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  1. Fattahi, R.: Anglo American Cataloguing Rules in an online environment : a literature review (1995) 0.19
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    Abstract
    As a standard set of rules, AACR2 has received much attention in the literature of descriptive cataloguing. Considers that despite this extensive literature, an important aspect of the code, namely its relevance to the online environment, has not received much attention, particularly in terms of empirical research. Notes however that there is a general criticism that AACR2, being based on manual systems, does not correspond effectively to the online environment. From a review of the literature concludes that while the advent of online catalogues has changed both the internal structure and external appearance of library catalogues, a mojority of writers consider that radical changes in the code are impossible and undesirable in the near future, owing to various factors such as the belief that that MARC format is not conductive to radical change and the large size of existing catalogues created according to the current rules
  2. Ferguson, B.: MARC/AACR2/authority control tagging : a blitz cataloging workbook (2005) 0.18
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    Abstract
    Designed for simple instruction and practice, this workbook helps present and reinforce basic rules for cataloguing in an online environment.
    Issue
    2nd ed.
  3. Crook, M.: Barbara Tillett discusses cataloging rules and conceptual models (1996) 0.18
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    Abstract
    The chief of cataloguing policy and support office at the LoC presents her views on the usefulness of conceptual modelling in determining future directions for cataloguing and the MARC format. After describing the evolution of bibliographic processes, suggests usign the entity-relationship conceptual model to step back from how we record information today and start thinking about what information really means and why we provide it. Argues that now is the time to reexamine the basic principles which underpin Anglo-American cataloguing codes and that MARC formats should be looked at to see how they can evolve towards a future, improved structure for communicating bibliographic and authority information
    Source
    OCLC newsletter. 1996, no.220, S.20-22
  4. Tosaka, Y.; Park, J.-r.: RDA: Resource description & access : a survey of the current state of the art (2013) 0.16
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    Abstract
    Resource Description & Access (RDA) is intended to provide a flexible and extensible framework that can accommodate all types of content and media within rapidly evolving digital environments while also maintaining compatibility with the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition (AACR2). The cataloging community is grappling with practical issues in navigating the transition from AACR2 to RDA; there is a definite need to evaluate major subject areas and broader themes in information organization under the new RDA paradigm. This article aims to accomplish this task through a thorough and critical review of the emerging RDA literature published from 2005 to 2011. The review mostly concerns key areas of difference between RDA and AACR2, the relationship of the new cataloging code to metadata standards, the impact on encoding standards such as Machine-Readable Cataloging (MARC), end user considerations, and practitioners' views on RDA implementation and training. Future research will require more in-depth studies of RDA's expected benefits and the manner in which the new cataloging code will improve resource retrieval and bibliographic control for users and catalogers alike over AACR2. The question as to how the cataloging community can best move forward to the post-AACR2/MARC environment must be addressed carefully so as to chart the future of bibliographic control in the evolving environment of information production, management, and use.
    Date
    23. 3.2013 12:26:02
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 64(2013) no.4, S.651-662
  5. Cataloging and classification standards and rules (1996) 0.15
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    Abstract
    Issue devoted to the theme: cataloguing and classification standards and rules
    Content
    Enthält die Beiträge: McCALLUM, S.: What makes a standard?; HOLLEY, R.P.: IFLA and international standards in the area of bibliographical control; STERN, B.: Internationalizing the rules in AACR2: adopting and translating AACR2 for use in non-Anglo-American and non-English-speaking cataloging environments; GUILES, K., R. EWALD u. B. TILLETT: The evolution of LCRIs: from de facto standards to ?; SPICHER, K.M.: The development of the MARC format; THOMAS, S.E.: The core bibliographic record and the program for cooperative cataloging; PALOWITCH, C. u. L. HOROWITZ: Meta-information structures for networked information resources; KUHAGEN, J.A.: Standards for name and series authority records; WILLIAMSON, N.: Standards and rules for subject access; GUENTHER, R.S.: Automating the Library of Congress Classification Scheme: implementation of the USMARC Format for Classification Data; LEAZER, G.H.: Recent research on the sequential bibliographical relationship and its implications for standards and the library catalog: an examination of serials
    Footnote
    Rez. in: RQ 36(1996) no.2, S.313-314 (L. Chase); International cataloguing and bibliographic control 27(1998) no.1, S.27 (C. Oliver)
  6. Desrichard, Y.: ¬Les formats et normes de catalogage : evolutions et perspectives (1998) 0.14
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    Abstract
    The work of Joint Steering Committee for the Revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing rules gave rise to a confernce in Toronto, Canada, in Oct 1997. some contributors elaborated on prepared texts about precise points concerning the evolution of rules in general, and those of the AACR in particular. The evolution of the notion of the catalogue and that of the practice of cataloguing were the focus of contributions and debates at an electronic forum set up specially for the occasion. Synthesizes the topics discussed including: hypertext navigation within the body of catalogues or documents, the creation of metadata included in the electronic documents themselves, the evolution of the notion of authority, and the advent of a set of universal characters permitting liberation from the problems of transliteration
    Footnote
    Übers. des Titels: Cataloguing formats and standards
  7. Chapman, L.: How to catalogue : a practical manual using AACR2 and Library of Congress (1990) 0.13
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    Abstract
    A practical manual describing standard procedures in cataloguing using AACR2 1988 revision and LoC cataloguing data
    Date
    26. 7.2002 11:56:31
    Issue
    2nd ed.
