-
Lee, D.: Webs of "Wirkung" : modelling the interconnectedness of classification schemes (2014)
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- Abstract
- This paper explores relationships between different classification schemes. It suggests how these relationships could be considered part of the reception of a scheme, in particular as an aspect of its "Wirkung". Both intra-domain and inter-domain scheme relationships are examined, and are combined with pre-existing research on intra-scheme relationships. A model is posited which maps inter-scheme relationships, showing some of the complexities evoked in analysing the connections between classification schemes. Musical instrument (organology) classification is used as examples throughout the paper, to illustrate the ideas being discussed.
- Source
- Knowledge organization in the 21st century: between historical patterns and future prospects. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International ISKO Conference 19-22 May 2014, Kraków, Poland. Ed.: Wieslaw Babik
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Lee, D.; Robinson, L.; Bawden, D.: Orthogonality, dependency, and music : an exploration of the relationships between music facets (2021)
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- Abstract
- The classification of Western art music is a complex area of knowledge organization, yet the reasons for those complexities have not been fully studied. This research dissects the concept of orthogonality, in particular regard to music classification. Orthogonality (antonym: dependency) means that one facet acts independently from another facet. Although orthogonality is an assumed quality of facets, it has attracted relatively little attention in knowledge organization discourse. This research utilizes bibliographic classification schemes, musicological writings, and musical works to analyze orthogonality in music classification. The relationships between the medium, form/genre, and function facets are unpicked and a strong dependency is found between these facets. Whether this orthogonality exists as a construct of faceted classification or stems from the domain knowledge is explored. Furthermore, the analysis initiates new thinking about the general concept of orthogonality. The idea of a spectrum of dependency is proposed. In addition, novel, orthogonality-derived phenomena are discussed-"dynamic facets" and "meta-dependency"-where the boundary between what is and is not a facet is blurred. The concluding model visualizes the chain of dependencies between music facets, ultimately showing how the lack of orthogonality plays a key role in the complexity and issues found in music classification.
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Lee, D.: Classifying musical performance : the application of classification theories to concert programmes (2011)
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- Abstract
- This paper demonstrates how knowledge organisation theories can be used to understand the arrangement of concert programmes. Key classification theories from the management of libraries, archives and ephemera collections are used as a framework in this study: characteristics of division (faceted classification theory), provenance (archival arrangement) and arrangement by format (ephemera arrangement). Each theory is used to analyse the arrangement of specific concert programme collections held at the Centre for Performance History, Royal College of Music, London. Two classification models are created from the analysis. Model 1 reveals how concert programme arrangement could be viewed as a theoretical bridge between bibliographic, archival and ephemera arrangement theories. This model proposes a unified classification based on bibliographic characteristics of division; the characteristics of division structure is populated with characteristics taken from bibliographical classification, archival arrangement and ephemera organisation. Model 2 proposes an alternative way of considering the unified classification model: a triumvirate of event, programme and individual copy. Complex relationships between elements of the triumvirate are explored, as well as is an analysis of how various characteristics fit into the model.
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Lee, D.; Robinson, L.; Bawden, D.: Modeling the relationship between scientific and bibliographic classification for music (2019)
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- Abstract
- Scientific classification is an important topic in contemporary knowledge organization discourse, yet the nature of the relationships between scientific and bibliographic classifications has not been fully studied. This article considers the connections between scientific and bibliographic classifications for music, taking general discourse about scientific classification and domain analysis as its starting point. Three relationship characteristics are posited: similarity, causation, and time. In discussions about similarity, "accords" and "discords" are analyzed. Further, the idea of a scale of accord is introduced, and issues with assuming a univocal scientific or bibliographic classification of music are discussed. Causation and the idea of influence between scientific and bibliographic classifications for music are unpicked. The connections between accordance and influence are explored, and the concept of differing purposes for different classification approaches is analyzed. A temporal dimension is considered, and the dynamic nature of connections between music scientific and bibliographic classifications is established. The idea of bifurcation is introduced-a change of accordance over time-which is prominent for musical instrument classification. The concluding model visualizes similarity, causation and temporal aspects as three dimensions, showing how scientific and bibliographic classifications for music are connected through a set of interconnected and complex relationships.
-
Lee, D.: Numbers, instruments and hands : the impact of faceted analytical theory on classifying music ensembles (2017)
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- Abstract
- This article considers a particularly knotty aspect of classifying notated music: the classification of instrumental ensembles, where the term ensembles is defined as music written for multiple players with only one player per part. Facet analysis is used to examine this area of music classification and as the basis of a model for classifying ensembles. The conceptual analysis is aided by examples drawn from two classification schemes: British Catalogue of Music Classification (BCMC) and Flexible Classification. First, this exploration reveals that there are conceptually four sub-facets for classifying instrument ensembles, and that the omission of any of these sub-facets causes issues within classification schemes. Next, the different type of relationships between pairs of these sub-facets is delineated, including hierarchical and associative relationships. The classification of ensembles is depicted in a novel way, as a series of inter-connected relationships between sub-facets. Finally, the article ascertains exactly what is being counted, including introducing potential extra sets of sub-facets pertaining to performers and hands. So, facet analysis helps to create a model for classifying instrumental ensembles which provides a novel solution to this historically problematic area of music classification, as well as suggesting a potentially generalizable new way of thinking about complex relationships between sub-facets.
- Content
- Beitrag in einem Special Issue: Selected Papers from the International UDC Seminar 2017, Faceted Classification Today: Theory, Technology and End Users, 14-15 September, London UK.
