-
Hopwood, H.V.: Dewey expanded (1985)
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- Abstract
- Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Paul Otlet and Henri LaFontaine of Belgium initiated the compilation of an index to all recorded knowledge. Instead of an alphabetical file, they decided to adopt a classified arrangement. For the basis of such an arrangement, they turned to the Dewey Decimal Classification, a system which was gaining wide acceptance in American libraries. With permission secured from Melvil Dewey to expand the system to include details required for an indexing tool, Otlet and LaFontaine began developing what was to become the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC). Following the establishment of the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB), later the Fédération Internationale de Documentation (FID), in 1895, work an the universal index and the classification scheme proceeded under its aegis. In 1905, the classification scheme was published as the Manuel du Répertoire bibliographique universel. While the initial, ambitious project of the universal index was abandoned, the classification scheme itself was widely adopted, particularly in special libraries in Europe. A second edition was published in 1927-1933 under the title Classification décimale universelle. The development and maintanance of the scheme continued with the support of the FID. In the course of its development, the UDC moved further and further away from its prototype, the Dewey Decimal Classification. One of the major differences between the two systems is the use of relators in UDC. The notation adopted by Melvil Dewey for his scheme is a hierarchical one; in other words, the notation reflects the hierarchical relationships among subjects. However, it does not display the relationships among the facets, or aspects, of a particular subject. Furthermore, the use of auxiliaries in the Dewey Decimal Classification, beginning with the form subdivisions and gradually expanding to include geographic subdivisions and finally other auxiliaries in the most recent editions, has been relatively restricted. As an indexing tool, Otlet and LaFontaine felt that their system needed commonly applicable auxiliaries which they called "determinatives."` To this end, a series of special symbols were introduced into the system for the purpose of combining related subjects and indicating different facets or aspects of the main subject. The use of these symbols, called relators, with the auxiliaries has rendered the Universal Decimal Classification a synthetic scheme. In this respect, the UDC has moved much more rapidly than the Dewey Decimal Classification toward becoming a faceted classification. In the following paper, Henry V. Hopwood, a Senior Assistant at the British Patent Office Library during the 1900s, explains the use and rationale of relators, or "marks," as he calls them, in the Universal Decimal Classification.
- Source
- Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
-
Swaydan, N.M.: ¬The universal classification and the needs of libraries in developing countries (1982)
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- Source
- Universal classification I: subject analysis and ordering systems. Proc. of the 4th Int. Study Conf. on Classification Research, Augsburg, 28.6.-2.7.1982. Ed.: I. Dahlberg
-
Dewey, M.: Dewey Decimal Classification and relative index (1989)
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- Footnote
- Rez. in: ZfBB 37(1990) S.435-437 (W. Traiser); International classification 17(1990) S.107-108 (M.P. Satija); Cataloging & classification quarterly 10(1990) S.105-108 (K.L. Henderson); Outlook on research libraries 11(1989) S.4-9 (R. Sweeney); International catalogiong & bibliographic control 19, S.46-47 (B. Bankole); BuB 41(1989) S.835f. (H. Vogeler)
-
Dewey, M.: Decimal classification and relativ index : introduction (1985)
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- Abstract
- To those outside the field of library science, the name Melvil Dewey (1851-1931) is virtually synonymous with library classification. To those in the field, Dewey has been recognized as the premier classification maker. His enormously successful system (i.e., successful in terms of the wide adoption of the system around the world for over one hundred years) has now undergone nineteen editions. The Dewey Decimal Classification has been translated into more than twenty languages and is the most widely adopted classification scheme in the world. Even in its earliest manifestations, the Dewey Decimal Classification contained features that anticipated modern classification theory. Among these are the use of mnemonics and the commonly applied standard subdivisions, later called "common isolates" by S. R. Ranganathan (q.v.), which are the mainstays of facet analysis and synthesis. The device of standard subdivisions is an indication of the recognition of common aspects that pervade all subjects. The use of mnemonics, whereby recurring concepts in the scheme are represented by the same notation, for example, geographic concepts and language concepts, eased the transition of the Dewey Decimal Classification from a largely enumerative system to an increasingly faceted one. Another significant feature of the Dewey Decimal Classification is the use of the hierarchical notation based an the arabic numeral system. To a large extent, this feature accounts for the wide use and success of the system in the world across language barriers. With the prospect of increasing online information retrieval, the hierarchical notation will have a significant impact an the effectiveness of the Dewey Decimal Classification as an online retrieval tool. Because the notation is hierarchical, for example, with increasing digits in a number representing narrower subjects and decreasing digits indicating broader subjects, the Dewey Decimal Classification is particularly useful in generic searches for broadening or narrowing search results. In the preface to the second edition of his Decimal Classification Dewey explained the features of his "new" system. The excerpt below presents his ideas and theory concerning the rational basis of his classification, the standard subdivisions, the hierarchical notation based an decimal numbers, the use of mnemonics, the relative index, and relative location. It also reflects Dewey's lifelong interest in simplified spelling.