    PRECIS
    Documents / Cataloguing / Databases: MARC records / Use by library cataloguing departments
    Subject
    Documents / Cataloguing / Databases: MARC records / Use by library cataloguing departments
  8. Willer, M.: Formats and cataloguing rules : developments for cataloguing electronic resources (1999) 0.13
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    Abstract
    Following a brief history of cataloguing and the MARC record format, describes current challenges in developing suitable international formats and cataloguing rules for dealing with electronic resources. Extensive references to the past and current literature provide an overview of the problems faced. Notes the role of the ISBD, Z39.50 protocol and the integration of Internet objects into the online catalogue
    Date
    26. 2.1997 11:03:13
  9. Tillett, B.: Cataloguing rules and conceptual models for the electronic environment (1995) 0.12
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    Abstract
    Offers the conceptual modelling technique as a means of analysing the future of library cataloguing with regard to cataloguing rules and MARC formats. Discusses the evolution of publishing technology and introduces the conceptual model that the IFLA is preparing in its study of the functional requirements of bibliographic records. Considers the purpose of cataloguing rules and how they have evolved in response to changes in technologies. Examines the future of cataloguing with future rules and alternative communication formats
    Source
    Cataloguing Australia. 21(1995) nos.3/4, S.67-103
  10. UNIMARC / Authorities : Universal format for authorities. Recommended by the IFLA Steering Group on a UNIMARC format for authorities (1991) 0.10
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    COMPASS
    Author cataloguing
    Date
    26. 6.1996 16:15:17
    Editor
    IFLA Sections on Cataloguing and Information Technology
    Subject
    Author cataloguing
  11. International Seminar on the Creation and Use of Authority Files, St. Petersburg, Russia, 4-6 October 1995 (1996) 0.09
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    Content
    Papers of the following speakers: DANSKIN, A.: The Anglo-American Authority File: an idea whose time has come?; GUY, M.: The Bibliothèque Nationale de France and authority files: advances and perspectives in co-operation; KELM, B.: The Subject Authority File in Germany; McGARRY, D.: Guidelines for subject authority and reference entries; MURTOMAA, E.: Planning and creating name authority control: the Finnish experience
    Date
    1. 7.1996 21:26:02
    Source
    International cataloguing and bibliographic control. 25(1996) no.3, S.57-71
  12. Parent, I.: IFLA study on functional requirements for bibliographic records : an Anglo-American perspective (1995) 0.09
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    Abstract
    Presents a view on the work of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records Study Group on behalf of the Anglo-American cataloguing tradition. The study is examining the fundamental aspects of record design using the entity-attribute-relationship model to link data elements to the function that a user can perform while accessing a bibliographic record. The data and functions are being linked by UNIMARC fields
    Source
    International cataloguing and bibliographic control. 24(1995) no.3, S.46-47
  13. IFLA Cataloguing Principles : steps towards an International Cataloguing Code. Report from the 1st Meeting of Experts on an International Cataloguing Code, Frankfurt 2003 (2004) 0.08
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: KO 31(2004) no.4, S.255-257: (P. Riva): "Cataloguing standardization at the international level can be viewed as proceeding in a series of milestone conferences. This meeting, the first in a series which will cover different regions of the world, will take its place in that progression. The first IFLA Meeting of Experts an an International Cataloguing Code (IME ICC), held July 28-30, 2003 at Die Deutsche Bibliothek in Frankfurt, gathered representatives of almost all European countries as well as three of the four AACR author countries. As explained in the introduction by Barbara Tillett, chair of the IME ICC planning committee, the plan is for five meetings in total. Subsequent meetings are to take place in Buenos Aires, Argentina (held August 17-18, 2004) for Latin America and the Carribean, to be followed by Alexandria, Egypt (2005) for the Middle East, Seoul, South Korea (2006) for Asia, and Durban, South Africa (2007) for Africa. The impetus for planning these meetings was triggered by the 40th anniversary of the Paris Principles, approved at the International Conference an Cataloguing Principles held in 1961. Many will welcome the timely publication of the reports and papers from this important conference in book form. The original conference website (details given an p. 176) which includes most of the same material, is still extant, but the reports and papers gathered into this volume will be referred to by cataloguing rule makers long after the web as we know it has transformed itself into a new (and quite possibly not backwards compatible) environment.
