-
Adler, R.; Ewing, J.; Taylor, P.: Citation statistics : A report from the International Mathematical Union (IMU) in cooperation with the International Council of Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) (2008)
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- Abstract
- This is a report about the use and misuse of citation data in the assessment of scientific research. The idea that research assessment must be done using "simple and objective" methods is increasingly prevalent today. The "simple and objective" methods are broadly interpreted as bibliometrics, that is, citation data and the statistics derived from them. There is a belief that citation statistics are inherently more accurate because they substitute simple numbers for complex judgments, and hence overcome the possible subjectivity of peer review. But this belief is unfounded. - Relying on statistics is not more accurate when the statistics are improperly used. Indeed, statistics can mislead when they are misapplied or misunderstood. Much of modern bibliometrics seems to rely on experience and intuition about the interpretation and validity of citation statistics. - While numbers appear to be "objective", their objectivity can be illusory. The meaning of a citation can be even more subjective than peer review. Because this subjectivity is less obvious for citations, those who use citation data are less likely to understand their limitations. - The sole reliance on citation data provides at best an incomplete and often shallow understanding of research - an understanding that is valid only when reinforced by other judgments. Numbers are not inherently superior to sound judgments.
Using citation data to assess research ultimately means using citation-based statistics to rank things.journals, papers, people, programs, and disciplines. The statistical tools used to rank these things are often misunderstood and misused. - For journals, the impact factor is most often used for ranking. This is a simple average derived from the distribution of citations for a collection of articles in the journal. The average captures only a small amount of information about that distribution, and it is a rather crude statistic. In addition, there are many confounding factors when judging journals by citations, and any comparison of journals requires caution when using impact factors. Using the impact factor alone to judge a journal is like using weight alone to judge a person's health. - For papers, instead of relying on the actual count of citations to compare individual papers, people frequently substitute the impact factor of the journals in which the papers appear. They believe that higher impact factors must mean higher citation counts. But this is often not the case! This is a pervasive misuse of statistics that needs to be challenged whenever and wherever it occurs. -For individual scientists, complete citation records can be difficult to compare. As a consequence, there have been attempts to find simple statistics that capture the full complexity of a scientist's citation record with a single number. The most notable of these is the h-index, which seems to be gaining in popularity. But even a casual inspection of the h-index and its variants shows that these are naive attempts to understand complicated citation records. While they capture a small amount of information about the distribution of a scientist's citations, they lose crucial information that is essential for the assessment of research.
The validity of statistics such as the impact factor and h-index is neither well understood nor well studied. The connection of these statistics with research quality is sometimes established on the basis of "experience." The justification for relying on them is that they are "readily available." The few studies of these statistics that were done focused narrowly on showing a correlation with some other measure of quality rather than on determining how one can best derive useful information from citation data. We do not dismiss citation statistics as a tool for assessing the quality of research.citation data and statistics can provide some valuable information. We recognize that assessment must be practical, and for this reason easily-derived citation statistics almost surely will be part of the process. But citation data provide only a limited and incomplete view of research quality, and the statistics derived from citation data are sometimes poorly understood and misused. Research is too important to measure its value with only a single coarse tool. We hope those involved in assessment will read both the commentary and the details of this report in order to understand not only the limitations of citation statistics but also how better to use them. If we set high standards for the conduct of science, surely we should set equally high standards for assessing its quality.
