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  • × theme_ss:"Semantische Interoperabilität"
  1. Mitchell, J.S.; Panzer, M.: Dewey linked data : Making connections with old friends and new acquaintances (2012) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    This paper explores the history, uses cases, and future plans associated with availability of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system as linked data. Parts of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system have been available as linked data since 2009. Initial efforts included the DDC Summaries (the top three levels of the DDC) in eleven languages exposed as linked data in dewey.info. In 2010, the content of dewey.info was further extended by the addition of assignable numbers and captions from the Abridged Edition 14 data files in English, Italian, and Vietnamese. During 2012, we will add assignable numbers and captions from the latest full edition database, DDC 23. In addition to the "old friends" of different Dewey language versions, institutions such as the British Library and Deutsche Nationalbibliothek have made use of Dewey linked data in bibliographic records and authority files, and AGROVOC has linked to our data at a general level. We expect to extend our linked data network shortly to "new acquaintances" such as GeoNames, ISO 639-3 language codes, and Mathematics Subject Classification. In particular, we will examine the linking process to GeoNames as an example of cross-domain vocabulary alignment. In addition to linking plans, we report on use cases that facilitate machine-assisted categorization and support discovery in the Semantic Web environment.
  2. Dunsire, G.; Willer, M.: Initiatives to make standard library metadata models and structures available to the Semantic Web (2010) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    This paper describes recent initiatives to make standard library metadata models and structures available to the Semantic Web, including IFLA standards such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), Functional Requirements for Authority Data (FRAD), and International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) along with the infrastructure that supports them. The FRBR Review Group is currently developing representations of FRAD and the entityrelationship model of FRBR in resource description framework (RDF) applications, using a combination of RDF, RDF Schema (RDFS), Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS) and Web Ontology Language (OWL), cross-relating both models where appropriate. The ISBD/XML Task Group is investigating the representation of ISBD in RDF. The IFLA Namespaces project is developing an administrative and technical infrastructure to support such initiatives and encourage uptake of standards by other agencies. The paper describes similar initiatives with related external standards such as RDA - resource description and access, REICAT (the new Italian cataloguing rules) and CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM). The DCMI RDA Task Group is working with the Joint Steering Committee for RDA to develop Semantic Web representations of RDA structural elements, which are aligned with FRBR and FRAD, and controlled metadata content vocabularies. REICAT is also based on FRBR, and an object-oriented version of FRBR has been integrated with CRM, which itself has an RDF representation. CRM was initially based on the metadata needs of the museum community, and is now seeking extension to the archives community with the eventual aim of developing a model common to the main cultural information domains of archives, libraries and museums. The Vocabulary Mapping Framework (VMF) project has developed a Semantic Web tool to automatically generate mappings between metadata models from the information communities, including publishers. The tool is based on several standards, including CRM, FRAD, FRBR, MARC21 and RDA.
    The paper discusses the importance of these initiatives in releasing as linked data the very large quantities of rich, professionally-generated metadata stored in formats based on these standards, such as UNIMARC and MARC21, addressing such issues as critical mass for semantic and statistical inferencing, integration with user- and machine-generated metadata, and authenticity, veracity and trust. The paper also discusses related initiatives to release controlled vocabularies, including the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), ISBD, Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF), Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), Rameau (French subject headings), Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), and the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) as linked data. Finally, the paper discusses the potential collective impact of these initiatives on metadata workflows and management systems.
    Content
    Vortrag im Rahmen der Session 93. Cataloguing der WORLD LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CONGRESS: 76TH IFLA GENERAL CONFERENCE AND ASSEMBLY, 10-15 August 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden - 149. Information Technology, Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing with Knowledge Management
  3. Panzer, M.; Zeng, M.L.: Modeling classification systems in SKOS : Some challenges and best-practice (2009) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Representing classification systems on the web for publication and exchange continues to be a challenge within the SKOS framework. This paper focuses on the differences between classification schemes and other families of KOS (knowledge organization systems) that make it difficult to express classifications without sacrificing a large amount of their semantic richness. Issues resulting from the specific set of relationships between classes and topics that defines the basic nature of any classification system are discussed. Where possible, different solutions within the frameworks of SKOS and OWL are proposed and examined.
