Search (46 results, page 1 of 3)

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Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Topic maps are a new ISO standard for describing knowledge structures and associating them with information resources. As such they constitute an enabling technology for knowledge management. Dubbed "the GPS of the information universe", topic maps are also destined to provide powerful new ways of navigating large and interconnected corpora. While it is possible to represent immensely complex structures using topic maps, the basic concepts of the model - Topics, Associations, and Occurrences (TAO) - are easily grasped. This paper provides a non-technical introduction to these and other concepts (the IFS and BUTS of topic maps), relating them to things that are familiar to all of us from the realms of publishing and information management, and attempting to convey some idea of the uses to which topic maps will be put in the future.

Object

Topic maps

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Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Topic Maps auf der einen Seite und das Programm Concepto auf der anderen Seite werden beschrieben. Mt Topic Maps können Wortnetze und einfache Satzstrukturen dargestellt werden. Concepto dient zur Erfassung, Bearbeitung und Visualisierung von Wortschatz und Strukturen. Es unterstützt ein Wortmodell, bei dem die verschiedenen Lesarten eines Wortes erfasst und einfachen, formalsprachlichen Begriffen zugewiesen werden können. Die Funktionen beider Systeme werden verglichen. Es wird dargestellt, was an Topic Maps und an Concepto ergänzt werden müsste, wenn beide Systeme einen kompatiblen, wechselseitigen Datenaustausch zulassen sollen. Diese Erweiterungen würden die Anwendbarkeit der Systeme noch interessanter machen.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Topic Maps is an international standard technology for describing knowledge structures and using them to improve the findability of information. It is based on a formal model that subsumes those of traditional finding aids such as indexes, glossaries, and thesauri, and extends them to cater for the additional complexities of digital information. Topic Maps is increasingly used in enterprise information integration, knowledge management, e-learning, and digital libraries, and as the foundation for Web-based information delivery solutions. This entry provides a comprehensive treatment of the core concepts, as well as describing the background and current status of the standard and its relationship to traditional knowledge organization techniques.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Verschiedene Szenarien in Groupware-basierten Umgebungen verdeutlichen die Probleme, Wissensstrukturen im Allgemeinen und organisationale Wissensstrukturen im Speziellen zu identifizieren. Durch den Einsatz von Topic Maps, definiert im ISOStandard "ISO/IEC 13250 Topic Maps", in Groupware-basierten organisationalen Wissensbasen wird es möglich, die Lücke zwischen Wissen und Information zu schließen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ziele des Forschungsprojektes K-Discovery - der Einsatz von Topic Maps in Groupware-basierten Umgebungen - vorgestellt. Aufbauend auf diesen Zielen wird ein Architekturmodell sowie zwei Implementationsansätze präsentiert, in dem durch den Einsatz von Topic Maps in einer prozessorientierten GroupwareUmgebung Wissensstrukturen generiert werden. Der Beitrag schließt mit einigen abschließenden Ausführungen.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Topic Maps are a standardized modelling approach for the semantic annotation and description of WWW resources. They enable an improved search and navigational access on information objects stored in semi-structured information spaces like the WWW. However, the according standards ISO 13250 and XTM (XML Topic Maps) lack formal semantics, several questions concerning e.g. subclassing, inheritance or merging of topics are left open. The proposed TMUML meta model, directly derived from the well known UML meta model, is a meta model for Topic Maps which enables semantic constraints to be formulated in OCL (object constraint language) in order to answer such open questions and overcome possible inconsistencies in Topic Map repositories. We will examine the XTM merging conditions and show, in several examples, how the TMUML meta model enables semantic constraints for Topic Map merging to be formulated in OCL. Finally, we will show how the TM validation process, i.e., checking if a Topic Map is well formed, includes our merging conditions.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

As information becomes richer and more complex, alternative information-organization methods are needed to more effectively and efficiently retrieve information from various systems, including the Web. The objective of this study is to explore how a Topic Maps-based ontology approach affects users' searching performance. Forty participants participated in a task-based evaluation where two dependent variables, recall and search time, were measured. The results of this study indicate that a Topic Maps-based ontology information retrieval (TOIR) system has a significant and positive effect on both recall and search time, compared to a thesaurus-based information retrieval (TIR) system. These results suggest that the inclusion of a Topic Maps-based ontology is a beneficial approach to take when designing information retrieval systems.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