    The book is organized into four sections: introduction and results; presentation papers; background papers; and an appendix. The introduction by Barbara Tillett serves as a summary and report of the IME ICC meeting itself. The statement of the purpose of the meeting bears reporting in full (p. 6): "The goal for this meeting was to increase the ability to share cataloguing information worldwide by promoting standards for the content of bibliographic records and authority records used in library catalogues." The next item is a report summarizing the cataloguing Code comparisons prepared prior to the conference. As a mechanism for discussion, 18 codes were compared with the Paris Principles, the extent of compliance or divergence noted and discussed by representatives from the respective rule-making bodies. During the meeting the presentation of the comparisons took up half of the first day, but for the detailed responses one must return to the IME ICC website. The published summary is very dense, and difficult to follow if one is not very familiar with the Paris Principles or the codes being compared. The main outcome of the meeting follows, this is the Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (draft, as approved Dec. 19, 2003 by IME ICC participants), accompanied by a useful Glossary. The most important eontribution of this volume is to serve as the permanent and official record of the Statement as it stands after the first IME ICC meeting. Subsequent meetings will surely suggest modifications and enhancements, but this version of the Statement needs to be widely read and commented on. To this end the website also makes available translations of the Statement into 15 European languages, and the glossary into four languages. Compared to the Paris Principles, this statement covers some familiar ground in the choice of access points and forms of names, but its overall scope is broader, explicitly referring to the role of authority records, entities in bibliographic records and relationships. It concludes with an appendix of "Objectives for the construction of cataloguing codes."
    The section of background papers starts most appropriately by reprinting the Statement of Principles from the 1961 Paris Conference and continues with another twelve papers of varying lengths, most written specifically for the IME ICC. For the published report the papers have been organized to follow the order of topics assigned to the Tive working groups: Working Group 1 Personal names; WG2 Corporate bodies; WG3 Seriality; WG4 Multivolume/multipart structures; and WG5 Uniform titles, GMDs. Pino Buizza and Mauro Guerrini co-author a substantial paper "Author and title access point control: On the way national bibliographic agencies face the issue forty years after the Paris Principles," which was first presented in Italian at the November 2002 workshop an Cataloguing and Authority Control in Rome. Issues that remain unresolved are which name or title to adopt, which form of the name or title, and which entry word to select, while choice of headings has become more uniform. The impact of catalogue language (meaning both the language of the cataloguing agency and of the majority of users of the catalogue) an these choices is explored by examining the headings used in ten national authority files for a full range of names, personal and corporate. The reflections presented are both practical and grounded in theory. Mauro Guerrini, assisted by Pino Buizza and Lucia Sardo, contributes a further new paper "Corporate bodies from ICCP up to 2003," which is an excellent survey of the surprisingly controversial issue of corporate bodies as authors, starting with Panizzi, Jewett, Cutter, Dziatzko, Fumagalli, and Lubetzky, through the debate at the Paris Conference, to the views of Verona, Domanovszky and Carpenter, and work under the auspices of IFLA an the Form and structure of corporate headings (FSCH) project and its Rvew, as well as a look at the archival standard ISAAR(CPF). This paper is the only one to have a comprehensive bibliography.