  4. Zumer, M.; Zeng, M.L.; Salaba, A.: FRSAD: conceptual modeling of aboutness (2012) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    This book offers the first comprehensive exploration of the development and use of the International Federation of Library Association's newly released model for subject authority data, covering everything from the rationale for creating the model to practical steps for implementing it.
    Footnote
    Rez. in: Cataloging and classification quarterly 52(2014) no.3, S.343-346 (T. Brenndorfer)
    LCSH
    FRSAD (Conceptual model) / Subject headings
    RSWK
    Datenmodell / Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
    Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data / Inhaltserschließung
    Subject
    Datenmodell / Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
    Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data / Inhaltserschließung
    FRSAD (Conceptual model) / Subject headings
  5. Binding, C.; Gnoli, C.; Tudhope, D.: Migrating a complex classification scheme to the semantic web : expressing the Integrative Levels Classification using SKOS RDF (2021) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Purpose The Integrative Levels Classification (ILC) is a comprehensive "freely faceted" knowledge organization system not previously expressed as SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System). This paper reports and reflects on work converting the ILC to SKOS representation. Design/methodology/approach The design of the ILC representation and the various steps in the conversion to SKOS are described and located within the context of previous work considering the representation of complex classification schemes in SKOS. Various issues and trade-offs emerging from the conversion are discussed. The conversion implementation employed the STELETO transformation tool. Findings The ILC conversion captures some of the ILC facet structure by a limited extension beyond the SKOS standard. SPARQL examples illustrate how this extension could be used to create faceted, compound descriptors when indexing or cataloguing. Basic query patterns are provided that might underpin search systems. Possible routes for reducing complexity are discussed. Originality/value Complex classification schemes, such as the ILC, have features which are not straight forward to represent in SKOS and which extend beyond the functionality of the SKOS standard. The ILC's facet indicators are modelled as rdf:Property sub-hierarchies that accompany the SKOS RDF statements. The ILC's top-level fundamental facet relationships are modelled by extensions of the associative relationship - specialised sub-properties of skos:related. An approach for representing faceted compound descriptions in ILC and other faceted classification schemes is proposed.
  6. Landry, P.: ¬The evolution of subject heading languages in Europe and their impact on subject access interoperability (2008) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Work in establishing interoperability between Subject Heading Languages (SHLs) in Europe is fairly recent and much work is still needed before users can successfully conduct subject searches across information resources in European libraries. Over the last 25 years many subject heading lists were created or developed from existing ones. Obstacles for effective interoperability have been progressively lifted which has paved the way for interoperability projects to achieve some encouraging results. This paper will look at interoperability approaches in the area of subject indexing tools and will present a short overview of the development of European SHLs. It will then look at the conditions necessary for effective and comprehensive interoperability using the method of linking subject headings, as used by the »Multilingual Access to Subject Headings project« (MACS).
    Source
    New pespectives on subject indexing and classification: essays in honour of Magda Heiner-Freiling. Red.: K. Knull-Schlomann, u.a
  7. Landry, P.; Zumer, M.; Clavel-Merrin, G.: Report on cross-language subject access options (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    This report presents the results of desk-top based study of projects and initiatives in the area of linking and mapping subject tools. While its goal is to provide areas of further study for cross-language subject access in the European Library, and specifically the national libraries of the Ten New Member States, it is not restricted to cross-language mappings since some of the tools used to create links across thesauri or subject headings in the same language may also be appropriate for cross-language mapping. Tools reviewed have been selected to represent a variety of approaches (e.g. subject heading to subject heading, thesaurus to thesaurus, classification to subject heading) reflecting the variety of subject access tools in use in the European Library. The results show that there is no single solution that would be appropriate for all libraries but that parts of several initiatives may be applicable on a technical, organisational or content level.
  8. Szostak, R.; Smiraglia, R.P.: Comparative approaches to interdisciplinary KOSs : use cases of converting UDC to BCC (2017) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    We take a small sample of works and compare how these are classified within both the Universal Decimal Classification and the Basic concepts Classification. We examine notational length, expressivity, network effects, and the number of subject strings. One key finding is that BCC typically synthesizes many more terms than UDC in classifying a particular document - but the length of classificatory notations is roughly equivalent for the two KOSs. BCC captures documents with fewer subject strings (generally one) but these are more complex.
