Search (3879 results, page 194 of 194)

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Abstract

Information retrieval over the Internet increasingly requires the filtering of thousands of heterogeneous information sources. Important sources of information include not only traditional databases with structured data and queries, but also increasing numbers of non-traditional, semi- or unstructured collections such as Web sites, FTP archives, etc. As the number and variability of sources increases, new ways of automatically summarizing, discovering, and selecting collections relevant to a user's query are needed. One such method involves the use of classification schemes, such as the Library of Congress Classification (LCC), within which a collection may be represented based on its content, irrespective of the structure of the actual data or documents. For such a system to be useful in a large-scale distributed environment, it must be easy to use for both collection managers and users. As a result, it must be possible to classify documents automatically within a classification scheme. Furthermore, there must be a straightforward and intuitive interface with which the user may use the scheme to assist in information retrieval (IR). Our work with the Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project focuses on geo-referenced information, whether text, maps, aerial photographs, or satellite images. As a result, we have emphasized techniques which work with both text and non-text, such as combined textual and graphical queries, multi-dimensional indexing, and IR methods which are not solely dependent on words or phrases. Part of this work involves locating relevant online sources of information. In particular, we have designed and are currently testing aspects of an architecture, Pharos, which we believe will scale up to 1.000.000 heterogeneous sources. Pharos accommodates heterogeneity in content and format, both among multiple sources as well as within a single source. That is, we consider sources to include Web sites, FTP archives, newsgroups, and full digital libraries; all of these systems can include a wide variety of content and multimedia data formats. Pharos is based on the use of hierarchical classification schemes. These include not only well-known 'subject' (or 'concept') based schemes such as the Dewey Decimal System and the LCC, but also, for example, geographic classifications, which might be constructed as layers of smaller and smaller hierarchical longitude/latitude boxes. Pharos is designed to work with sophisticated queries which utilize subjects, geographical locations, temporal specifications, and other types of information domains. The Pharos architecture requires that hierarchically structured collection metadata be extracted so that it can be partitioned in such a way as to greatly enhance scalability. Automated classification is important to Pharos because it allows information sources to extract the requisite collection metadata automatically that must be distributed.
We are currently experimenting with newsgroups as collections. We have built an initial prototype which automatically classifies and summarizes newsgroups within the LCC. (The prototype can be tested below, and more details may be found at http://pharos.alexandria.ucsb.edu/). The prototype uses electronic library catalog records as a `training set' and Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) for IR. We use the training set to build a rich set of classification terminology, and associate these terms with the relevant categories in the LCC. This association between terms and classification categories allows us to relate users' queries to nodes in the LCC so that users can select appropriate query categories. Newsgroups are similarly associated with classification categories. Pharos then matches the categories selected by users to relevant newsgroups. In principle, this approach allows users to exclude newsgroups that might have been selected based on an unintended meaning of a query term, and to include newsgroups with relevant content even though the exact query terms may not have been used. This work is extensible to other types of classification, including geographical, temporal, and image feature. Before discussing the methodology of the collection summarization and selection, we first present an online demonstration below. The demonstration is not intended to be a complete end-user interface. Rather, it is intended merely to offer a view of the process to suggest the "look and feel" of the prototype. The demo works as follows. First supply it with a few keywords of interest. The system will then use those terms to try to return to you the most relevant subject categories within the LCC. Assuming that the system recognizes any of your terms (it has over 400,000 terms indexed), it will give you a list of 15 LCC categories sorted by relevancy ranking. From there, you have two choices. The first choice, by clicking on the "News" links, is to get a list of newsgroups which the system has identified as relevant to the LCC category you select. The other choice, by clicking on the LCC ID links, is to enter the LCC hierarchy starting at the category of your choice and navigate the tree until you locate the best category for your query. From there, again, you can get a list of newsgroups by clicking on the "News" links. After having shown this demonstration to many people, we would like to suggest that you first give it easier examples before trying to break it. For example, "prostate cancer" (discussed below), "remote sensing", "investment banking", and "gershwin" all work reasonably well.