- Object
- h-index
-
Hjerppe, R.: ¬An outline of bibliometrics and citation analysis (1980)
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- Theme
- Citation indexing
-
McCormick, A.; Sutton, A.: Open learning and the Internet in public libraries (1998)
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- Abstract
- Presents the findings of the South Ayrshire Libraries OPen Learning and the Internet project, Sep 1997 to Oct 1998. The objective was to demonstrate how open learning materials available on the Internet could be integrated with the provision of local open learning resources to provide an enhanced learning environment in public libraries. The main areas of concentration within the project were information skills support to public library users and the provision of WWW based independent materials to learners. The organisation and retrieval of Web based resources for local use was a major issue throughout the project. Recommends the adoption of Dublin Core metadata standards, the connection of databases of resources with searchable wen pages, and the development of thesauri of terms used to index the Web based resources locally. Sstaff training, and the new skills which will need to be developed, were identified as issues. Cost was also identified as a related issue, extending to issues such as access to open learning material and the Internet
- Date
- 22. 5.1999 18:55:19
-
Bell, J.: ¬The far north and beyond : an index to Canadian science fiction and fantasy in english-language genre magazines and other selected periodicals of the pulp era, 1896-1955 (1998)
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- Abstract
- Aims to provide an accurate and comprehensive bibliographic description of Canadian science fiction and fantasy literature in english language pulp magazines published between 1896 and 1955, a fragile and increasingly elusive periodical genre which contains a virtually unknown selection of popular fiction and art by Canadians. The arrangement is alphabetical under the following headings: author index; title index; artist index; magazine index; and series index
-
Peters, H.J.: User reactions to PRECIS indexes (1981)
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- Theme
- Preserved Context Index System (PRECIS)
-
Aitchison, T.M.: Comparative evaluation of index languages : Part I, Design. Part II, Results (1969)
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-
Stock, W.G.: Publikation und Zitat : Die problematische Basis empirischer Wissenschaftsforschung (2001)
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- Theme
- Citation indexing
-
Modelle und Konzepte der Beitragsdokumentation und Filmarchivierung im Lokalfernsehsender Hamburg I : Endbericht (1996)
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- Date
- 22. 2.1997 19:46:30
-
Markey, K.; Demeyer, A.N.: Dewey Decimal Classification online project: evaluation of a library schedule and index integrated into the subject searching capabilities of an online catalog : final report to the Council of Library Resources (1986)
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-
Wheelbarger, J.J.; Clouse, R.W.: ¬A comparision of a manual library reclassification project with a computer automated library reclassification project (1975)
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- Pages
- 22 S
-
Matthews, J.R.; Parker, M.R.: Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks for libraries (1995)
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- Date
- 30.11.1995 20:53:22
-
Ellis, D.; Furner-Hines, J.; Willett, P.: ¬The creation of hypertext links in full-text documents (1994)
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- Abstract
- An important stage in the process of retrieval of objects from a hypertext database is the creation of a set of internodal links that are intended to represent the relationships existing between objetcs; an operation that is usually undertaken manually such as the allocation of subject index terms to documents. Reports results of a study in which several different sets of hypertext links were inserted, each by a different person, between the paragraphs of each of a number of full text documents. The similarity between the members of each pair of link sets was then evaluated. Results indicated that little similarity existed among the link sets, a finding comparable with those of studies of inter indexer consistency, which suggests that there is generally only a low level of agreemenet between the sets of index terms assigned to a document by indexers. Concludes with that part of the study designed to test the validity of making these kinds of assumptions in the context of hypertext link sets
-
Anderson, J.D.: Guidelines for indexes and related information retrieval devices (1997)
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- Abstract
- This technical report provides guidelines for the content, organization, and presentation of indexes used for the retrieval of documents and parts of documents. It deals with the principles of indexing, regardless of the type of material indexed, the indexing method used (intellectual analysis, machine algorithm, or both), the medium of the index, or the method of presentation for searching. It emphasizes 4 processes essential for all indexes: comprehensive design, vocabulary management, and the provision of systax. It includes definitions of indexes and of their parts, attributes, and aspects; a uniform vocabulary; treatment of the nature and variety of indexes; and recommendations regarding the design, organization, and presentation of indexes. It does not suggest guidelines for every detail or technique of indexing. These can be determined for each index on the basis of factors covered in the technical report
-
Robertson, A.M.; Willett, P.: Use of genetic algorithms in information retrieval (1995)
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- Abstract
- Reviews the basic techniques involving genetic algorithms and their application to 2 problems in information retrieval: the generation of equifrequent groups of index terms; and the identification of optimal query and term weights. The algorithm developed for the generation of equifrequent groupings proved to be effective in operation, achieving results comparable with those obtained using a good deterministic algorithm. The algorithm developed for the identification of optimal query and term weighting involves fitness function that is based on full relevance information
-
Information for a new age : redefining the librarian (1995)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Journal of academic librarianship 22(1996) no.2, S.147 (A. Schultis)
-
Cleverdon, C.W.: ASLIB Cranfield Research Project : Report on the first stage of an investigation into the comparative efficiency of indexing systems (1960)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: College and research libraries 22(1961) no.3, S.228 (G. Jahoda)
-
¬The future of national bibliography (1997)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: Select newsletter 1998, no.22, S.8 (P. Robinson)
-
Carey, K.; Stringer, R.: ¬The power of nine : a preliminary investigation into navigation strategies for the new library with special reference to disabled people (2000)
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- Pages
- 22 S
-
Intellectual property and the National Information Infrastructure : a preliminary draft of the report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights (1994)
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- Date
- 22. 7.1996 19:53:48
-
Drewer, P.; Massion, F; Pulitano, D: Was haben Wissensmodellierung, Wissensstrukturierung, künstliche Intelligenz und Terminologie miteinander zu tun? (2017)
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- Date
- 13.12.2017 14:17:22