  9. Svensson, L.G.: Unified access : a semantic Web based model for multilingual navigation in heterogeneous data sources (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Most online library catalogues are not well equipped for subject search. On the one hand it is difficult to navigate the structures of the thesauri and classification systems used for indexing. Further, there is little or no support for the integration of crosswalks between different controlled vocabularies, so that a subject search query formulated using one controlled vocabulary will not find resources indexed with another knowledge organisation system even if there exists a crosswalk between them. In this paper we will look at SemanticWeb technologies and a prototype system leveraging those technologies in order to enhance the subject search possibilities in heterogeneously indexed repositories. Finally, we will have a brief look at different initiatives aimed at integrating library data into the SemanticWeb.
    Source
    New pespectives on subject indexing and classification: essays in honour of Magda Heiner-Freiling. Red.: K. Knull-Schlomann, u.a
  10. Hubrich, J.; Mengel, T.; Müller, K.; Jacobs, J.-H.: Improving subject access in global information spaces : reflections upon internationalization and localization of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    With the establishment of global information spaces that are characterized by heterogeneity new kinds of knowledge organization systems (KOS) are needed to facilitate efficient subject access to available information resources. KOS need not to be built bottom-up. Internationalization and localization of common KOS enable making use of all different kinds of existing data from subject indexing for retrieval purposes and help creating a user-friendly tool that supports cross-national query modification and hermeneutic processes of information seeking as well as precise topical queries.
    Source
    New pespectives on subject indexing and classification: essays in honour of Magda Heiner-Freiling. Red.: K. Knull-Schlomann, u.a
  11. Hook, P.A.; Gantchev, A.: Using combined metadata sources to visualize a small library (OBL's English Language Books) (2017) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Data from multiple knowledge organization systems are combined to provide a global overview of the content holdings of a small personal library. Subject headings and classification data are used to effectively map the combined book and topic space of the library. While harvested and manipulated by hand, the work reveals issues and potential solutions when using automated techniques to produce topic maps of much larger libraries. The small library visualized consists of the thirty-nine, digital, English language books found in the Osama Bin Laden (OBL) compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan upon his death. As this list of books has garnered considerable media attention, it is worth providing a visual overview of the subject content of these books - some of which is not readily apparent from the titles. Metadata from subject headings and classification numbers was combined to create book-subject maps. Tree maps of the classification data were also produced. The books contain 328 subject headings. In order to enhance the base map with meaningful thematic overlay, library holding count data was also harvested (and aggregated from duplicates). This additional data revealed the relative scarcity or popularity of individual books.
  12. Altenhöner, R; Hengel, C.; Jahns, Y.; Junger, U.; Mahnke, C.; Oehlschläger, S.; Werner, C.: Weltkongress Bibliothek und Information, 74. IFLA-Generalkonferenz in Quebec, Kanada : Aus den Veranstaltungen der Division IV Bibliographic Control, der Core Activities ICADS und UNIMARC sowie der Information Technology Section (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Der 74. Weltkongress der International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) hat vom 10. bis 14. August 2008 unter dem Motto "Libraries without borders: Navigating towards global understanding" in Quebec, Kanada, stattgefunden. Dort trafen sich mehr als 3000 Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare aus 150 Ländern der Welt zu insgesamt 224 Veranstaltungen und verschiedenen Satellitenkonferenzen. Die IFLA-Präsidentin Prof. Dr. Claudia Lux aus Berlin leitete die Tagung und war gleichzeitig prominenteste Vertreterin der deutschen Delegation, die aus mehr als 80 Kolleginnen und Kollegen bestand und damit im Vergleich zum Vorjahr erfreulich groß war. Wer nicht dabei sein konnte und sich dennoch einen Eindruck über die Konferenz und die Atmosphäre verschaffen möchte, kann dies online tun. Neben dem Programm und einer Vielzahl von Vorträgen sind auf der Website der IFLA auch Links zu Fotos, Videos und Blogs vorhanden. Innerhalb der IFLA wird derzeit an einer Neuorganisation und damit verbunden einer neuen Satzung gearbeitet, unter anderem sollen auch der interne und externe Informationsfluss verbessert werden. Dazu soll Anfang 2009 eine neu gestaltete Website mit einem Content Managementsystem frei geschaltet werden. Das Design der neuen Site wurde in Quebec vorgestellt, eine Präsentation ist im IFLAnet zu finden. Wie in den vergangenen Jahren soll auch in diesem Jahr über die Veranstaltungen der Division IV Bibliographic Control mit ihren Sektionen Bibliography, Cataloguing, Classification and Indexing sowie Knowledge Managament berichtet werden.