This paper supplies a theoretical approach on implementing inference rules in the Topic Maps model. Topic Maps is an ISO standard that allows for the modeling and representation of knowledge in an interchangeable form, that can be extended by inference rules. These rules specify conditions for inferrable facts. Any implementation requires a syntax for storage in a file, a storage model and method for processing and a system to keep track of changes in the inferred facts. The most flexible and optimisable storage model is a controlled cache, giving options for processing. Keeping track of changes is done by listeners. One of the most powerful applications of inference rules in Topic Maps is interoperability. By mapping ontologies to each other using inference rules as converter, it is possible to exchange extendable knowledge. Any implementation must choose methods and options optimized for the system it runs on, with the facilities available. Further research is required to analyze optimization problems between options.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Wie können begriffliche Strukturen an Topic Maps angebunden werden? Allgemeiner. Wie kann die Wissensorganisation dazu beitragen, dass im Semantic Web eine begriffsbasierte Infrastruktur verfügbar ist? Dieser Frage hat sich die Wissensorganisation bislang noch nicht wirklich angenommen. Insgesamt ist die Berührung zwischen semantischen Wissenstechnologien und wissensorganisatorischen Fragestellungen noch sehr gering, obwohl Begriffsstrukturen, Ontologien und Topic Maps grundsätzlich gut zusammenpassen und ihre gemeinsame Betrachtung Erkenntnisse für zentrale wissensorganisatorische Fragestellungen wie z.B. semantische Interoperabilität und semantisches Retrieval erwarten lässt. Daher motiviert und skizziert dieser Beitrag die Grundidee, nach der es möglich sein müsste, eine Sprache zur Darstellung von Begriffsstrukturen in der Wissensorganisation geeignet mit Topic Maps zu verbinden. Eine genauere Untersuchung und Implementation stehen allerdings weiterhin aus. Speziell wird vermutet, dass sich der Concepto zugrunde liegende Formalismus CLF (Concept Language Formalism) mit Topic Maps vorteilhaft abbilden lässt 3 Damit können Begriffs- und Themennetze realisiert werden, die auf expliziten Begriffssystemen beruhen. Seitens der Wissensorganisation besteht die Notwendigkeit, sich mit aktuellen Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet des Semantic Web und ontology engineering vertraut zu machen, aber auch die eigene Kompetenz stärker aktiv in diese Gebiete einzubringen. Damit dies geschehen kann, führt dieser Beitrag zum besseren Verständnis zunächst aus Sicht der Wissensorganisation knapp in Ontologien und Topic Maps ein und diskutiert wichtige Überschneidungsbereiche.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, das Thema "Topic Maps" von verschiedenen Perspektiven zu betrachten. "Topic Maps" sind geordnete Wissensnetze. Sie stellen ein Hilfsmittel dar, um sich in der immer größer werdenden Informationsvielfalt zurechtzufinden und beim Navigieren trotz einer möglichen Informationsüberflutung die Übersicht zu behalten. Wie ein Stichwortverzeichnis in einem guten Fachbuch, helfen sie, die genau gesuchte Information zu finden. Die Tatsache, dass elektronische Informationen in größerem Umfang als die Seiten eines Buches vorliegen und auf heterogenen Plattformen gespeichert sind, zieht die Konsequenz mit sich, dass Topic Maps nicht nur aus einer Liste alphabetisch sortierter Stichworte bestehen. Vielmehr werden mit Hilfe von Topic Maps logische Konzepte entworfen, die Wissensnetze semantisch modellieren. In Zusammenhang mit Topic Maps spricht Tim Berner-Lee von der dritten Revolution des Internets. Die XTM-Arbeitsgruppe wirbt sogar mit dem Slogan "Das GPS des Web". So wie eine Landkarte eine schematische Sicht auf eine reale Landschaft ermöglicht und bestimmte Merkmale der Landschaft (z.B. Städte, Straßen, Flüsse) markiert, sind Topic Map in der Lage wichtige Merkmale eines Informationsbestandes festzuhalten und in Bezug zueinander zu setzen. So wie ein GPS-Empfänger die eigene Position auf der Karte feststellt, kann eine Topic Map die Orientierung in einer virtuellen Welt vernetzter Dokumente herstellen. Das klingt etwas exotisch, hat jedoch durchaus praktische und sehr weit gefächerte Anwendungen.
