Search (62 results, page 1 of 4)

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Theme

Citation indexing

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Pages

22 S

Series

ERIC Reports

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Date

30.11.1995 20:53:22

Source

Library technology reports. 31(1995) Jan-Feb., S.1-11x

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Abstract

This is a report about the use and misuse of citation data in the assessment of scientific research. The idea that research assessment must be done using "simple and objective" methods is increasingly prevalent today. The "simple and objective" methods are broadly interpreted as bibliometrics, that is, citation data and the statistics derived from them. There is a belief that citation statistics are inherently more accurate because they substitute simple numbers for complex judgments, and hence overcome the possible subjectivity of peer review. But this belief is unfounded. - Relying on statistics is not more accurate when the statistics are improperly used. Indeed, statistics can mislead when they are misapplied or misunderstood. Much of modern bibliometrics seems to rely on experience and intuition about the interpretation and validity of citation statistics. - While numbers appear to be "objective", their objectivity can be illusory. The meaning of a citation can be even more subjective than peer review. Because this subjectivity is less obvious for citations, those who use citation data are less likely to understand their limitations. - The sole reliance on citation data provides at best an incomplete and often shallow understanding of research - an understanding that is valid only when reinforced by other judgments. Numbers are not inherently superior to sound judgments.
Using citation data to assess research ultimately means using citation-based statistics to rank things.journals, papers, people, programs, and disciplines. The statistical tools used to rank these things are often misunderstood and misused. - For journals, the impact factor is most often used for ranking. This is a simple average derived from the distribution of citations for a collection of articles in the journal. The average captures only a small amount of information about that distribution, and it is a rather crude statistic. In addition, there are many confounding factors when judging journals by citations, and any comparison of journals requires caution when using impact factors. Using the impact factor alone to judge a journal is like using weight alone to judge a person's health. - For papers, instead of relying on the actual count of citations to compare individual papers, people frequently substitute the impact factor of the journals in which the papers appear. They believe that higher impact factors must mean higher citation counts. But this is often not the case! This is a pervasive misuse of statistics that needs to be challenged whenever and wherever it occurs. -For individual scientists, complete citation records can be difficult to compare. As a consequence, there have been attempts to find simple statistics that capture the full complexity of a scientist's citation record with a single number. The most notable of these is the h-index, which seems to be gaining in popularity. But even a casual inspection of the h-index and its variants shows that these are naive attempts to understand complicated citation records. While they capture a small amount of information about the distribution of a scientist's citations, they lose crucial information that is essential for the assessment of research.
The validity of statistics such as the impact factor and h-index is neither well understood nor well studied. The connection of these statistics with research quality is sometimes established on the basis of "experience." The justification for relying on them is that they are "readily available." The few studies of these statistics that were done focused narrowly on showing a correlation with some other measure of quality rather than on determining how one can best derive useful information from citation data. We do not dismiss citation statistics as a tool for assessing the quality of research.citation data and statistics can provide some valuable information. We recognize that assessment must be practical, and for this reason easily-derived citation statistics almost surely will be part of the process. But citation data provide only a limited and incomplete view of research quality, and the statistics derived from citation data are sometimes poorly understood and misused. Research is too important to measure its value with only a single coarse tool. We hope those involved in assessment will read both the commentary and the details of this report in order to understand not only the limitations of citation statistics but also how better to use them. If we set high standards for the conduct of science, surely we should set equally high standards for assessing its quality.

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Abstract

Presents the collected reports of work carried out under British Library grant no. SI/G/880 ('Extensions of mixed mode data bases to support temporal data types'). The studies were concerned with the storage and retrieval of multimedia data such as sound and motion picture scenes

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Abstract

Reviews some existing commercial hypertext systems and reports 3 proposed interchange formats, using SGML as the tools for building them

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Abstract

Reports a study of the application of neural networks to the automatic subject indexing of images and to image database management systems (IDBMS)

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Abstract

Reports on a British Library Research and Innovation Centre supported examination of Current Awareness Services combined with Individual Article Supply (CASIAS). Reports 2 surveys of the academic research community at Aston University, UK, which: provided data about the usage levels of locally available services, and information about users' attitudes to, and use of, services, their reactions and resistance to CASIAS services in general, their general patterns of literature use, and their ideal services. Discusses the implications of their provision for both libraries and service providers

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Theme

Citation indexing

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Abstract

Reports the results of an investigation into existing systems of subject categories at present in use in the bibliographic community. Makes recommendations for establishing a standard set of book subject categories for Electronic Data Interchange

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Abstract

Describes the 2 main phases of Project CHIRO: Collaborative Hypertext in Research Organisations; which concerned: the design and building of a hypertext database of periodical articles and reports to support a research team; and the exploration of collaborative authoring by such teams

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Abstract

Reports on a project to determine ways of measuring the impact of information and information technology on the economics of developing countries and to identify the short term and long term benefits resulting from various kinds of information activities

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Abstract

Reports on a Centre for Information Quality Management (CIQM) BLRRD funded project which investigated the quality of databases in general use in the UK. Gives a literature review of quality in library and information services. Reports the results of a CIQM questionnaire survey on the quality problems of databases and their affect on users. Carries out databases evaluations of: INSPEC on ESA-IRS, INSPEC on KR Data-Star, INSPEC on UMI CD-ROM, BNB on CD-ROM, and Information Science Abstracts Plus CD-ROM. Sets out a methodology for evaluation of bibliographic databases

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Abstract

Reports results of a National Council on Archives project: to sourvey the state of automation of archival searching aids in the UK; and assesses the feasibility of establishing a National Name Authority File (NNAF). The investigation encompassed 3 elements: extent of use of computerised archival searching aids in record offices and other archives; preparedness of archivists to cooperate with the creation of national name authority files for personal, family, place and corporate names; and requirements and costings for establishing a central server to maintain and disseminate the authority files. Reports results of a questionnaire survey of record offices and archives, followed up by visits to representatives of the major national institutions to establish the context within which the NNAF might be created and used

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Date

22. 2.1997 19:46:30

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Abstract

Access of digital materials continues to be an issue of great significance in the development of digital libraries. The proliferation of information in the networked digital environment poses challenges as well as opportunities. The author reports on a wide array of activities in the field. While this publication is not intended to be exhaustive, the reader will find, in a single work, an overview of systems of knowledge organization and pertinent examples of their application to digital materials

Footnote

Erhältlich auch unter: http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/

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Abstract

Reports the result of survey of users of the library catalogues in Cambridge University Library carried out in 1992 which aimed to discover the uses of the catalogues and the user's understanding of them. Describes the projects objectives, gives a history of the Cambridge University Library, describes the catalogues and details the conduct of the survey and results

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Abstract

Reports results of a project to investigate the use of concurrent processing technology, in the form of transputers, for the processing of a collection of historical photographs housed in the Ulster Museum. The objectives of the exercise were: to create an image database to provide rapid access to individual items; and to study the application of advanced image processing techniques in the manipulation of photographs

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Abstract

Reports results of a study of the needs of management researchers in relation to their consumption and use of information. A profile of the management researcher was drawn up based on a questionnaire survey of the views of 404 researchers, mostly at PhD level, studying at 53 different institutions in the UK. Results highlighted the importance of periodicals and the English language orientation of researchers, who appear to place little significance on continental European literature as a contribution to the resolution of their research problems

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Abstract

Reports a review of the literature on information seeking behaviour in fields other than information science. Fields covered were: innovation research, health communication studies; organizational decision making; and information requirements in information systems design. The review was an integrated review on the basis of what may be contributed to information science. Sets out a general model of information seeking behaviour and shows how that model may be reviewed in the light of work in other fields