    Content
    Classification and Indexing Section (Sektion Klassifikation und Indexierung) Deutsches Mitglied im Ständigen Ausschuss der Sektion: Yvonne Jahns (2005-2009; Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) Die Sektion, die sich als Forum für den internationalen Austausch über Methoden der Inhaltserschließung und die Bedeutung des sachlichen Zugangs zu Dokumenten und Wissen versteht, wartete in Quebec mit einem interessanten Vortragprogramm auf. Drei Präsentationen näherten sich dem Thema "Classification and indexing without language borders" von unterschiedlichen Seiten. Anila Angjeli von der Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF) präsentierte Arbeiten aus dem Projekt STITCH", das sich mit semantischen Suchen in unterschiedlich erschlossenen Beständen von Kulturerbeinstitutionen beschäftigt. Die verwendeten Thesauri und Klassifikationen wurden mittels SKOS in ein vergleichbares Format überführt und stehen so als Semantic-Web-Anwendung zur Recherche bereit. Die Funktionsweise erläuterte Anila Angjeli sehr bildreich durch Beispiel-suchen nach mittelalterlichen Handschriften der BnF und der Königlichen Bibliothek der Niederlande. Vivien Petras vom GESIS Informationszentrum Sozialwissenschaften, Bonn, sprach über die Vielzahl der intellektuell erstellten Crosskonkordanzen zwischen Thesauri in den Sozialwissenschaften. Sie stellte dabei die Evaluierung der KOMOHE-Projektergebnisse vor und konnte die Verbesserung der Suchergebnisse anschaulich machen, die man durch Hinzuziehen der Konkordanzen in der Recherche über heterogen erschlossene Bestände erreicht. Schließlich präsentierte Michael Kreyche von der Kent State University, Ohio/USA, seinen eindrucksvollen jahrelangen Einsatz für die Zugänglichkeit englisch-spanischer Schlagwörter. Im Projekt Icsh-es.org gelang es, viele Vorarbeiten von amerikanischen und spanischen Bibliotheken zusammenzutragen, um eine Datenbank spanischer Entsprechungen der Library of Congress Subject Headings aufzubauen. Diese soll Indexierern helfen und natürlich den vielen spanisch-sprachigen Bibliotheksbenutzern in den USA zugute kommen. Spanisch ist nicht nur eine der meistgesprochenen Sprachen der Welt, sondern aufgrund der zahlreichen Einwanderer in die USA für die Bibliotheksarbeit von großer Wichtigkeit.
    Am Programm für den nächsten Weltkongress arbeitet der Ständige Ausschuss bereits. Es steht unter dem Motto "Foundations to Build Future Subject Access". Geplant ist auch eine Satellitenkonferenz, die am 20. und 21. August 2009 in Florenz unter dem Titel "Past Lessons, Future Challenges in Subject Access" stattfindet, zu der alle an Klassifikationen und Indexierungsprozessen Interessierte herzlich eingeladen sind. Die Arbeitsgruppen der Sektion trafen sich in Quebec, konnten jedoch bislang keine abschließenden Ergebnisse vorlegen. So sind bisher weder die Richtlinien für multilinguale Thesauri redigiert und publiziert, noch ist mit dem Erscheinen der Richtlinien für Sacherschließungsdaten in Nationalbibliografien vor 2009 zu rechnen. Die Teilnehmer verständigten sich darauf, dass die Weiterarbeit an einem multilingualen Wörterbuch zur Katalogisierung im Zeitalter von FRBR und RDA wichtiger denn je ist. Nach dem Release der neuen IFLA-Website soll dieses Online-Nachschlagewerk auf den Webseiten eine Heimat finden und wartet auf die Mitarbeit von Katalogisierern aus aller Welt. Die Arbeitsgruppe zu den Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Records (FRSAR) traf sich 2008 mehrfach und stellte zuletzt während der Konferenz der International Society of Knowledge Organization (ISKO) in Montreal ihre Arbeitsergebnisse zur Diskussion. Leider sind keine aktuellen Papiere zu den FRSAR online verfügbar. Ein internationales Stellungnahmeverfahren zu dem Modell zu Katalogisaten von Themen von Werken im Rahmen des FRBR-Modells kann jedoch 2009 erwartet werden. Mehr Informationen dazu gibt es z.B. in der neuen Publikation "New Perspectives on Subject Indexing and Classification", einer Gedenkschrift für die verstorbene Kollegin und ehemaliges Mitglied des Ständigen Ausschusses, Magda Heiner-Freiling. Die Idee dazu entstand während des IFLA-Kongresses in Durban. Dank der zahlreichen Beitragenden aus aller Welt gelang es, im Laufe des vergangenen Jahres eine interessante Sammlung rund um die Themen DDC, verbale Sacherschließung, Terminologiearbeit und multilinguale sachliche Suchen zusammenzustellen.