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Footnote

Rez. in: Online-Mitteilungen. Nr.49(1994) H.2, S.118-121 (K. Niedermaier); Bibliothek: Forschung u. Praxis 18(1994) H.3, S.411-414 (W. Enderle)

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Content

Enthält die Kapitel: PAPAZOGLOU, M.P. u. W.-J. van den HEUVEL: From business processes to cooperative information systems: an information agents perspective; SINGH, M.P. u. M.N. HUHNS: Social abstraction for information agents; BERGAMASCHI, S. u. D. BENEVENTANO: Integration of information from multiple sources of textual data; SYCARA, K.: In-context information management through adaptive collaboration of intelligent agents; OUKSEL, A.: A framework for a scalable agent architecture of cooperating heterogeneous knowledge sources; GUTTMAN; R. et al.: Agents as mediators in electronic commerce; NORIEGA, P. u. C. SIERRA: Auctions and multi-agent systems; DURFEE, E.H. et al.: Strategic reasoning and adaptation in an information economy; HADAD, M. u. S. KRAUS: SharedPlans in electronic commerce; ZENG, D.D. u. K. SYCARA: Dynamic supply chain structuring for electronic commerce among agents; SEN, S. et al.: Adaptive choice of information sources; LIEBERMAN, H.: Personal assistants for the Web: a MIT perspective; MOUKAS; A. et al.: Amalthaea and Histos: MultiAgent systems for WWW sites and reputation recommendations; MENCZER, F. u. A.E. MONGE: Scalable Web search by adaptive online agents: an InfoSpiders case study; BREWINGTON, B. et al.: Mobile agents for distributed information retrieval; TOLKSDORF, R.: On coordinating intelligent information agents and mobility; SHEHORY, O.: Spawning information agents on the Web; TSCHUDIN, C.F.: Mobile agent security

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Theme

Klassifikationssysteme im Online-Retrieval

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Content

Introduction to the Second Edition Abbreviations The Librarian's World Digest Library and Publishing Information by Country The Librarian's Special Interests Noted Librarians, Past and Present Who Said What on Books, Libraries, and Librarians Librarian's Belle Lettres Librarian's Philately: Books, Newspapers, and Libraries on Stamps, by Country Librarian's Latin Expressions Librarian's Job Finding Sources of Information Appendixes Librarian's Ten Golden Rules Librarian Supervisor's Ten Golden Rules Library Bill of Rights UNESCO Public Library Manifesto American Library Association Awards Online & Electronic Network "Smilie" Parlance Indexes

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Abstract

The writers show that a faceted navigation structure makes web sites easier to use. They begin by analyzing the web sites of three library and information science faculties, and seeing if the sites easily provide the answers to five specific questions, e.g., how the school ranks in national evaluations. (It is worth noting that the web site of the Faculty of Information Studies and the University of Toronto, where this bibliography is being written, would fail on four of the five questions.) Using examples from LIS web site content, they show how facets can be related and constructed, and use concept diagrams for illustration. They briefly discuss constraints necessary when joining facets: for example, enrolled students can be full- or part-time, but prospective and alumni students cannot. It should not be possible to construct terms such as "part-time alumni" (see Yannis Tzitzikas et al, below in Background). They conclude that a faceted approach is best for web site navigation, because it can clearly show where the user is in the site, what the related pages are, and how to get to them. There is a short discussion of user interfaces, and the diagrams in the paper will be of interest to anyone making a facet-based web site. This paper is clearly written, informative, and thought-provoking. Uta Priss's web site lists her other publications, many of which are related and some of which are online: http://www.upriss.org.uk/top/research.html.

