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Date

5. 2.2008 12:43:49

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Date

24. 2.2008 12:42:13

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 54(2003) no.12, S.1166-1167 (Brenda Chawner): "Kochtanek and Matthews have written a welcome addition to the small set of introductory texts an applications of information technology to library and information Services. The book has fourteen chapters grouped into four sections: "The Broader Context," "The Technologies," "Management Issues," and "Future Considerations." Two chapters provide the broad content, with the first giving a historical overview of the development and adoption of "library information systems." Kochtanek and Matthews define this as "a wide array of solutions that previously might have been considered separate industries with distinctly different marketplaces" (p. 3), referring specifically to integrated library systems (ILS, and offen called library management systems in this part of the world), and online databases, plus the more recent developments of Web-based resources, digital libraries, ebooks, and ejournals. They characterize technology adoption patterns in libraries as ranging from "bleeding edge" to "leading edge" to "in the wedge" to "trailing edge"-this is a catchy restatement of adopter categories from Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory, where they are more conventionally known as "early adopters," "early majority," "late majority," and "laggards." This chapter concludes with a look at more general technology trends that have affected library applications, including developments in hardware (moving from mainframes to minicomputers to personal Computers), changes in software development (from in-house to packages), and developments in communications technology (from dedicated host Computers to more open networks to the current distributed environment found with the Internet). This is followed by a chapter describing the ILS and online database industries in some detail. "The Technologies" begins with a chapter an the structure and functionality of integrated library systems, which also includes a brief discussion of precision versus recall, managing access to internal documents, indexing and searching, and catalogue maintenance. This is followed by a chapter an open systems, which concludes with a useful list of questions to consider to determine an organization's readiness to adopt open source solutions. As one world expect, this section also includes a detailed chapter an telecommunications and networking, which includes types of networks, transmission media, network topologies, switching techniques (ranging from dial up and leased lines to ISDN/DSL, frame relay, and ATM). It concludes with a chapter an the role and importance of standards, which covers the need for standards and standards organizations, and gives examples of different types of standards, such as MARC, Dublin Core, Z39.50, and markup standards such as SGML, HTML, and XML. Unicode is also covered but only briefly. This section world be strengthened by a chapter an hardware concepts-the authors assume that their reader is already familiar with these, which may not be true in all cases (for example, the phrase "client-Server" is first used an page 11, but only given a brief definition in the glossary). Burke's Library Technology Companion: A Basic Guide for Library Staff (New York: Neal-Schuman, 2001) might be useful to fill this gap at an introductory level, and Saffady's Introduction to Automation for Librarians, 4th ed. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999) world be better for those interested in more detail. The final two sections, however, are the book's real strength, with a strong focus an management issues, and this content distinguishes it from other books an this topic such as Ferguson and Hebels Computers for Librarians: an Introduction to Systems and Applications (Waggawagga, NSW: Centre for Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, 1998). ...