  13. Gödert, W.: Ontological spine, localization and multilingual access : some reflections and a proposal (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    In this paper the following problem is discussed: Which possibilities exist to integrate localized knowledge into knowledge structures like classification systems or other documentary languages for the design of OPACs and information systems? It is proposed to combine a de-localized classificatory structure - best describes as 'ontological spine' - with multilingual semantic networks. Each of these networks should represent the respective localized knowledge along an extended set of typed semantic relations serving as entry points vocabulary as well as a semantic basis for navigational purposes within the localized knowledge context. The spine should enable a link between well-known and not well-known knowledge structures.
    Source
    New pespectives on subject indexing and classification: essays in honour of Magda Heiner-Freiling. Red.: K. Knull-Schlomann, u.a
  14. EDUG's recommendations for best practice in mapping involving Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) (2015) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    For some years mapping has been one of the main tasks in the EDUG member countries. While the ISO standard on mapping and interoperability with other vocabularies (ISO 25964-2) gives some advice on creating mappings between a thesaurus and e.g. a classification system, it does not deal with Dewey Decimal Classification specifically. The EDUG members have felt a growing need to discuss and record the knowledge acquired in mapping projects where either the source or the target vocabulary is DDC. The recommendations below are the result of a seminar on mapping in connection with the EDUG annual meeting in April 2015. The recommendations are not exhaustive and will be subject to change as EDUG members gain more experience in this field of work. We still hope that institutions planning to embark on a mapping project to/from DDC, may find the guidelines helpful.
  15. Si, L.E.; O'Brien, A.; Probets, S.: Integration of distributed terminology resources to facilitate subject cross-browsing for library portal systems (2010) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The paper aims to develop a prototype middleware framework between different terminology resources in order to provide a subject cross-browsing service for library portal systems. Design/methodology/approach - Nine terminology experts were interviewed to collect appropriate knowledge to support the development of a theoretical framework for the research. Based on this, a simplified software-based prototype system was constructed incorporating the knowledge acquired. The prototype involved mappings between the computer science schedule of the Dewey Decimal Classification (which acted as a spine) and two controlled vocabularies, UKAT and ACM Computing Classification. Subsequently, six further experts in the field were invited to evaluate the prototype system and provide feedback to improve the framework. Findings - The major findings showed that, given the large variety of terminology resources distributed throughout the web, the proposed middleware service is essential to integrate technically and semantically the different terminology resources in order to facilitate subject cross-browsing. A set of recommendations are also made, outlining the important approaches and features that support such a cross-browsing middleware service. Originality/value - Cross-browsing features are lacking in current library portal meta-search systems. Users are therefore deprived of this valuable retrieval provision. This research investigated the case for such a system and developed a prototype to fill this gap.
    Object
    ACM Computing Classification
  16. McCulloch, E.: Multiple terminologies : an obstacle to information retrieval (2004) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    An issue currently at the forefront of digital library research is the prevalence of disparate terminologies and the associated limitations imposed on user searching. It is thought that semantic interoperability is achievable by improving the compatibility between terminologies and classification schemes, enabling users to search multiple resources simultaneously and improve retrieval effectiveness through the use of associated terms drawn from several schemes. This column considers the terminology issue before outlining various proposed methods of tackling it, with a particular focus on terminology mapping.
