Search (2249 results, page 2 of 113)

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Abstract

Discusses the problems of translating data from SGML to other formats. Discusses solutions to this problem and identifies key features and concepts of some of the tools that address the translation problem. Discusses the Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL) international standard translation specification language and its use in solving the translation problem

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Abstract

Analyses the role-played by discourse markers in any communication process and the complex process involved in translating them. The analysis is conducted from a pragmatic standpoint and stresses the importance of context in determining the preference for 1 marker over another. Illustrates this process, presenting examples in both French and English. Makes suggestions on parameters, which should be taken into consideration for natural language processing applications

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Abstract

When we first began discussing with Peter Paulson, executive director of OCLC Forest Press, the possibility of translating into Spanish the twentieth edition of the Dewey Decimal Classification, and even during the initial contact we had with the late John A. Humphry, we knew that the project would be a complex and hard task. The reality was that the project exceeded all expectations and was much more complex and difficult than we had anticipated. This not only made it more interesting for those who participated in its development, but also made it an extraordinary challenge, especially due to the time frame initially foreseen for its development: eight to ten months. Once we agreed with Peter Paulson on the basic terms of the project, Rojas Eberhard Editores was able to convince Information Handling Services (a company located in Denver, Colorado, known worldwide for its products and services in the field of technological information) to participate with us in this translation and publication project. Information Handling Services channeled its participation through its subsidiary in Mexico, to facilitate the integration of the project into the main zone of influence of the final product: Latin America.

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Abstract

This dissertation discusses, explains, and demonstrates a new algorithm for translating chemica l nomenclature into molecular formulas. In order to place the study in its proper context and perspective the historical development of nomenclature is first discussed, aa well as other related aspects of the chemical information problem. The relationship of nomenclature to modern linguistic studies is then introduced. Tire relevance of structural linguistic procedures to the study of chemical nomenclature is shown. The methods of the linguist are illustrated by examples from chemical discourse. The algorithm is then explained, first for the human translator and then for use by a computer. Flow diagrams for the computer syntactic analysis, dictionary Iook-up routine, and furmula calculation routine are included. The sampling procedure for testing the algorithm is explained and finalIy, conclusions are drawn with respect to the general validity of the method and the dirsction that might be taken for future research. A summary of modern chemical nomenclature practice is appened primarily for use by the reader who is not familiar with chemical nomenclature.

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: SWEENEY, R.: An overview of the international use of the Dewey Decimal Classification; AMAN, M.M. u. S. SALEM: The use of the DDC in the Arab world; BÉTHERY, A.: The use in France of the Dewey Decimal Classification; DANESI, D.: Translating Dewey into Italian; BEALL, J.: International aspects of DDC20; ROLLAND-THOMAS, P.: Dewey Decimal Classification Edition 20: a critical review; MITCHELL, J.S.: Dewey Decimal Classification Edition 20: an overview of the changes; BEALL, J.: The new computer science schedule; SWEENEY, R.: Grand messe des 780s (with apologies to Berlioz); SVENONIUS, E.: Summerization and concluding remarks

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Abstract

Comments that printed media and related services in Africa have failed to promote a reading culture and illiteracy is on the increase, possibly as a result of wrong assumptions on the part of so called developers. A greater understanding of the potential of oral communication in the transfer of appropriate of information from books is needed. The mediator communicates or derecords, the information in books by orally translating those parts appropriate to a specific group, in their mother tongue. 1 year certificates and 2 year diplomas in appropriate community librarianship, should be instituted to train, preferably Africans, for this work

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Abstract

Traditionally access to archival fonds has been achieved by means of the provenance method, an indirect approach to subject access. However, subject indexing, a direct approach to achieving subject access and based on the principle of pertinence, has found favour recently in the archival community with a stronger inclination to reconcile provenance and pertinence based approaches to subject access. Discusses the 2 stages of the indexing process looking firstly at archival issues and trends relevant to the conceptual analysis of an archival fonds and secondly at issues relevant to translating indexing concepts into the terms of a scontrolled vocabulary

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Abstract

The rapid growth in the number of databases available via the Internet has brought about the development of a variety of methods for their organization and access. Librarians, scholars and computer engineers have each applied their own techniques to the process. Examines the strengths and weaknesses of organizational systems developed by each group and discusses the appropriateness of including remotely accessed electronic resources as part of library collections. Compares traditional methods of cataloguing with other methods, including: Text Encoding Initiative headers; browsing lists; and robot generated search indexes. For future metactalaogues to be successful, methods must be developed to use all existing organizational tools by layering, exchanging and translating data within a loosely coupled organizational system

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Abstract

With 50 different MARC formats in use globally and 10 employed in European Union national libraries problems are created in the international supply of cataloguing data and the quality of records. UseMARCON is a cooperative project of Dutch, Portuguese, UK and German national libraries using software from Jouve Systems d'Information in France to produce a generic conversion program capable of translating bibliographic records in any ISO2709 format into any other ISO2709 format using UNIMARC as a switching format. Outlines what is required in the process of conversion; describes the functionality of the software; and lists the MARC formats with which UseMARCON can operate. The project was finished in 1997

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Abstract

Access to audiovisual materials should be as open and free as access to print-based materials. However, we have not yet achieved such a reality. Methods useful for organising print-based materials do not necessarily work well when applied to audiovisual and multimedia materials. In this project, we studied using audio description text and written descriptions to generate keywords for indexing moving images. We found that such sources are fruitful and helpful. In the second part of the study, we looked at the possibility of automatically translating keywords from audio description text into other languages to use them as indexing. Here again, the results are encouraging.