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Date

25.10.2008 11:04:12

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Date

14.11.1995 20:27:12

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Date

9. 1.2010 11:12:08

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Date

13. 4.2010 12:00:18

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Date

25. 2.2012 12:41:25

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Date

17. 4.2012 12:45:15

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Date

23. 1.2006 12:53:10

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Signature

63 BAB 179-12

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Date

24. 5.2015 12:27:20

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Date

4.12.2016 12:00:10

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Footnote

Chapter 2 (Technology and People) focuses an several theories of technological acceptance and diffusion. Unfortunately, Bruce's presentation is somewhat confusing as he moves from one theory to next, never quite connecting them into a logical sequence or coherent whole. Two theories are of particular interest to Bruce: the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations and the Theory of Planned Behavior. The Theory of Diffusion of Innovations is an "information-centric view of technology acceptance" in which technology adopters are placed in the information flows of society from which they learn about innovations and "drive innovation adoption decisions" (p. 20). The Theory of Planned Behavior maintains that the "performance of a behavior is a joint function of intentions and perceived behavioral control" (i.e., how muck control a person thinks they have) (pp. 22-23). Bruce combines these two theories to form the basis for the Technology Acceptance Model. This model posits that "an individual's acceptance of information technology is based an beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors" (p. 24). In all these theories and models echoes a recurring theme: "individual perceptions of the innovation or technology are critical" in terms of both its characteristics and its use (pp. 24-25). From these, in turn, Bruce derives a predictive theory of the role personal perceptions play in technology adoption: Personal Innovativeness of Information Technology Adoption (PIITA). Personal inventiveness is defined as "the willingness of an individual to try out any new information technology" (p. 26). In general, the PIITA theory predicts that information technology will be adopted by individuals that have a greater exposure to mass media, rely less an the evaluation of information technology by others, exhibit a greater ability to cope with uncertainty and take risks, and requires a less positive perception of an information technology prior to its adoption. Chapter 3 (A Focus an Usings) introduces the User-Centered Paradigm (UCP). The UCP is characteristic of the shift of emphasis from technology to users as the driving force behind technology and research agendas for Internet development [for a dissenting view, see Andrew Dillion's (2003) challenge to the utility of user-centerness for design guidance]. It entails the "broad acceptance of the user-oriented perspective across a range of disciplines and professional fields," such as business, education, cognitive engineering, and information science (p. 34).

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Date

26.12.2011 12:42:20

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Content

"Bereits in der konstituierenden Sitzung des Standardisierungsausschusses am 17. November 2000 wurde die Frage nach der Übernahme international verbreiteter Regeln und Standards und den dazugehörigen Datenaustauschformaten gestellt, aber nicht eindeutig beantwortet. Der Standardisierungsausschuss beschloss die Weiterentwicklung der RAK unter Integration der Sonderregeln und besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verbesserung des internationalen Datentausches. Kurze Zeit später - im Jahre 2001 - haben die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) und der Beirat Der Deutschen Bibliothek die Überwindung der internationalen Isolierung der deutschen Bibliotheken im Hinblick auf die deutschen Standards gefordert. Auf einer Podiumsdiskussion unter dem Thema "Ist Deutschland reif für die internationale Zusammenarbeit" im Rahmen der 5. Verbundkonferenz des Gemeinsamen Bibliotheksverbundes (GBV) in Göttingen am 11. September 2001 sprachen sich maßgebliche Vertreter des deutschen Bibliothekswesens mehrheitlich für einen Wechsel auf internationale Standards aus. Auf seiner nächsten Sitzung am 6. Dezember 2001 befasste sich der Standardisierungsausschuss mit dieser Frage und beschloss mehrheitlich, einen Umstieg auf die Standards, die weltweit im Einsatz sind, anzustreben. Da ein solcher Schritt jedoch erhebliche strukturelle und finanzielle Konsequenzen nach sich ziehen würde, wurde Die Deutsche Bibliothek beauftragt, zunächst in einer Studie Rahmenbedingungen, Konsequenzen und Zeitablauf eines Wechsels zu untersuchen. Daraufhin hat die Arbeitsstelle für Standardisierung Der Deutschen Bibliothek mit Unterstützung einer Arbeitsgruppe des Standardisierungsausschusses einen Förderantrag an die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft erarbeitet. Die DFG hat den Antrag im August 2002 genehmigt. Als Projektbearbeiterin konnte Luise Hoffmann vom Hochschulbibliothekszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen (HBZ) gewonnen werden. Die Leitung des Projekts "Umstieg auf internationale Formate und Regelwerke (MARC21, AACR2)" liegt bei Der Deutschen Bibliothek, die das Projekt im Auftrag des Standardisierungsausschusses in enger Kooperation mit anderen bibliothekarischen Einrichtungen und den Verbundsystemen durchführt. Diese Einrichtungen sind im Standardisierungsausschuss vertreten. Das Projekt "Umstieg auf internationale Formate und Regelwerke (MARC21, AACR2)" ist auf 18 Monate angelegt, begann am 12. November 2002 und wird von einem Beirat begleitet. Dazu wurden die im DFG-Antrag für die Besetzung des Beirats genannten Institutionen angeschrieben und um die Benennung von Vertretern gebeten. Der Beirat ist wie folgt zusammengesetzt: Frau Dr. Sigrun Eckelmann (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Herr Bernhard Eversberg (Universitätsbibliothek Braunschweig als Vertreter der Universitätsbibliotheken Herr Josef Friedl (Universität Wien als Vertreter der Österreichischen Bibliotheken) Herr Dr. Klaus Haller (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München als Vertreter der Staatsbibliotheken) Herr Dr. Friedrich Geißelmann (Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg als Vorsitzender des Deutschen Bibliotheksverbandes) Frau Kornelie Hartmann (Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendhal als Vertreterin des außerbibliothekarischen Bereichs) Herr Heinz-Werner Hoffmann (Hochschulbibliothekszentrum Köln als Vertreter der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbundsysteme) Herr Adrian Nolte (Stadtbibliothek Essen als Vertreter der Öffentlichen Bibliotheken) Frau Margret Schild (Theatermuseum Düsseldorf als Vertreterin der Spezialbibliotheken) Herr Werner Stephan (Universitätsbibliothek Stuttgart als Vertreter der Universitätsbibliotheken)