  17. Panzer, M.: Relationships, spaces, and the two faces of Dewey (2008) 0.02 
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    Content
    "When dealing with a large-scale and widely-used knowledge organization system like the Dewey Decimal Classification, we often tend to focus solely on the organization aspect, which is closely intertwined with editorial work. This is perfectly understandable, since developing and updating the DDC, keeping up with current scientific developments, spotting new trends in both scholarly communication and popular publishing, and figuring out how to fit those patterns into the structure of the scheme are as intriguing as they are challenging. From the organization perspective, the intended user of the scheme is mainly the classifier. Dewey acts very much as a number-building engine, providing richly documented concepts to help with classification decisions. Since the Middle Ages, quasi-religious battles have been fought over the "valid" arrangement of places according to specific views of the world, as parodied by Jorge Luis Borges and others. Organizing knowledge has always been primarily an ontological activity; it is about putting the world into the classification. However, there is another side to this coin--the discovery side. While the hierarchical organization of the DDC establishes a default set of places and neighborhoods that is also visible in the physical manifestation of library shelves, this is just one set of relationships in the DDC. A KOS (Knowledge Organization System) becomes powerful by expressing those other relationships in a manner that not only collocates items in a physical place but in a knowledge space, and exposes those other relationships in ways beneficial and congenial to the unique perspective of an information seeker.
    What are those "other" relationships that Dewey possesses and that seem so important to surface? Firstly, there is the relationship of concepts to resources. Dewey has been used for a long time, and over 200,000 numbers are assigned to information resources each year and added to WorldCat by the Library of Congress and the German National Library alone. Secondly, we have relationships between concepts in the scheme itself. Dewey provides a rich set of non-hierarchical relations, indicating other relevant and related subjects across disciplinary boundaries. Thirdly, perhaps most importantly, there is the relationship between the same concepts across different languages. Dewey has been translated extensively, and current versions are available in French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Spanish, and Vietnamese. Briefer representations of the top-three levels (the DDC Summaries) are available in several languages in the DeweyBrowser. This multilingual nature of the scheme allows searchers to access a broader range of resources or to switch the language of--and thus localize--subject metadata seamlessly. MelvilClass, a Dewey front-end developed by the German National Library for the German translation, could be used as a common interface to the DDC in any language, as it is built upon the standard DDC data format. It is not hard to give an example of the basic terminology of a class pulled together in a multilingual way: <class/794.8> a skos:Concept ; skos:notation "794.8"^^ddc:notation ; skos:prefLabel "Computer games"@en ; skos:prefLabel "Computerspiele"@de ; skos:prefLabel "Jeux sur ordinateur"@fr ; skos:prefLabel "Juegos por computador"@es .
    Expressed in such manner, the Dewey number provides a language-independent representation of a Dewey concept, accompanied by language-dependent assertions about the concept. This information, identified by a URI, can be easily consumed by semantic web agents and used in various metadata scenarios. Fourthly, as we have seen, it is important to play well with others, i.e., establishing and maintaining relationships to other KOS and making the scheme available in different formats. As noted in the Dewey blog post "Tags and Dewey," since no single scheme is ever going to be the be-all, end-all solution for knowledge discovery, DDC concepts have been extensively mapped to other vocabularies and taxonomies, sometimes bridging them and acting as a backbone, sometimes using them as additional access vocabulary to be able to do more work "behind the scenes." To enable other applications and schemes to make use of those relationships, the full Dewey database is available in XML format; RDF-based formats and a web service are forthcoming. Pulling those relationships together under a common surface will be the next challenge going forward. In the semantic web community the concept of Linked Data (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linked_Data) currently receives some attention, with its emphasis on exposing and connecting data using technologies like URIs, HTTP and RDF to improve information discovery on the web. With its focus on relationships and discovery, it seems that Dewey will be well prepared to become part of this big linked data set. Now it is about putting the classification back into the world!"