-
Lee, D.; Robinson, L.: ¬The heart of music classification : toward a model of classifying musical medium (2018)
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- Abstract
- Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the classification of musical medium, which is a critical part of music classification. It considers how musical medium is currently classified, provides a theoretical understanding of what is currently problematic, and proposes a model which rethinks the classification of medium and resolves these issues. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is drawn from existing classification schemes, additionally using musicological and knowledge organization literature where relevant. The paper culminates in the design of a model of musical medium. Findings The analysis elicits sub-facets, orders and categorizations of medium: there is a strict categorization between vocal and instrumental music, a categorization based on broad size, and important sub-facets for multiples, accompaniment and arrangement. Problematically, there is a mismatch between the definitiveness of library and information science vocal/instrumental categorization and the blurred nature of real musical works; arrangements and accompaniments are limited by other categorizations; multiple voices and groups are not accommodated. So, a model with a radical new structure is proposed which resolves these classification issues. Research limitations/implications The results could be used to further understanding of music classification generally, for Western art music and other types of music. Practical implications The resulting model could be used to improve and design new classification schemes and to improve understanding of music retrieval. Originality/value Deep theoretical analysis of music classification is rare, so this paper's approach is original. Furthermore, the paper's value lies in studying a vital area of music classification which is not currently understood, and providing explanations and solutions. The proposed model is novel in structure and concept, and its original structure could be adapted for other knotty subjects.
-
Lee, D.: Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments (2020)
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- Abstract
- This paper discusses the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments. This classification system was originally designed for musical instruments and books about instruments, and was first published in German in 1914. Hornbostel-Sachs has dominated organological discourse and practice since its creation, and this article analyses the scheme's context, background, versions and impact. The position of Hornbostel-Sachs in the history and development of instrument classification is explored. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the mechanics of the scheme, including its decimal notation, the influential broad categories of the scheme, its warrant and its typographical layout. The version history of the scheme is outlined and the relationships between versions is visualised, including its translations, the introduction of the electrophones category and the Musical Instruments Museums Online (MIMO) version designed for a digital environment. The reception of Hornbostel-Sachs is analysed, and its usage, criticism and impact are all considered. As well as dominating organological research and practice for over a century, it is shown that Hornbostel-Sachs also had a significant influence on the bibliographic classification of music.
- Object
- Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments
-
Bird, S.; Dale, R.; Dorr, B.; Gibson, B.; Joseph, M.; Kan, M.-Y.; Lee, D.; Powley, B.; Radev, D.; Tan, Y.F.: ¬The ACL Anthology Reference Corpus : a reference dataset for bibliographic research in computational linguistics (2008)
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- Abstract
- The ACL Anthology is a digital archive of conference and journal papers in natural language processing and computational linguistics. Its primary purpose is to serve as a reference repository of research results, but we believe that it can also be an object of study and a platform for research in its own right. We describe an enriched and standardized reference corpus derived from the ACL Anthology that can be used for research in scholarly document processing. This corpus, which we call the ACL Anthology Reference Corpus (ACL ARC), brings together the recent activities of a number of research groups around the world. Our goal is to make the corpus widely available, and to encourage other researchers to use it as a standard testbed for experiments in both bibliographic and bibliometric research.
- Content
- Vgl. auch: Automatic Term Recognition (ATR) is a research task that deals with the identification of domain-specific terms. Terms, in simple words, are textual realization of significant concepts in an expertise domain. Additionally, domain-specific terms may be classified into a number of categories, in which each category represents a significant concept. A term classification task is often defined on top of an ATR procedure to perform such categorization. For instance, in the biomedical domain, terms can be classified as drugs, proteins, and genes. This is a reference dataset for terminology extraction and classification research in computational linguistics. It is a set of manually annotated terms in English language that are extracted from the ACL Anthology Reference Corpus (ACL ARC). The ACL ARC is a canonicalised and frozen subset of scientific publications in the domain of Human Language Technologies (HLT). It consists of 10,921 articles from 1965 to 2006. The dataset, called ACL RD-TEC, is comprised of more than 69,000 candidate terms that are manually annotated as valid and invalid terms. Furthermore, valid terms are classified as technology and non-technology terms. Technology terms refer to a method, process, or in general a technological concept in the domain of HLT, e.g. machine translation, word sense disambiguation, and language modelling. On the other hand, non-technology terms refer to important concepts other than technological; examples of such terms in the domain of HLT are multilingual lexicon, corpora, word sense, and language model. The dataset is created to serve as a gold standard for the comparison of the algorithms of term recognition and classification. [http://catalog.elra.info/product_info.php?products_id=1236].
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Szostak, R.; Lee, D.: Classifying musical genres : building musical form and genre into BCC: repurposing LCGFT terms for music into the Basic Concepts Classification (2022)
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- Abstract
- We investigate how the Basic Concepts Classification (BCC) can best incorporate schedules addressing musical form, genre, and type. We show that the synthetic possibilities within the BCC facilitate the classification of form/genre/type. In particular, many challenges identified in the literature on musical classification are addressed. The BCC also serves to make evident various connections between music and other schedules in BCC.
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Lee, D.; Robinson, L.; Bawden, D.: Global knowledge organization, "super-facets" and music : universal music classification in the digital age (2018)
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Lee, D.: Judging indexes : the criteria for a good index (2001)
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- Source
- Indexer. 22(2001) no.4, S.191-194
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Lee, D.; Srivastava, S.; Vista, D.: Generating advanced query interfaces (1998)
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- Date
- 1. 8.1996 22:08:06