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Footnote

In Chapter 7, Jeff Rickel and W. Lewis Johnson have created a virtual environment, with virtual humans for team training. The system is designed to allow a digital character to replace team members that may not be present. The system is also designed to allow students to acquire skills to occupy a designated role and help coordinate their activities with their teammates. The paper presents a complex concept in a very manageable fashion. In Chapter 8, Jonathan Yedidia et al. study the initial issues that make up reasoning under uncertainty. This type of reasoning, in which the system takes in facts about a patient's condition and makes predictions about the patient's future condition, is a key issue being looked at by many medical expert system developers. Their research is based an a new form of belief propagation, which is derived from generalized existing probabilistic inference methods that are widely used in AI and numerous other areas such as statistical physics. The ninth chapter, by David McAllester and Robert E. Schapire, looks at the basic problem of learning a language model. This is something that would not be challenging for most people, but can be quite arduous for a machine. The research focuses an a new technique called leave-one-out estimator that was used to investigate why statistical language models have had such success in this area of research. In Chapter 10, Peter Baumgartner looks at simplified theorem proving techniques, which have been applied very effectively in propositional logie, to first-ordered case. The author demonstrates how his new technique surpasses existing techniques in this area of AI research. The chapter simplifies a complex subject area, so that almost any reader with a basic Background in AI could understand the theorem proving. In Chapter 11, David Cohen et al. analyze complexity issues in constraint satisfaction, which is a common problem-solving paradigm. The authors lay out how tractable classes of constraint solvers create new classes that are tractable and more expressive than previous classes. This is not a chapter for an inexperienced student or researcher in AI. In Chapter 12, Jaana Kekalaine and Kalervo Jarvelin examine the question of finding the most important documents for any given query in text-based retrieval. The authors put forth two new measures of relevante and attempt to show how expanding user queries based an facets about the domain benefit retrieval. This is a great interdisciplinary chapter for readers who do not have a strong AI Background but would like to gain some insights into practical AI research. In Chapter 13, Tony Fountain et al. used machine learning techniques to help lower the tost of functional tests for ICs (integrated circuits) during the manufacturing process. The researchers used a probabilistic model of failure patterns extracted from existing data, which allowed generating of a decision-theoretic policy that is used to guide and optimize the testing of ICs. This is another great interdisciplinary chapter for a reader interested in an actual physical example of an AI system, but this chapter would require some AI knowledge.