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Abstract

The Alexandria Digital Library (ADL) Project has developed a content standard for gazetteer objects and a hierarchical type scheme for geographic features. Both of these developments are based on ADL experience with an earlier gazetteer component for the Library, based on two gazetteers maintained by the U.S. federal government. We define the minimum components of a gazetteer entry as (1) a geographic name, (2) a geographic location represented by coordinates, and (3) a type designation. With these attributes, a gazetteer can function as a tool for indirect spatial location identification through names and types. The ADL Gazetteer Content Standard supports contribution and sharing of gazetteer entries with rich descriptions beyond the minimum requirements. This paper describes the content standard, the feature type thesaurus, and the implementation and research issues. A gazetteer is list of geographic names, together with their geographic locations and other descriptive information. A geographic name is a proper name for a geographic place and feature, such as Santa Barbara County, Mount Washington, St. Francis Hospital, and Southern California. There are many types of printed gazetteers. For example, the New York Times Atlas has a gazetteer section that can be used to look up a geographic name and find the page(s) and grid reference(s) where the corresponding feature is shown. Some gazetteers provide information about places and features; for example, a history of the locale, population data, physical data such as elevation, or the pronunciation of the name. Some lists of geographic names are available as hierarchical term sets (thesauri) designed for information retreival; these are used to describe bibliographic or museum materials. Examples include the authority files of the U.S. Library of Congress and the GeoRef Thesaurus produced by the American Geological Institute. The Getty Museum has recently made their Thesaurus of Geographic Names available online. This is a major project to develop a controlled vocabulary of current and historical names to describe (i.e., catalog) art and architecture literature. U.S. federal government mapping agencies maintain gazetteers containing the official names of places and/or the names that appear on map series. Examples include the U.S. Geological Survey's Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency's Geographic Names Processing System (GNPS). Both of these are maintained in cooperation with the U.S. Board of Geographic Names (BGN). Many other examples could be cited -- for local areas, for other countries, and for special purposes. There is remarkable diversity in approaches to the description of geographic places and no standardization beyond authoritative sources for the geographic names themselves.

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Abstract

Since their inception in the early 1960s the strength and unique aspect of the ISI citation indexes has been their ability to illustrate the conceptual relationships between scholarly documents. When authors create reference lists for their papers, they make explicit links between their own, current work and the prior work of others. The exact nature of these links may not be expressed in the references themselves, and the motivation behind them may vary (this has been the subject of much discussion over the years), but the links embodied in references do exist. Over the past 30+ years, technology has allowed ISI to make the presentation of citation searching increasingly accessible to users of our products. Citation searching and link tracking moved from being rather cumbersome in print, to being direct and efficient (albeit non-intuitive) online, to being somewhat more user-friendly in CD format. But it is the confluence of the hypertext link and development of Web browsers that has enabled us to present to users a new form of citation product -- the Web of Science -- that is intuitive and makes citation indexing conceptually accessible. A cited reference search begins with a known, important (or at least relevant) document used as the search term. The search allows one to identify subsequent articles that have cited that document. This feature adds the dimension of prospective searching to the usual retrospective searching that all bibliographic indexes provide. Citation indexing is a prime example of a concept before its time - important enough to be used in the meantime by those sufficiently motivated, but just waiting for the right technology to come along to expand its use. While it was possible to follow citation links in earlier citation index formats, this required a level of effort on the part of users that was often just too much to ask of the casual user. In the citation indexes as presented in the Web of Science, the relationship between citing and cited documents is evident to users, and a click of the mouse is all it takes to follow a citation link. Citation connections are established between the published papers being indexed from the 8,000+ journals ISI covers and the items their reference lists contain during the data capture process. It is the standardized capture of each of the references included with these documents that enables us to provide the citation searching feature in all the citation index formats, as well as both internal and external links in the Web of Science.