In dieser Arbeit wurde zuerst der Übergang von Suchmaschinen zu einem semantischen Web beschrieben. Im zweiten Kapitel wurden die Topic Maps ausführlicher behandelt. Angefangen bei der Geschichte von Topic Maps, über die Entwurfsziele bis hin zu einem XTM-Tutorial . In diesem Tutorial wurden verschiedene Beispiele durchgeführt und die Lineare Topic Map von Ontopia vorgestellt. Abschließend wurde anhand eines Beispiels eine mögliche Realisierung von Topic Maps mit HTML. Das dritte Kapitel wurde den TopicMaps-Tools und Anfragesprachen gewidmet. Es wurden kommerzielle sowie freiverfügbare Tools vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen. Danach wurden die beiden Anfragesprachen Tolog und TMQL eingeführt. Im vierten Kapitel wurden die beiden Einsatzgebiete von Topic Maps behandelt. Das sind zum einen die Webkataloge und die Suchmaschinen. Zum anderen ist es möglich, auch im Rahmen vom E-Learning von dem Konzept der Topic Maps zu profitieren. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde erst der Omnigator von Ontopia vorgestellt. Dann wurde das im Laufe dieser Arbeit entwickelte Topic Maps Tool E-Learning -Tracker ausgeführt und erklärt.
Im fünften Kapitel wurden die neuen Suchmaschinen, die ausschließlich auf dem Konzept der Topic Maps basieren und diese Technik auch tatsächlich verwenden, angesprochen und mit Beispielanfragen erläutert. In dieser Diplomarbeit wurden wegen dem großen Einsatzpotential von Topic Maps, viele Gebiete angesprochen, angefangen bei den Webkatalogen über Suchmaschinen bis hin zum E-Learning. Mit XML Topic Maps gibt man den Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen Topics die Chance sich auszuzeichnen. Damit erreicht die Suche eine neue, bis dahin unmögliche Qualität. Mit einer Topic Map lassen sich beispielsweise die klassischen Navigationselemente technischer Dokumentation (Inhalt, Index, Glossar etc.) in einheitlicher Weise beschreiben; eine andere Topic Map könnte die inhaltliche Vernetzung von Artikeln in einem Lexikon ausdrücken (z.B. Person A wurde geboren in Stadt B, B liegt in Land C, Oper D wurde komponiert von A, Person E war Zeitgenosse von A) und für "siehe auch"-Verweise sorgen (andere Werke dieses Komponisten, andere Städte in diesem Land etc.). Es klingt wie die Lösung aller Suchprobleme. Allerdings nur in der Theorie. Denn Tools, die in der Lage sind, das Wissen oder die Riesendaten in Topicmaps automatisch zu generieren, sind noch Mangelware, was die Ausbreitung von Topic Maps hemmt. Der Aufbau solcher Netze erfordert sehr viel Zeit und sehr viel "Handarbeit" - und damit auch viel Geld, was viele Firmen davon abhält Topic Maps zu benutzen.
Trotz alledem bleibt diese Technik keine graue Theorie. Denn obwohl es spürbare Schwierigkeiten auf dem Weg zur Popularität gibt, wird sie eines Tages das Web beherrschen. Microsoft hat sogar versucht, einige Leute und Entwickler von Topic Maps abzuwerben, was ihr missglückt ist. Dies ist als ein Hinweis zu verstehen, dass diese Technik Interesse bei einigen Herrschern in der Informatikindustrie.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Das Werk behandelt die aktuellen Entwicklungen zur inhaltlichen Erschließung von Informationsquellen im Internet. Topic Maps, semantische Modelle vernetzter Informationsressourcen unter Verwendung von XML bzw. HyTime, bieten alle notwendigen Modellierungskonstrukte, um Dokumente im Internet zu klassifizieren und ein assoziatives, semantisches Netzwerk über diese zu legen. Neben Einführungen in XML, XLink, XPointer sowie HyTime wird anhand von Einsatzszenarien gezeigt, wie diese neuartige Technologie für Content Management und Information Retrieval im Internet funktioniert. Der Entwurf einer Abfragesprache wird ebenso skizziert wie der Prototyp einer intelligenten Suchmaschine. Das Buch zeigt, wie Topic Maps den Weg zu semantisch gesteuerten Suchprozessen im Internet weisen.