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Date

12. 7.2004 13:35:44

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Content

10. Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Information Retrieval (Part I) Christopher S.G. KHOO, Karen NG and Shiyan OU: An Exploratory Study of Human Clustering Of Web Pages; Stephane CHAUDIRON, Majid IHADJADENE and François ROLE: Authorial Index Browsing in an XML Digital Library; Xavier POLANCO: Clusters, Graphs, and Networks for Analyzing Internet-Web-Supported Communication within a Virtual Community; E. HERRERA-VIEDMA, O. CORDÓN, J.C. HERRERA, M. LUQUE: An IRS Based an Multi-Granular Linguistic Information; Pedro CUESTA, Alma M. GÓMEZ and Francisco J. RODRÍGUEZ: Using Agents for Information Retrieval; 11. Integration of Knowledge in Multicultural Domain-Oriented and General Systems. (Part I) Antonio GARCIA JIMANEZ, Alberto DÍAZ ESTEBAN and Pablo GERVÁS: Knowledge Organization in a Multilingual System for the Personalization of Digital News Services: How to Integrate Knowledge; Marfa J. LÓPEZ-HUERTAS and Mario BARITA: Knowledge Representation and Organization of Gender Studies an the Internet: Towards Integration; Victoria FRANCU: Language-Independent Structures and Multilingual Information Access Annelise Mark PEJTERSEN and Hanne ALBRECHTSEN Models for Collaborative Integration of Knowledge; 12. Applications of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Information Retrieval (Part II) C. LOPEZ-PUJALTE, V.P. GUERRERO, F. de MOYA-ANEGÓN: Evaluation of the Application of Genetic Algorithms to Relevance Feedback; O. CORDÓN, E. HERRERA-VIEDMA, M. LUQUE, F. de MOYA,ANEGÓN and C. ZARCO: An Inductive Query by Example Technique for Extended Boolean Queries Based an Simulated Annealing-Programming; Vfctor HERRERO-SOLANA and F. de MOYA-ANEGÓN: Graphical Table of Contents (GTOC) for Library Collections: the Aplication of UDC Codes for the Subject Maps; Luis M. CAMPOS, Juan M. FERNEZ-LUNA and Juan HUSTE: Managing Documents with Bayesian Belief Networks: A Brief Survey of Applications and Models; 13. Epistemological Approaches to Classification Principles, Design and Construction Birger HJOERLAND: The Methodology Of Constructing Classification Schemes: A discussion of the State-of-the-Art; Hope OLSON, Juliet NIELSEN and Shona R. DIPPIE: Encyclopaedist Rivalry, Classificatory Commonality, Illusory Universality; Jian QIN: Evolving Paradigms of Knowledge Representation and Organization: A Comparative Study of classification, XML/DTD and Ontology; Jens-Erik MAI: Is Classification Theory Possible? Rethinking Classification Research; I.C. McILWAINE: Where Have All The Flowers Gone? An Investigation Into The Fate of Some Special Classification Schemes; 14. Professional Ethics. Users and Information Structures. Evaluation of Systems J. Carlos FERNÁNDEZ-MOLINA and J. Augusto c. GUIMARAES: Ethical Aspects of Knowledge Organization and Representation in the Digital Environment: Their Articulation in Professional Codes of Ethics; Ali Asghar SHIRI, Crawford REVIE and Gobinda CHOWDHURY: Assessing the Impact of User Interaction with Thesaural Knowledge Structures: A Quantitative Analysis Framework; Carmen CARO CASTRO and Críspulo TRAVIESO RODRÍGUEZ: Ariadne's Thread: Knowledge Structures for Browsing in OPAC's; Linda BANWELL: Developing and Evaluation Framework For a Supranational Digital Library; Antonio L. GARCIA GUTIÉRREZ: Knowledge Organization From a "culture of the Border": Towards a Transcultural Ethics of Mediation; Christopher KING, David H. MARWICK and M. Howard WILLIAMS: The Importance of Context in Resolving of Confliets when Sharing User Profiles;