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Theme

Verbale Doksprachen im Online-Retrieval

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Abstract

Ein Grundproblem der rechnergestützten Erstellung, Bearbeitung und Archivierung von Dokumenten ist die unzureichende Wiedergabe von Inhalt und Struktur durch die heute verbreiteten Dokumentformate und Seitenbeschreibungssprachen. Die Standard Generalized Markup Language löst dieses Problem druch die präzise und flexible Beschreibung der Struktur von Dokumenten. SGML ermöglicht dadurch die vielseitige Nutzung der in Dokumenten enthaltenen Information für elektronische Publikationen, Hypertext-Systeme, Online-Dokumente, aber auch für die klassischen Formen der Publikation in Buch, Zeitschrift und Loseblattwerk. Darüber hinaus dient der ISO-Standard SGML als Austauschformat in heterogenen DV-Umgebungen. Das Buch vermittelt sowohl die für die Entscheidungsträger notwendigen Informationen als auch das Basiswissen für den Entwickler. Es gibt einen praxisorientierten Einstieg in Vorteile und Anwendungsgebiete von SGML, behandelt anhand vieler Beispiele die verschiedenen Bestandteile von Dokument-Typ-Definitionen und gibt einen Überblick über die verfügbare SGML-Software. Für Anwender von SGML und Entwickler von SGML-Anwendungen, DV-Fachleute in Verlagen, technische Dokumentare und allgemein an Dokumentverarbeitung Interessierte.

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Content

Inhalt: William J. Mitchell - Die neue Ökonomie der Präsenz - Bausteine der Netztheorie Jay D. Bolter: Das Internet in der Geschichte der Technologien des Schreibens - Mike Sandbothe: Interaktivität - Hypertextualität - Transversalität. Eine medienphilosophische Analyse des Internet - Sybille Krämer: Vom Mythos »Künstliche Intelligenz« zum Mythos »Künstliche Kommunikation« oder: Ist eine nicht-anthropomorphe Beschreibung von Internet-Interaktionen möglich? - Stefan Münker: Was heißt eigentlich: »virtuelle Realität«? Ein philosophischer Kommentar zum neuesten Versuch der Verdopplung der Welt - Die Idee virtueller Gemeinschaften Steven Jones: Kommunikation, das Internet und Elektromagnetismus - Mark Poster: Elektronische Identitäten und Demokratie - Alexander Roesler: Bequeme Einmischung. Internet und Öffentlichkeit - Rudolf Maresch: Öffentlichkeit im Netz. Ein Phantasma schreibt sich fort - Digitale Märkte Saskia Sassen: Cyber-Segmentierungen. Elektronischer Raum und Macht - Alexandra Vitt: Zukunftsvision Cybergeld: Finanzdienste und ihre Netzerfahrung - Gerhard Schub von Bossiazky: Perspektiven für die neuen Online-Vertriebswege - Günter Müller - Das Internet als Experimentierfeld für moderne Telekommunikationsinfrastrukturen - Netzkultur Eduardo Kac: Das Internet und die Zukunft der Kunst - Uwe Wirth - Literatur im Internet. Oder: Wen kümmert's, wer liest? - Geert Lovink und Pit Schultz: Anmerkungen zur Netzkritik - Florian Rötzer - Virtueller Raum oder Weltraum? Raumutopien des digitalen Zeitalters

