care in treating terms with different specialized meanings; cooperation of other libraries and institutions is foreseen. At the same time, efforts are being made to assure the system's interoperability outside the library world. It is clear that a great commitment is required. "Too complex a system!" say the naysayers. "Only at the beginning," the proponents reply. The new system goes against the mainstream, compared with the imitation of the easy way offered by search engines - but we know that they must enrich their devices to improve quality, just repeating the work on semantic and syntactic relationships that leads formal expressions to the meanings they are intended to communicate - and also compared with research to create automated devices supporting human work, for the need to simplify cataloguing. Here AI is not involved, but automation is widely used to facilitate and to support the conscious work of indexers guided by rules as clear as possible. The advantage of Nuovo soggettario is its combination of a thesaurus (a much-appreciated tool used across the world) with the equally widespread technique of subject-string construction, which is to say: the rational and predictable combination of the terms used. The appearance of this original, unparalleled working model may well be a great occasion in the international development of indexing, as, on one hand, the Nuovo soggettario uses a recognized tool (the thesaurus) and, on the other, by permitting both pre-coordination and post-coordination, it attempts to overcome the fragmentation of increasingly complex and specialized subjects into isolated, single-term descriptors. This is a serious proposition that merits consideration from both theoretical and practical points of view - and outside Italy, too."
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Webster, N.: Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language unabridged : utilizing all the experience and resources of more than one hundred years of Merriam-Webster dictionaries (1993)
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- Abstract
- Webster's Third New International Dictionary is the perfect answer to every reference need. Utilizing the resources of more than one hundred years of dictionary publishing, this single volume work covers the current vocabulary of standard written and spoken English as well as incorporating many scientific and technical terms. The easy-to-understand, concise definitions were compiled under the direction of the Webster's staff of lexicographers, assuring both accuracy and clarity. Each word has been thoroughly researched to ensure that the dictionary meets its aims of correctness and comprehensiveness. Each term is defined at its own place in the alphabet with completely analytical one-phrase definitions. A pronunciation guide for standard American usage and etymologies of many words are also included. This unabridged version contains over 450,000 entries. More than 10 million sources were consulted for examples of usage, over 14,000 different authors are quoted, and thousands of verbal illustrations from the mid-twentieth century are presented to show words in context. In addition, the dictionary includes numerous tables for weights and measurements, chemical elements, mathematical formulas, and much more. Several full-page illustrations are also provided to assist the reader in understanding such diverse topics as the human body, star constellations, and the color spectrum. Unmatched in scope and quality, featuring a handsome text design and a sturdy binding made to endure long and frequent use, this Webster's Third New International Dictionary truly fulfills the needs for an accurate, clear, and comprehensive understanding of the English vocabulary in today's society.
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DIN-Terminologiedatenbank : DIN-Term ; Science, Normung [Elektronische Ressource] (2004)
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Kosmos Weltatlas 2000 : Der Kompass für das 21. Jahrhundert. Inklusive Welt-Routenplaner (1999)
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- Date
- 7.11.1999 18:22:39
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Vögel unserer Heimat (1999)
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- Date
- 7.11.1999 18:22:54
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Jahrbuch der deutschen Bibliotheken (1999)
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- Date
- 22. 1.2000 19:32:34
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CD-ROMs in print (1995)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Audiovisual librarian 22(1996) no.2, S.130-131 ( R. Williams)
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Handbuch der Datenbanken für Naturwissenschaft und Technik, Patente (1994)
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- Date
- 10. 1.1999 14:22:35
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Taschenbuch des öffentlichen Lebens : Deutschland (1998)
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- 22. 6.2000 20:28:19
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Handbuch der Bibliotheken Deutschlands, Österreich, Schweiz (1999)
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- Date
- 22. 1.2000 19:34:19
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Handbuch der Universitäten und Fachhochschulen Deutschlands, Österreich, Schweiz : Mit Registern zu Hochschulleitern, Professoren und Sachgebieten (1999)
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- Date
- 22. 6.2000 20:08:52
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Handbuch der Universitäten und Fachhochschulen Deutschlands, Österreich, Schweiz (1998)
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- 22. 6.2000 20:09:32
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Jahrbuch der Auktionspreise für Bücher, Handschriften und Autographen : Ergebnisse der Auktionen in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Österreich und der Schweiz. Mit einem Anhang: Spezialgebiete der Antiquariate (1992)
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- Date
- 13. 3.1996 21:22:40
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Jahrbuch der Auktionspreise für Bücher, Handschriften und Autographen (JAP) : Computerdatei (1997)
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- 13. 3.1996 21:22:40
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Jahrbuch der Auktionspreise für Bücher, Handschriften und Autographen : Ergebnisse der Auktionen in Deutschland, den Niederlanden, Österreich und der Schweiz. Mit einem Anhang: Spezialgebiete der Antiquariate (1992)
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- Date
- 13. 3.1996 21:22:40
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Poggendorff, J.C.: Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften
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- 3. 4.1996 15:41:22
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Poggendorff, J.C.: Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch der exakten Naturwissenschaften (2000)
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Grimm, J.; Grimm, W.: Deutsches Wörterbuch - Der digitale Grimm : Elektronische Ausgabe der Erstbearbeitung (2004)
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- Date
- 22. 7.2004 9:54:37
-
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Digital (2005)
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- Abstract
- Komplette Textsubstanz aller 30 Bände + Zusatz- und Quellentexte mit nahezu demselben Umfang wie die Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Umfassende Recherchemöglichkeiten, einschließlich natürlichsprachlicher Suchhilfe Frei dreh- und zoombarer 3-D-Globus mit mehr als 2 Millionen geografischen Karteneinträgen 25000 Bilder und Zugang zur Bilddatenbank der dpa mit mehr als 2 Millionen Bildern 280 Videos, 140 Animationen, 6000 Audios, 22 000 kommentierte Weblinks u.v. m. Zugriff auf die Brockhaus Enzyklopädie Online (auch per minibrowserfähigem PDA, Smartphone oder Pocket-PC*), kostenlos bis 31.12.2010 1 USB-Memory-Stick in Docking-Station Für Windows
-
¬Die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung : mit den neuen Regeln und Schreibweisen für Deutschland, Österreich und die Schweiz ; entspricht den amtlichen Richtlinien und dem Schulgebrauch ; über 600.000 Eintragungen, mehr als 20.000 Angaben zu neuen Schreibungen und Worttrennungen, 400 Orientierungshilfen bei Zweifelsfällen, neue Schreibweisen und Worttrennungen farbig hervorgehoben, umfassende Darstellung der neuen Regeln zur Rechtschreibung und Zeichensetzung, Erläuterung der wichtigsten Grammatikregeln, Deklinations- und Konjugationstabellen, Erklärung von Aussprache, Herkunft und Bedeutung der einzelnen Wörter (1997)
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- Date
- 19. 1.1997 9:22:49