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Abstract

The importance of information visualization as a means of transforming data into visual, understandable form is now embraced across university campuses and research institutes world-wide. Yet, the role of designers in this field of activity is often overlooked by the dominant scientific and technological interests in data visualization, and a corporate culture reliant on off-the-shelf visualization tools. This article is an attempt to describe the value of design thinking in information visualization with reference to Horst Rittel's ([1988]) definition of disorderly reasoning, and to frame design as a critical act of translating between scientific, technical, and aesthetic interests.

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Source

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Abstract

Experimental evidence suggests that enhancing the subject content of OPAC records can improve retrieval performance. This is based on the use of natural language index terms derived from the table of contents and back-of-the-book index of documents. The research reported here investigates the alternative approach of translating these natural language terms into controlled vocabulary. Subject queries were collected by interview at the catalogue, and indexing of the queries demonstrated the impressive ability of PRECIS, and to a lesser extent LCSH, to represent users' information needs. DDC performed poorly in this respect. The assumption was made that an index language adequately specific to represent users' queries should be adequate to represent document contents. Searches were carried out on three test databases, and both natural language and PRECIS enhancement of MARC records increased the number of relevant documents found, with PRECIS showing the better performance. However, with weak stemming the advantage of PRECIS was lost. Consideration must also be given to the potential advantages of controlled vocabulary, over and above basic retrieval performance measures

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Abstract

Casual knowledge is often cyclic and fuzzy, thus it is hard to represent in the form of trees. A fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) can represent casual knowledge as a sogned directed graph with feedback. Provides an intuitive framework in which to form decision problems as perceived by decision makers and to incorporate the knowledge of experts. Proposes a fuzzy time cognitive map (FTCM), which is a FCM introduced to a time relationship on arrows. Discusses the characteristics and basic assumptions of the FCM, and present a description of casual propagation in a FCM with the causalities of negative positive neutral interval [-1,1]. Develops a method of translating the FTCM, that has a different time lag, into the FTCM that has 1 or the same unit time lag, which is a value preserving translation. With the FTCM, illustrates analyzing the change of causalities among factors according to lapse of time

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Content

Enthält die Beiträge: McCALLUM, S.: What makes a standard?; HOLLEY, R.P.: IFLA and international standards in the area of bibliographical control; STERN, B.: Internationalizing the rules in AACR2: adopting and translating AACR2 for use in non-Anglo-American and non-English-speaking cataloging environments; GUILES, K., R. EWALD u. B. TILLETT: The evolution of LCRIs: from de facto standards to ?; SPICHER, K.M.: The development of the MARC format; THOMAS, S.E.: The core bibliographic record and the program for cooperative cataloging; PALOWITCH, C. u. L. HOROWITZ: Meta-information structures for networked information resources; KUHAGEN, J.A.: Standards for name and series authority records; WILLIAMSON, N.: Standards and rules for subject access; GUENTHER, R.S.: Automating the Library of Congress Classification Scheme: implementation of the USMARC Format for Classification Data; LEAZER, G.H.: Recent research on the sequential bibliographical relationship and its implications for standards and the library catalog: an examination of serials

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Abstract

Compatibility is the paradise lost of information scientists, the dream of a universal communication between information languages. Paradoxically the information languages increase the difficulties of cooperation between the different information databases. This noxious side-effect has become flagrant for the latest decade since the shared cataloguing and the telecharging facilities have increased the exchanges. After defining the notion of information compatibility, the author shows that it meets the same care of semantic coherence as the information languages themselves. Then, relying on the lessons of linhuistics and automatic translating, he describes two types of viable solutions: the harmonization of several information languages (an uneasy and costly processing); and the automatic harmonization of the indexing formulas through prefabricated concordance tables, an easier solution which can however be hampered by structural discrepancies. Last he sketches a critical view of the concept of switching language

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Abstract

Within the overall conference theme-integration of knowledge across boundaries-an important subtheme is universality: Where universals of knowledge organization and representation exist, knowledge integration is more likely. Thus, knowledge of conceptual universals should inform efforts at knowledge integration. In this paper, natural language is used as a model for exploring conceptual universals, since the phenomenon of translating between languages validates, but also circumscribes, the existence of semantic and lexical universals. The paper explores a representative inventory of semantic and lexical universals that should be accounted for in knowledge organization and representation systems, especially those that aim to be comprehensive.

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Abstract

The MARC standard for representing catalogue records and the Z39.50 standard for locating and retrieving them have facilitated interoperability in the library domain for more than a decade. With the increasing ubiquity of XML, these standards are being superseded by MARCXML and MarcXchange for record representation and SRW/U for searching and retrieval. Service providers moving from the older standards to the newer generally need to support both old and new forms during the transition period. YAZ Proxy uses a novel approach to provide SRW/MARCXML access to the Library of Congress catalogue, by translating requests into Z39.50 and querying the older system directly. As a fringe benefit, it also greatly accelerates Z39.50 access.

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Abstract

The authors describe the difficulties of translating classifications from a source language and culture to another language and culture. To demonstrate these problems, kinship terms and concepts from native speakers of fourteen languages were collected and analyzed to find differences between their terms and structures and those used in English. Using the representations of kinship terms in the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) and the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) as examples, the authors identified the source of possible lack of mapping between the domain of kinship in the fourteen languages studied and the LCC and DDC. Finally, some preliminary suggestions for how to make translated classifications more linguistically and culturally hospitable are offered.