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Content

Volume 1 is divided into three parts. Part One (Chapters 1 and 2) constitutes an introduction to the reference process and automated reference services. Part Two, "Information: Control and Access," consists of Chapters 3 through 6 and covers an introduction to bibliographies, indexing, and abstracting services. Chapters 7 through 12 are in Part Three, "Sources of Information," which include encyclopedias, various ready reference sources, biographical sources, dictionaries, geographical sources, and government documents. It is as pointless for students to memorize details about specific reference sources, as it is necessary for them to grasp the essential areas of agreement and difference among the various forms. To this end, every effort is made to compare rather than to detail. Only basic or foundation reference works are discussed in this volume. But readers may not find all basic titles included or annotated because: (1) There is no consensus an what constitutes "basic". (2) The objective of this text is to discuss various forms, and the titles used for that purpose are those that best illustrate those forms. (3) The annotations for a specific title are duplicated over and over again in Guide to Reference Books and Guide to Reference Materials, which list the numerous subject bibliographies. In both volumes, suggested readings are found in the footnotes and at the end of each chapter. When a publication is cited in a footnote, the reference is rarely duplicated in the "Suggested Reading." For the most part, these readings are limited to publications issued since 1987. In addition to providing readers with current thinking, these more recent citations have the added bonus of making it easier for the student to locate the readings. A number of the suggested reading items will be found in Reference and Information Sources, A Reader, 4th ed., published by Scarecrow Press, in 1991. It is beyond argument, of course, that all readings need not necessarily be current and that many older articles and books are as valuable today as they were when first published. Thanks to many teachers' having retained earlier editions of this text and the aforementioned Scarecrow title, it is possible to have a bibliography of previous readings. As has been done in all previous editions, the sixth edition notes prices for most of the major basic titles. This practice seems particularly useful today, since librarians must more and more be aware of budgetary constraints when selecting reference titles. CD-ROMS are listed where available. Prices are based an information either from the publisher of the original reference source or from the publisher of the CD-ROM disc. If a particular work is available online, the gross hourly rate as charged by DIALOG is given for its use. Both this rate and the book prices are current as of late 1990 and are useful in determining relative costs. Bibliographic data are based an publisher's catalogs, Books in print, and examination of the titles. The information is applicable as of late 1990 and, like prices, is subject to change.
The ten chapters in Volume 11 are divided into 3 parts: Part One, "Information and the Community," contains two chapters to familiarize readers with various groups in the community, their information and reference needs, and how professionals attempt to serve those needs. Part Two, "Interview and Search," devotes Chapters 3 through 6 to the vital task of explaining how to isolate and understand the questions readers put to librarians as well as basic methods of finding the correct answer(s). The emphasis is an practical application of tried and true methods of interviewing and searching. Attention is given to both manual and computer searches. Chapter 6 is a guide to basic information about databases, including CD-ROMS. Part Three, "Library Instruction, Networks, Policies, and Evaluation," is comprised of the last four chapters and covers the activities of reference librarians when not responding to direct questions. This part includes hints an teaching people how to find information as well as the networks that help both librarian and user to discover what is needed. Chapter 10 discusses methods of deciding how well the individual has fulfilled the task of being a reference librarian. Only space and the fact that this text is for beginners limits what information it contains. First, many new developments and potentially important technological changes in the field of information are impossible to cover without turning to technical language and jargon quite beyond the average reader of an introductory textbook. However, basic developments are covered and explained, and there is a guide (via the footnotes and suggested readings) for those who wish to explore the future. Second, this volume is for students and working reference librarians and is intended first, foremost, and always as a pragmatic, practical approach. This is not to discount the importance of research and information science. Leaders and followers in those fields are responsible for much of what is revolutionary in references services today. There are other courses, other places where information science can be considered in depth; all that can be done here is to hint at the joy of the intellectual fields that open up to the information scientist and researcher. Students and teachers alike should be aware that much of the material covered in this book is updated, argued, and dutifully considered in several basic journals. RQ, the official voice of reference librarians of the American Library Association, excels in its coverage of the topics considered in this text. Library Journal, while more general, now offers excellent and timely articles an the new technology and its influence an librarians. The Reference Librarian, edited by the author of this text, offers specific discussions of single topics in each issue, and these have ranged from online reference services, to personnel, to problems of evaluation. And, not to be missed, is the nicely edited, always useful, and sometimes downright inspirational, References Services Review.