    Ton Heijligers reflects an the relation of the IME ICC effort to AACR and calls for an examination of the principles and function of the concept of main entry in his brief paper "Main entry into the future?" Ingrid Parent's article "From ISBD (S) to ISBD(CR): a voyage of discovery and alignment" is reprinted from Serials Librarian as it tells of the successful project not only to revise an ISBD, but also to harmonize three Codes for serials cataloguing: ISBD (CR), ISSN and AACR. Gunilla Jonsson's paper "The bibliographic unit in the digital context" is a perceptive discussion of level of granularity issues which must be addressed in deciding what to catalogue. Practical issues and user expectation are important considerations, whether the material to be catalogued is digital or analog. Ann Huthwaite's paper "Class of materials concept and GMDs" as well as Tom Delsey's ensuing comments, originated as Joint Steering Committee restricted papers in 2002. It is a great service to have them made widely available in this form as they raise fundamental issues and motivate work that has since taken place, leading to the current major round of revision to AACR. The GMD issue is about more than a list of terms and their placement in the cataloguing record, it is intertwined with consideration of whether the concept of classes of materials is helpful in organizing cataloguing rules, if so, which classes are needed, and how to allow for eventual integration of new types of materials. Useful in the Code comparison exercise is an extract of the section an access points from the draft of revised RAK (German cataloguing rules). Four short papers compare aspects of the Russian Cataloguing Rules with RAK and AACR: Tatiana Maskhoulia covers corporate body headings; Elena Zagorskaya outlines current development an serials and other continuing resources; Natalia N. Kasparova covers multilevel structures; Ljubov Ermakova and Tamara Bakhturina describe the uniform title and GMD provisions. The website includes one more item by Kasparova "Bibliographic record language in multilingual electronic communication." The volume is rounded out by the appendix which includes the conference agenda, the full list of participants, and the reports from the five working groups. Not for the casual reader, this volume is a must read for anyone working an cataloguing code development at the national or international levels, as well as those teaching cataloguing. Any practising cataloguer will benefit from reading the draft statement of principles and the three presentation papers, and dipping into the background papers."
    Weitere Rez. in: ZfBB 52(2005) H.3/4, S.227-228 (K. Haller): " ... Im Mittelpunkt der Publikation steht das revidierte Statement of International Cataloguing Principles. Es wendet sich mit seinen Grundsätzen gleichermaßen an Bibliografien und Bibliothekskataloge sowie Datensammlungen in Archiven, Museen und dergleichen Einrichtungen. Terminologisch und inhaltlich geht das Statement von den Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) aus. Durch die Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records (FRANAR) werden die Normdateien und die Sacherschließung in das Statement eingebracht. Die FRBR sind ein theoretisches Modell, ein strategisches Dokument, in dem durch die Entitäten die logischen Zusammenhänge dargestellt und damit die notwendi ge Erschließungsqualität definiert wird. Es geht um klare Grundsätze für Wahl, Anzahl und Art der Suchbegriffe (access points) und deren Beziehungen. ... Insgesamt ist die Publikation sehr zu begrüßen und als Pflichtlektüre allen Verantwortlichen im Erschließungsbereich und dem in Ausbildung befindlichen Nachwuchs dringend zu empfehlen."
    Series
    IFLA series on bibliographic control; vol. 26
  14. Richter, S.: ¬Die formale Beschreibung von Dokumenten in Archiven und Bibliotheken : Perspektiven des Datenaustauschs (2004) 0.08
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    Abstract
    Die Datenrecherche und der Zugriff auf Informationen wurde in den letzten Jahren durch Angebote im Internet erleichtert. Während im Bibliothekswesen bereits seit Jahrzehnten Erfahrungen durch die Verbundkatalogisierung im Bereich des Datenaustauschs gesammelt wurden, wurde eine kooperative Datenhaltung zwischen Archiven erst in den letzten Jahren begonnen. In dieser Arbeit wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit Daten aus Archiven und Bibliotheken in gemeinsamen Datenpools angeboten werden können: Sind die Inhalte der verschiedenen Datenkategorien ähnlich genug, um sie zusammenfassen zu können? Welche Standards liegen den Daten zugrunde? Um diese Fragen beantworten zu können, werden zunächst die verschiedenen Regelwerke des Archivs- und Bibliothekswesens zur archivischen Verzeichnung bzw. der bibliographischen Beschreibung untersucht und anschließend die darauf fußenden Austauschformate. Folgende (Regel-) Werke werden in die Analyse integiert: Papritz: Die archivische Titelaufnahme bei Sachakten, die Ordnungs- und Verzeichnungsgrundsätze für die staatlichen Archive der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (OVG-DDR), Internationale Grundsätze für die archivische Verzeichnung (ISAD(G)), das Handbuch für Wirtschaftsarchive, Praktische Archivkunde, die Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung in wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken (RAK-WB), die Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR), General International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD(G)) und für den Bereich der Nachlasserschließung als Schnittstelle zwischen Archiven und Bibliotheken die Ordnungs- und Verzeichnungsgrundsätze [des Goethe- und Schiller-Archivs] (OVG-GSA), König: Verwaltung und wissenschaftliche Erschließung von Nachlässen in Literaturarchiven sowie die Regeln zur Erschließung von Nachlässen und Autographen (RNA). Von den Datenaustauschformaten werden Encoded Archival Description (EAD), Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken (MAB) und Machine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) vorgestellt. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Daten aus Archiven und Bibliotheken in einer gemeinsamen Datenmenge zur Verfügung gestellt werden können, um sie für eine spartenübergreifende Recherche nutzbar zu machen. Es muss aber eingeräumt werden, dass im Austauschformat für ähnliche Beschreibungselemente nicht identische Kategorienummern verwendet werden können, da hierfür die Inhalte der Kategorien zu stark differieren. Aus diesem Grund kann das MAB-Format auch nicht ohne weiteres für archivische Elemente verwendet werden: Entweder müsste das bestehende MAB-Schema an die Belange des Archivwesens angepasst werden oder es müsste ein neues Austauschformat generiert werden, da auch das internationale EAD-Format nicht ohne Änderungen auf die deutsche Verzeichnungstradition abgebildet werden kann. Insbesondere wäre sowohl innerhalb der Sparten Archiv- und Bibliothekswesen als auch darüber hinaus eine tiefere Diskussion um verbindliche Regelwerke und Austauschformate zu empfehlen.
  15. Provansal, A.: Neuf mois après (1997) 0.07
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    Abstract
    Electronic documents are creating new services and generating new demands, with consequent impacts on the means of transmitting knowledge, international standards and democratisation of access. Universal bibliographic control depends on common rules for bibliographic description and format to ensure compatibility and exchange. In addition to ISBN and UNIMARC for cataloguing, Z39.50 allows searching of heterogeneous databases and SGML makes cataloguing in publication a reality. Such developments must be based on knowledge of what users want and their real search and consultation practices, not what the system devisers have the technology to create
    Content
    Presentation given at a French Librarians Association study day on 'The future of cataloguing / Catalogues of the future', held in June 1996 at the BNF
    Footnote
    Übers. des Titels: Nine months later (the future of cataloguing)
  16. Kaiser, M.; Lieder, H.J.; Majcen, K.; Vallant, H.: New ways of sharing and using authority information : the LEAF project (2003) 0.07
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    Abstract
    This article presents an overview of the LEAF project (Linking and Exploring Authority Files)1, which has set out to provide a framework for international, collaborative work in the sector of authority data with respect to authority control. Elaborating the virtues of authority control in today's Web environment is an almost futile exercise, since so much has been said and written about it in the last few years.2 The World Wide Web is generally understood to be poorly structured-both with regard to content and to locating required information. Highly structured databases might be viewed as small islands of precision within this chaotic environment. Though the Web in general or any particular structured database would greatly benefit from increased authority control, it should be noted that our following considerations only refer to authority control with regard to databases of "memory institutions" (i.e., libraries, archives, and museums). Moreover, when talking about authority records, we exclusively refer to personal name authority records that describe a specific person. Although different types of authority records could indeed be used in similar ways to the ones presented in this article, discussing those different types is outside the scope of both the LEAF project and this article. Personal name authority records-as are all other "authorities"-are maintained as separate records and linked to various kinds of descriptive records. Name authority records are usually either kept in independent databases or in separate tables in the database containing the descriptive records. This practice points at a crucial benefit: by linking any number of descriptive records to an authorized name record, the records related to this entity are collocated in the database. Variant forms of the authorized name are referenced in the authority records and thus ensure the consistency of the database while enabling search and retrieval operations that produce accurate results. On one hand, authority control may be viewed as a positive prerequisite of a consistent catalogue; on the other, the creation of new authority records is a very time consuming and expensive undertaking. As a consequence, various models of providing access to existing authority records have emerged: the Library of Congress and the French National Library (Bibliothèque nationale de France), for example, make their authority records available to all via a web-based search service.3 In Germany, the Personal Name Authority File (PND, Personennamendatei4) maintained by the German National Library (Die Deutsche Bibliothek, Frankfurt/Main) offers a different approach to shared access: within a closed network, participating institutions have online access to their pooled data. The number of recent projects and initiatives that have addressed the issue of authority control in one way or another is considerable.5 Two important current initiatives should be mentioned here: The Name Authority Cooperative (NACO) and Virtual International Authority File (VIAF).