Content

Topic Maps - Einführung in den ISO Standard (Topics, Associations, Scopes, Facets, Topic Maps).- Grundlagen von XML (Aufbau, Bestandteile, Element- und Attributdefinitionen, DTD, XLink, XPointer).- Wie entsteht ein Heringsschmaus? Konkretes Beispiel einer Topic Map.Topic Maps - Meta DTD. Die formale Beschreibung des Standards.- HyTime als zugrunde liegender Formalismus (Bounded Object Sets, Location Addressing, Hyperlinks in HyTime).- Prototyp eines Topic Map Repositories (Entwicklungsprozess für Topic Maps, Prototyp Spezifikation, technische Realisierung des Prototyps).- Semantisches Datenmodell zur Speicherung von Topic Maps.- Prototypische Abfragesprache für Topic Maps.- Erweiterungsvorschläge für den ISO Standard.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Both Topic Maps and the W3C Semantic Web technologies are meta-level semantic maps describing relationships between information resources. Previous attempts at interoperability between XTM Topic Maps and RDF have proved problematic. The ISO's drafting of an explicit Topic Map Data Model [TMDM 05] combined with the advent of the W3C's XML and RDFbased Description Logic-equivalent Web Ontology Language [OWLDL 04] now provides the means for the construction of an unambiguous semantic model to represent Topic Maps, in a form that is equivalent to a Description Logic representation. This paper describes the construction of the proposed TMDM ISO Topic Map Standard in OWL DL (Description Logic equivalent) form. The construction is claimed to exactly match the features of the proposed TMDM. The intention is that the topic map constructs described herein, once officially published on the world-wide web, may be used by Topic Map authors to construct their Topic Maps in OWL DL. The advantage of OWL DL Topic Map construction over XTM, the existing XML-based DTD standard, is that OWL DL allows many constraints to be explicitly stated. OWL DL's suite of tools, although currently still somewhat immature, will provide the means for both querying and enforcing constraints. This goes a long way towards fulfilling the requirements for a Topic Map Query Language (TMQL) and Constraint Language (TMCL), which the Topic Map Community may choose to expend effort on extending. Additionally, OWL DL has a clearly defined formal semantics (Description Logic ref)

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

This paper is concerned with the issue of scope in topic maps. Topic maps are a form of knowledge representation suitable for solving a number of complex problems in the area of information management, ranging from findability (navigation and querying) to knowledge management and enterprise application integration (EAI). The topic map paradigm has its roots in efforts to understand the essential semantics of back-of-book indexes in order that they might be captured in a form suitable for computer processing. Once understood, the model of a back-of-book index was generalised in order to cover the needs of digital information, and extended to encompass glossaries and thesauri, as well as indexes. The resulting core model, of typed topics, associations, and occurrences, has many similarities with the semantic networks developed by the artificial intelligence community for representing knowledge structures. One key requirement of topic maps from the earliest days was to be able to merge indexes from disparate origins. This requirement accounts for two further concepts that greatly enhance the power of topic maps: subject identity and scope. This paper concentrates on scope, but also includes a brief discussion of the feature known as the topic naming constraint, with which it is closely related. It is based on the authors' experience in creating topic maps (in particular, the Italian Opera Topic Map, and in implementing processing systems for topic maps (in particular, the Ontopia Topic Map Engine and Navigator.