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Content

JOYCE, T. u. R.M. NEEDHAM: The thesaurus approach to information retrieval; LUHN, H.P.: The automatic derivation of information retrieval encodements from machine-readable texts; DOYLE, L.B.: Indexing and abstracting by association. Part 1; MARON, M.E. u. J.L. KUHNS: On relevance, probabilistic indexing and information retrieval; CLEVERDON, C.W.: The Cranfield test on index language devices; SALTON, G. u. M.E. LESK: Computer evaluation of indexing and text processing; HUTCHINS, W.J.: The concept of 'aboutness' in subject indexing; CLEVERDON, C.W. u. J. MILLS: The testing of index language devices; FOSKETT, D.J.: Thesaurus; DANIELS, P.J. u.a.: Using problem structures for driving human-computer dialogues; SARACEVIC, T.: Relevance: a review of and a framwork for thinking on the notion in information science; SARACEVIC, T. u.a. A study of information seeking and retrieving: I. Background and methodology; COOPER, W.S.: On selecting a measure of retrieval effectiveness, revisited; TAGEU-SUTCLIFFE, J.: The pragmatics of information retrieval experimentation, revisited; KEEN, E.M.: Presenting results of experimental retrieval comparisons; LANCASTER, F.W.: MEDLARS: report on the evaluation of its operating efficiency; HARMAN, D.K.: The TREC conferences; COOPER, W.S.: Getting beyond Boole; RIJSBERGEN, C.J. van: A non-classical logic for information retrieval; SALTON, G. u.a.: A vector space model for automatic indexing; ROBERTSON, S.E.: The probability ranking principle in IR; TURTLE, H. u. W.B. CROFT: Inference networks for document retrieval; BELKIN, N.J. u.a.: Ask for information retrieval: Part 1. Background and theory; PORTER, M.F.: Am algortihm for suffix stripping; SALTON, G. u. C. BUCKLEY: Term-weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval; SPRACK JONES, K.: Search term relevance weighting given little relevance information; CROFT, W.B. u. D.J. HARPER: Using probabilistic models of document retrieval without relevance information; ROBERTSON, S.E. u. S. WALKER: Some simple effective approximations to the 2-poisson model for probabilistic weighted retrieval; SALTON, G. u. C. BUCKLEY: Improving retrieval performance by relevance feedback; GRIFFITHS, A. u.a.: Using interdocument similarity information in document retrieval systems; SALTON, G. u. M.J. McGILL: The SMART and SIRE experimental retrieval systems; FOX, E.A. u. R.K. FRANCE: Architecture of an expert system for composite analysis, representation, and retrieval; HARMAN, D.: User-friendly systems instead of user-friendly front ends; WALKER, S.: The Okapi online catalogue research projects; CALLAN, J. u.a.: TREC and TIPSTER experiments with INQUERY; McCUNE, B. u.a.: RUBRIC: a system for rule-based information retrieval; TENOPIR, C. u. P. CAHN: TARGET and FREESTYLE: DIALOG and Mead join the relevance ranks; AGOSTI, M. u.a.: A hypertext environment for interacting with large databases; HULL, D.A. u. G. GREFENSTETTE: Querying across languages: a dictionary-based approach to multilingual information retrieval; SALTON, G. u.a.: Automatic analysis, theme generation, and summarization of machine-readable texts; SPARCK JONES, K. u.a.: Experiments in spoken document retrieval; ZHANG, H.J. u.a.: Video parsing, retrieval and browsing: an integrated and cantent-based solution; BIEBRICHER, N. u.a.: The automatic indexing system AIR/PHYS: from research to application; STRZALKOWSKI, T.: Robust text processing in automated information retrieval; HAYES, P.J. u.a.: A news story categorization system; RAU, L.F.: Conceptual information extraction and retrieval from natural language input; MARSH, E.: A production rule system for message summarisation; JOHNSON, F.C. u.a.: The application of linguistic processing to automatic abstract generation; SWANSON, D.R.: Historical note: information retrieval and the future of an illusion

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Abstract

Der Band enthält verschiedene Beiträge zur kooperativen Pflege der Schlagwortnormdatei, ihrer Nutzung in verschiedenen Katalog- und Verbundumgebungen, der Nutzung von SWD-Einträgen (RSWK-Schlagwörtern) für Online-Kataloge sowie verwandter Themenstellungen.

