Search (6 results, page 1 of 1)

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Abstract

General considerations in still image indexing are addressed, and theoretical foundations and major approaches to image indexing among several communities are explained. The most frequently used tools that support this endeavor are discussed. Newer approaches are considered, and major research topics for the future are presented.

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Abstract

This article presents exploratory research evaluating a conceptual structure for the description of visual content of images. The structure, which was developed from empirical research in several fields (e.g., Computer Science, Psychology, Information Studies, etc.), classifies visual attributes into a "Pyramid" containing four syntactic levels (type/technique, global distribution, local structure, composition), and six semantic levels (generic, specific, and abstract levels of both object and scene, respectively). Various experiments are presented, which address the Pyramid's ability to achieve several tasks: (1) classification of terms describing image attributes generated in a formal and an informal description task, (2) classification of terms that result from a structured approach to indexing, and (3) guidance in the indexing process. Several descriptions, generated by naive users and indexers, are used in experiments that include two image collections: a random Web sample, and a set of news images. To test descriptions generated in a structured setting, an Image Indexing Template (developed independently over several years of this project by one of the authors) was also used. The experiments performed suggest that the Pyramid is conceptually robust (i.e., can accommodate a full range of attributes), and that it can be used to organize visual content for retrieval, to guide the indexing process, and to classify descriptions obtained manually and automatically

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Abstract

Recent research investigated image attributes as reported by participants in describing, sorting, and searching tasks with images and defined 46 specific image attributes which were then organized into 12 major classes. Attributes were also grouped as being 'perceptual' (directly stimulated by visual percepts), 'interpretive' (requiring inference from visual percepts), and 'reactive' (cognitive and affective responses to the images). This research describes the coverage of two image indexing and classification systems and one general classification system in relation to the previous findings and analyzes the extent to which components of these systems are capable of describing the range of image attributes as revealed by the previous research

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Abstract

With the recent interest in socially created metadata as a potentially complementary resource for image description in relation to established tools such as thesauri and other forms of controlled vocabulary, questions remain about the quality and reuse value of these metadata. This study describes and examines a set of tags using quantitative and qualitative methods and assesses relationships among categories of image tags, tag assignment order, and users' perceptions of usefulness of index terms and user-contributed tags. The study found that tags provide much descriptive information about an image but that users also value and trust controlled vocabulary terms. The study found no correlation between tag length and assignment order, and tag length and its perceived usefulness. The findings of this study can contribute to the design of controlled vocabularies, indexing processes, and retrieval systems for images. In particular, the findings of the study can advance the understanding of image tagging practices, tag facet/category distributions, relative usefulness and importance of these categories to the user, and potential mechanisms for identifying useful terms.

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Abstract

To enable and guide effective metadata creation it is essential to understand the structure and patterns of the activities of the community around the photographs, resources used, and scale and quality of the socially created metadata relative to the metadata and knowledge already encoded in existing knowledge organization systems. This article presents an analysis of Flickr member discussions around the photographs of the Library of Congress photostream in Flickr. The article also reports on an analysis of the intrinsic and relational quality of the photostream tags relative to two knowledge organization systems: the Thesaurus for Graphic Materials (TGM) and the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). Thirty seven percent of the original tag set and 15.3% of the preprocessed set (after the removal of tags with fewer than three characters and URLs) were invalid or misspelled terms. Nouns, named entity terms, and complex terms constituted approximately 77% of the preprocessed set. More than a half of the photostream tags were not found in the TGM and LCSH, and more than a quarter of those terms were regular nouns and noun phrases. This suggests that these terms could be complimentary to more traditional methods of indexing using controlled vocabularies.

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Footnote

The discussion of available tools is excellent and quite comprehensive. This will prove very helpful to practitioners and students setting out to learn about the world of storage, retrieval, and indexing of images. The author's simple, straightforward writing style is praiseworthy, since it will help those just starting out in the field to grasp the material quickly. It will also contribute to understanding an the part of readers from other language communities who have English as a second language. Although this book discusses a number of complex topics, the author has succeeded in making the treatment of them eminently understandable. Chapter 6 will prove particularly useful to researchers in the area, many more of whom are needed, and especially to graduate students thinking about undertaking a doctoral programme in the area of image management. The author provides a research agenda which describes a number of areas in which research is needed, including a number of research questions to work on. She also includes her wish list, which "represents a personal perspective, and is offered ... as food for thought and future discussion" (p. 267). Jörgensen feels her book will soon be out of date, and indeed, that in writing the book she has been "pursuing a moving target" (p. 4). Since there is so muck work going an in the broad field of image retrieval (although not enough in the area of information science), new discoveries will be made, new issues we hadn't thought about before will come to light, new methods and standards for managing picture databases will be developed, and new approaches will surely come along. However, I'm not so sure this book will be out of date any time soon, since it serves as a record of arriving at a plateau, a point at which the knowledge accumulated to date has been gathered, recorded, and presented as a portrait of what has been achieved and of where we are now. At the very least, then, Jörgensen's book will remain as a solid record of the research to date. More immediately, it will serve as a guide to what we should be doing now, and to the next steps that need to be taken."