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Topic maps

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Abstract

This specification provides a model and grammar for representing the structure of information resources used to define topics, and the associations (relationships) between topics. Names, resources, and relationships are said to be characteristics of abstract subjects, which are called topics. Topics have their characteristics within scopes: i.e. the limited contexts within which the names and resources are regarded as their name, resource, and relationship characteristics. One or more interrelated documents employing this grammar is called a topic map.TopicMaps.Org is an independent consortium of parties developing the applicability of the topic map paradigm [ISO13250] to the World Wide Web by leveraging the XML family of specifications. This specification describes version 1.0 of XML Topic Maps (XTM) 1.0 [XTM], an abstract model and XML grammar for interchanging Web-based topic maps, written by the members of the TopicMaps.Org Authoring Group. More information on XTM and TopicMaps.Org is available at http://www.topicmaps.org/about.html. All versions of the XTM Specification are permanently licensed to the public, as provided by the Charter of TopicMaps.Org.

Object

Topic Maps

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Abstract

The task of an information architect is to create web sites where users can actually find the information they are looking for. As the ocean of information rises and leaves what we seek ever more deeply buried in what we don't seek, this discipline becomes ever more relevant. Information architecture involves many different aspects of web site creation and organization, but its principal tools are information organization techniques developed in other disciplines. Most of these techniques come from library science, such as thesauri, taxonomies, and faceted classification. Topic maps are a relative newcomer to this area and bring with them the promise of better-organized web sites, compared to what is possible with existing techniques. However, it is not generally understood how topic maps relate to the traditional techniques, and what advantages and disadvantages they have, compared to these techniques. The aim of this paper is to help build a better understanding of these issues.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the current use of topic maps in the library field, how they might be integrated into the ILS structure and some of the inherent challenges in trying to transform MARC data. Design/methodology/approach - A review of available literature was conducted as well as e-mail interviews with researchers and vendors in the field. An introduction to some of the basic concepts quickly leads into a recap of some of the possibilities that have been tried with this technology in the library field. Specific examples of the use of the XML standard XTM are given as well as some theoretical possibilities discussed. Finally some thought is given to where this technology will fit into the ILS. Findings - The paper finds that more work needs to be done by vendors and libraries in structuring data to allow for easier transformation. Research limitations/implications - This study was a limited overview. The lack of training materials and software make topics maps have an unnecessarily high barrier to entry. Practical implications - This paper points a way for further research and a need for basic tools and training geared towards the library community. Originality/value - This paper attempts to address some of the potential and challenges associated with using topic maps in a library environment, especially as part of an ILS.

Object

Topic maps

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Abstract

Dieser Kurzbeitrag skizziert das Potenzial der Topic Map-Technologie (ISO/IEC 13250 und XTM 1.0) für die Wissensorganisation und veranschaulicht dies anhand einer Liste fruchtbarer Anwendungsfälle (Use Cases). Er berichtet auch knapp über erste Erfahrungen bei der experimentellen Anwendung. Am Beispiel von Informationsressourcen zur Thematik sozialwissenschaftlicher Migration werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Topic Maps für die inhaltliche Erschließung und semantische Suche aufgezeigt werden. Da es sich um eine terminologisch "weiche" Donnerte handelt, ist von besonderem Interesse, wie sich komplexe Relationen und multiple Indexierungssichten umsetzen lassen und wie sich diese auf das Retrieval-Ergebnis auswirken

Object

Topic maps

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Content

Inhalt: 1. From traditional Knowledge Organization Systems (authority files, classifications, thesauri) towards ontologies on the web (Alexander Sigel) (Tutorial. Paper with Slides interspersed) pp. 3-53 2. Introduction to Integrative Cross-Language Ontology (ICLO): Formalizing and interrelating textual knowledge to enable intelligent action and knowledge sharing (Winfried Schmitz-Esser) pp. 54-113 3. First Idea Sketch on Modelling ICLO with Topic Maps (Alexander Sigel) (Work in progress paper. Topic maps available from the author) pp. 114-130

Object

Topic maps