    NACO was established in 1976 and is hosted by the Library of Congress. At the beginning of 2003, nearly 400 institutions were involved in this undertaking, including 43 institutions from outside the United States.6 Despite the enormous success of NACO and the impressive annual growth of the initiative, there are requirements for participation that form an obstacle for many institutions: they have to follow the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2) and employ the MARC217 data format. Participating institutions also have to belong to either OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) or RLG (Research Libraries Group) in order to be able to contribute records, and they have to provide a specified minimum number of authority records per year. A recent proof of concept project of the Library of Congress, OCLC and the German National Library-Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)8-will, in its first phase, test automatic linking of the records of the Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF) and the German Personal Name Authority File by using matching algorithms and software developed by OCLC. The results are expected to form the basis of a "Virtual International Authority File". The project will then test the maintenance of the virtual authority file by employing the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH)9 to harvest the metadata for new, updated, and deleted records. When using the "Virtual International Authority File" a cataloguer will be able to check the system to see whether the authority record he wants to establish already exists. The final phase of the project will test possibilities for displaying records in the preferred language and script of the end user. Currently, there are still some clear limitations associated with the ways in which authority records are used by memory institutions. One of the main problems has to do with limited access: generally only large institutions or those that are part of a library network have unlimited online access to permanently updated authority records. Smaller institutions outside these networks usually have to fall back on less efficient ways of obtaining authority data, or have no access at all. Cross-domain sharing of authority data between libraries, archives, museums and other memory institutions simply does not happen at present. Public users are, by and large, not even aware that such things as name authority records exist and are excluded from access to these information resources.
  17. Heaney, M.: Object-oriented cataloging (1995) 0.07
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    Abstract
    Catalogues have evolved from lists of physical items present in particular libraries into computerized access and retrieval tools for works dispersed across local and national boundaries. Works themselves are no longer constrained by physical form yet cataloguing rules have not evolved in parallel with these developments. Reanalyzes the nature of works and their publication in an approach based on object oriented modelling and demonstrates the advantages to be gained thereby. Suggests a strategic plan to enable an organic transformation to be made from current MARC based cataloguing to object oriented cataloguing. Proposes major revisions of MARC in order to allow records to maximize the benefits of both computerized databases and high speed data networks. This will involve a fundamental shift away from the AACR philosophy of description of, plus access to, physical items
  18. Lahary, D.: UNIMARC as a cataloguing format in France (1999) 0.06
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    Date
    1. 7.1996 21:26:02
    Source
    International cataloguing and bibliographic control. 28(1999) no.2, S.50-52
  19. Simmons, P.: Preserving compatibility with standard data formats (1994) 0.06
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    Abstract
    Librarians in countries without well-established national bibliographic systems increasingly find themselves faced with the problem of establishing local formats for machine-readable cataloguing and for referral data. Often they lack the background and the resources - especially trained staff - either to adopt an existing MARC format or to develop their own. Such international formats as UNIMARC and CCF, despite widespread international use, present problems of their own; MARC formats are not practical for agencies that do not follow standard cataloguing rules, and CCF offers little guidance to agencies wishing to adopt it for local use. A number of techniques useful in adapting and implementing international and national standard formats are presented, with some guidelines for preserving compatibility with standards
  20. Setting the record straight : understanding the MARC format (1993) 0.06
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    Abstract
    MARC is an acronym for Machine Readable Catalogue or Cataloguing. This general description, howcver, is rather misleading as MARC is neither a kind of catalogue nor a method of cataloguing. In fact, MARC is a Standardformat for representing bibliographic information for handling by computer. While the MARC format was primarily designed to serve the needs of libraries, the concept has since been embraced by the wider information community as a convenient way of storing and exchanging bibliographic data. The original MARC format was developed at the Library of Congress in 1965-6 leading to a pilot project, known as MARC I, which had the aim of investigating the feasibility of producing machine-readable catalogue data. Similar work was in progress in the United Kingdom whcre the Council of the British National Bibliography had set up the BNB MARC Project with the rennt of examining the use of machine-readable data in producing the printed British National Bibliography (BNB). These parallel developments led to Anglo-American co-operation an the MARC 11 project which was initiated in 1968. MARC II was to prove instrumental in defining the concept of MARC as a communications format.

Authors

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