- Footnote
- Original in: Decimal Classification and Relativ Index for Arranging, Cataloging, and Indexing Public and Private Libraries and for Pamflets, Clippings, Notes, Scrap Books, Index rerums, etc. 2nd, rev. and greatly enlarged ed. Boston: Library Bureau 1885
- Source
- Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
-
Sukiasyan, E.: Classification practice in the USSR: current status and development trends (1988)
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- Source
- International classification. 15(1988), S.69-72
-
Martel, C.: Classification: a brief conspectus of present day library practice (1985)
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- Abstract
- It has been generally recognized that the Library of Congress Classification, developed at the turn of the century, has been based an practical rather than theoreti cal or philosophical considerations. Unlike most of the other library classification systems, which originated from individual minds, the Library of Congress Classification system was the result of corporate efforts. Nonetheless, there were a number of individuals who, in the early stages of its development, provided guidance regarding the general framework and direction of the scheme. The most important among these was Charles Martel (1860-1945) who was Chief Classifier at the Library of Congress when the system was first developed. In a paper read before the New Zealand Library Association in April 1911, from which the following excerpt has been taken, Martel gave his views concerning library classification in general and provided a glimpse of the rationale behind the Library of Congress Classification system in particular. In the following excerpt, Martel discusses the basis of the Library of Congress Classification system to be not "the scientific order of subjects ... [but] rather [a] convenient sequence of the various groups ... of books." This is the "literary warrant" an which the Library of Congress system has been based. With regard to the notation, Martel argues for brevity in preference to symmetry or mnemonics. Brevity of notation has since been recognized as one of the greatest advantages of the Library of Congress system as a device for shelf arrangement of books. Martel outlines seven groupings used in the system for subarranging books an the subject, first by form and then by subject subdivisions. This pattern, known as Martel's "seven points," has served as the general framework in individual classes and provided the most significant unifying factor for individual classes in the system, which contain many unique or disparate characteristics.
- Source
- Theory of subject analysis: a sourcebook. Ed.: L.M. Chan, et al
-
Comaroni, J.P.; Satija, M.P.: Introduction to the practice of Dewey Decimal Classification (1988)
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- LCSH
- Classification, Dewey decimal
- Subject
- Classification, Dewey decimal
-
Engbarth, M.: ¬Die Library of Congress Classification : Geschichte, Struktur, Verbreitung und Auswirkungen auf deutsche Bibliotheksklassifikationen (1980)
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-
Berman, S.: DDC 20 : the scam continues (1989)
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- Abstract
- Criticises the 20th edition of Dewey Decimal Classification
-
Chan, L.M.: Immroth's guide to the Library of Congress Classification (1980)
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-
Comaroni, J.P.; Satija, M.P.: Revising the Dewey Decimal Classification (1988)
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- Abstract
- Revision of the DDC is based on the growth or recasting of knowledge that is revealed in a decade of publishing. Revision takes place at the Library of Congress and is guided by several professional committees and the advice of experts. 'Decimal Classification Additions, Notes and Decisions (DC&)' conveys revisions of a minor nature between editions. Separate publications, such as for 004-006 Data Processing and Computer Science, make extensive revisions available between editions
- Source
- International classification. 15(1988) no.1, S.17-20
-
Comaroni, J.P.; Satija, M.P.: Dewey Decimal Classification: history and current status (1989)
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- Abstract
- This book gives a concise history and present status of the Dewey Decimal Classification with since its birth in America more than a century ago has spread to 135 countries of the world. Since it was not created for foreign users originally, the DDC has run into difficulties.
- Footnote
- Rez. in: International classification 17(1990) S.35-36 (W. Gödert)
-
Traiser, W.: Anwendung der Universellen Dezimalklassifikation in Nationalbibliographien (1988)
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- Footnote
- Im Jahr 1977 hatte die Unesco in Paris eine Empfehlung für die Gliederung von Nationalbibliographien beschlossen [vgl. International Congress on National Bibliographies, Paris, 10.-15.9.1977, Final report. Paris: Unesco 1978. S.12, Recommendation 12 und International cataloguing 6(1977) S.43] und 2 Jahre später hinzugefügt, daß hierzu verwendet werden sollen entweder die DDC, die UDC/DK, die LCC und die Unesco-Classification. Die vorliegende Untersuchung beschränkt sich auf die europäischen Nationalbibliographien, von denen seit 1986 insgesamt 11 die DK verwenden ...