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1. Exploit technology a. for adding class numbers to materials in digital form. b. for linking subject access systems like LCSH and DDC. c. for providing navigation and retrieval tools based on outlines of knowledge within classification schedules. 2. Extend the use of library classification to Internet resources. 3. Improve presentation of information in library classification schedules, including more lead in vocabulary, more understandable scope notes, better captions, references, and indexes. 4. Share development strategies among and between various classification systems and thesauri, creating the ability to link with one another including multilingual and specialized systems. 5. Work with vendors of Online Catalogs so that these systems will include features where classification systems and thesauri can be used for file partitioning, navigation, and retrieval. 6. Build bridges from the past (e.g., library collections classified by DDC, LCC, etc.) to the future (e.g., digitized full text collections). 7. Educate consumers, administrators, and practitioners about the value of library classification systems beyond mere shelf arrangement. 8. Conduct more end-user research to determine utility of library classification systems new and improved. 9. Reach out to other professions for ideas, stimulation, collaboration, and convergence on the problem of organizing networked information. 10. Challenge the status quo in the realm of library and networked information systems and services. 11. Make the classification schemes more educational so that the user can be guided to see relationships and cognate information they might not otherwise have known. 12. Organize the classification schemes differently for the end-user than for the classifier and provide more than one scheme for users to browse and navigate before and after retrieval

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Enthält u.a. die Beiträge: HJERPPE, R.: Go with the flow, or abide by the side, or watch the waves? Challenges of change for knowledge organization; GUENTHER, R.S.: Bringing the Library Of Congress into the computer age: converting LCC to machine-readable form; GOLDBERG, J.: Library of Congress Classification: shelving device for collections or organization of knowledge fields? SHOHAM, S. u. M. YITZHAKI: The impact of cultural and technological changes on titles content and their use in the process of information retrieval; ZENG, L.M.: Towards a unified medical language in a diverse cultural environment; MOLHOLT, P.: Standardization of interconcept links and their usage; GREEN, R.: Development of a relational thesaurus; BEAN, C.: Analysis of non-hierarchical associative relationships among Medical Subject Headings (MeSH): anatomical and related terminology; GARCIA MARCO, J.: Hypertext and indexing languages: common challenges and perspectives; COCHRANE, P.A. u. E.H. JOHNSON: Visual Dewey: DDC in a hypertextual browser for the library user; DRABENSTOTT, K.M.: Classification to the rescue: handling the problems of too many and too few retrievals; SUKIASYAN, E.: Change as a problem of classification system development; McILWAINE, I.C.: New wine in old bottles: problems of maintaining classification schemes; DAVIES, R.: Thesaurus-aided searching in search and retrieval protocols; FRANCU, V.: Building a multilingual thesaurus based on UDC; DAHLBERG, I.: Library catalogs in the Internet: switching for future subject access; SOERGEL, D.: SemWeb: proposal for an open, multifunctional, multilingual system for integrated access to knowledge about concepts and terminology; JACOB, E.K. u. D. SHAW: Is a picture worth a thousand words? Classification and graphic symbol systems; FROST, C.O.: The University of Michigan School of Information Art Image Browser: designing and testing a model for image retrieval; JÖRGENSEN, C.: The applicability of selected classification systems to image attributes; SHREINEMAKERS, J.F. u. J.P.J.M. Essers: Critical notes on the use of knowledge in knowledge management; FOSS, M.M.: Facilitating the interaction of user and public knowledge organization with user profiles, user views, and user education plans; IIVONEN, M.: Selection of search terms as a meeting place of different discourses; VIZINE-GOETZ, D.: Online classification: implications for classifying and document retrieval; HOWARTH, L.: An exploratory study into requirements for an interdisciplinary metathesaurus; OLSON, H.: Dewey thinks therefore he is: the epistemic stance of Dewey and DDC; POLI, R.: Ontology for knowledge organization; PRASAD, A.R.D.: PROMETHEUS: an automatic indexing system; HUDON, M.: Preparing terminological definitions for indexing and retrieval thesauri: a model; WILLIAMSON, N.: Deriving a thesaurus from a restructured UDC; MITCHELL, J.S.: The Dewey Decimal Classification at 120: edition 21 and beyond; NEW, G.R.: Revision and stability in Dewey 21: the life sciences catch up; BEALL, J.: Dewey for Windows; MIKSA, F.: The DDC, the universe of knowledge, and the post-modern library