  18. Mayr, P.; Petras, V.; Walter, A.-K.: Results from a German terminology mapping effort : intra- and interdisciplinary cross-concordances between controlled vocabularies (2007) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    In 2004, the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research funded a major terminology mapping initiative at the GESIS Social Science Information Centre in Bonn (GESIS-IZ), which will find its conclusion this year. The task of this terminology mapping initiative was to organize, create and manage 'crossconcordances' between major controlled vocabularies (thesauri, classification systems, subject heading lists) centred around the social sciences but quickly extending to other subject areas. Cross-concordances are intellectually (manually) created crosswalks that determine equivalence, hierarchy, and association relations between terms from two controlled vocabularies. Most vocabularies have been related bilaterally, that is, there is a cross-concordance relating terms from vocabulary A to vocabulary B as well as a cross-concordance relating terms from vocabulary B to vocabulary A (bilateral relations are not necessarily symmetrical). Till August 2007, 24 controlled vocabularies from 11 disciplines will be connected with vocabulary sizes ranging from 2,000 - 17,000 terms per vocabulary. To date more than 260,000 relations are generated. A database including all vocabularies and cross-concordances was built and a 'heterogeneity service' developed, a web service, which makes the cross-concordances available for other applications. Many cross-concordances are already implemented and utilized for the German Social Science Information Portal Sowiport (www.sowiport.de), which searches bibliographical and other information resources (incl. 13 databases with 10 different vocabularies and ca. 2.5 million references).
    In the final phase of the project, a major evaluation effort is under way to test and measure the effectiveness of the vocabulary mappings in an information system environment. Actual user queries are tested in a distributed search environment, where several bibliographic databases with different controlled vocabularies are searched at the same time. Three query variations are compared to each other: a free-text search without focusing on using the controlled vocabulary or terminology mapping; a controlled vocabulary search, where terms from one vocabulary (a 'home' vocabulary thought to be familiar to the user of a particular database) are used to search all databases; and finally, a search, where controlled vocabulary terms are translated into the terms of the respective controlled vocabulary of the database. For evaluation purposes, types of cross-concordances are distinguished between intradisciplinary vocabularies (vocabularies within the social sciences) and interdisciplinary vocabularies (social sciences to other disciplines as well as other combinations). Simultaneously, an extensive quantitative analysis is conducted aimed at finding patterns in terminology mappings that can explain trends in the effectiveness of terminology mappings, particularly looking at overlapping terms, types of determined relations (equivalence, hierarchy etc.), size of participating vocabularies, etc. This project is the largest terminology mapping effort in Germany. The number and variety of controlled vocabularies targeted provide an optimal basis for insights and further research opportunities. To our knowledge, terminology mapping efforts have rarely been evaluated with stringent qualitative and quantitative measures. This research should contribute in this area. For the NKOS workshop, we plan to present an overview of the project and participating vocabularies, an introduction to the heterogeneity service and its application as well as some of the results and findings of the evaluation, which will be concluded in August.
  19. Kempf, A.O.; Neubert, J.; Faden, M.: ¬The missing link : a vocabulary mapping effort in economics (2015) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    In economics there exists an internationally established classification system. Research literature is usually classified according to the JEL classification codes, a classification system originated by the Journal of Economic Literature and published by the American Economic Association (AEA). Complementarily to keywords which are usually assigned freely, economists widely use the JEL codes when classifying their publications. In cooperation with KU Leuven, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics has published an unofficial multilingual version of JEL in SKOS format. In addition to this, exists the STW Thesaurus for Economics a bilingual domain-specific controlled vocabulary maintained by the German National Library of Economics (ZBW). Developed in the mid-1990s and since then constantly updated according to the current terminology usage in the latest international research literature in economics it covers all sub-fields both in the economics as well as in business economics and business practice containing subject headings which are clearly delimited from each other. It has been published on the web as Linked Open Data in the year 2009.
  20. Dahlberg, I.: Kompatibilität und Integration : Probleme und Lösungen in der Wissensorganisation (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    The trend in the fifties and sixties of the past century away from the use of universal classification systems such as the UDC towards establishing thesauri in special subject fields for the description of the conceptual contents of documents lead documentalists soon to realize that the necessary common tool for a collaboration among centers of similar subject fields was lacking. Therefore compatibility and integration studies began between the different thesauri of such fields, leading often to more comprehensive thesauri, such as macrothesauri. The paper describes this historic development and also the solutions found at the 1995 ISKO-Conference in Warsaw/Poland on Compatibility and Integration as given in its papers, its recommendations and also in the conceptual frame of its comprehensive bibliography on this topic. In conclusion a new solution is presented oriented toward combining the use of a universal classification system with the new developments of ontologies and their problem of interoperability and heterogeneity.

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