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Abstract

The SAC Subcommittee on Subject Relationships/Reference Structures was authorized at the 1995 Midwinter Meeting and appointed shortly before Annual Conference. Its creation was one result of a discussion of how (and why) to promote the display and use of broader-term subject heading references, and its charge reads as follows: To investigate: (1) the kinds of relationships that exist between subjects, the display of which are likely to be useful to catalog users; (2) how these relationships are or could be recorded in authorities and classification formats; (3) options for how these relationships should be presented to users of online and print catalogs, indexes, lists, etc. By the summer 1996 Annual Conference, make some recommendations to SAC about how to disseminate the information and/or implement changes. At that time assess the need for additional time to investigate these issues. The Subcommittee's work on each of the imperatives in the charge was summarized in a report issued at the 1996 Annual Conference (Appendix A). Highlights of this work included the development of a taxonomy of 165 subject relationships; a demonstration that, using existing MARC coding, catalog systems could be programmed to generate references they do not currently support; and an examination of reference displays in several CD-ROM database products. Since that time, work has continued on identifying term relationships and display options; on tracking research, discussion, and implementation of subject relationships in information systems; and on compiling a list of further research needs.

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POLLITT, S.A.: The application of Dewey Classification in a view-based searching OPAC; PRISS, U.: A graphical interface for conceptually navigating faceted thesauri; VIZINE-GOETZ, D.: Dewey as an Internet subject guide; RAHMSTORF, G.: Concept structures for large vocabularies; AKAICHI, J. u. G. LOSFELD: Domain knowledge organization for encyclopedic design: an object oriented approach; GARCIA MARCO, F.J. u. AGUSTIN LACRUZ, C.: Cognitive models in pictorial image retrieval; GOODRUM, A.A.: A cognitive approach to representing moving image documents; WALT, M. van: The structure of classification schemes used in Internet search engines; KENT, R.E.: Organizing conceptual knowledge online: metadata interoperability and faceted classification; HOWARTH, L.C.: Metadata structure and user preferences: designing user-focused knowledge access systems; LUCAS, H.: Representing WWW navigational data: a graphical methodology to support qualitative analysis; GRUSELLE, J.-P.: Two modes of automated domain analysis: multidimensional scaling vs. Kohonen feature mapping of information science authors

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Abstract

There are no a priori solutions here: each scheme must be taken in its own context of use. Classifications that work in the real world must meet both challenges simultaneously. For example, in studying the history of the International Classification of Diseases, we noted that the designers of this global classification system must constantly make practical tradeoffs between the two challenges. In order to do justice to the range of subtle vernacular terms used by medical personnel around the world, a huge unwieldy list would have to be developed. In order for physicians and other users to actually employ the system, a much shorter key to filling out forms is the only possible alternative. As the Internet, Web, and various digital libraries burst their boundaries and appear on desktops and in homes, the tension between these two challenges deepens. What do we understand about the interplay between vernacular classifications and the more formal structures underlying search engines, online catalogs, and other electronic guides? For groups of users that may be both global and unknown, what is the meaning of joining the two aspects of classification? What is usability in the context of both the Web and the intimate desktop? The combination of the cultural and the formal in turn produces a third challenge-a moral and ethical one. For large-scale systems, whose voices will be heard and whose silenced? Whose culture will become the taken-for-granted and whose the exotic other? Where makers and users of classification systems do not address these questions, silent inequities prevail. The articles in this collection each address this set of issues from a variety of angles.