-
Robertson, S.E.; Sparck Jones, K.: Relevance weighting of search terms (1976)
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- Abstract
- Examines statistical techniques for exploiting relevance information to weight search terms. These techniques are presented as a natural extension of weighting methods using information about the distribution of index terms in documents in general. A series of relevance weighting functions is derived and is justified by theoretical considerations. In particular, it is shown that specific weighted search methods are implied by a general probabilistic theory of retrieval. Different applications of relevance weighting are illustrated by experimental results for test collections
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 27(1976), S.129-146
-
Robertson, S.E.; Hancock-Beaulieu, M.M.: On the evaluation of IR systems (1992)
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-
Robertson, S.E.: Overview of the Okapi projects (1997)
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- Abstract
- Gives a brief description of the Okapi projects and of the work of the centre for Interactive Systems Research in the Department of Information Science at City University, London,UK, where these projects have been developed. Describes firstly one version of an information retrieval system which contains some of the central features of the Okapi projects, and follows this with an indication of the variety of systems now implemented or implementable within the present setup
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 53(1997) no.1, S.3-7
-
MacFarlane, A.; Robertson, S.E.; McCann, J.A.: Parallel computing in information retrieval : an updated review (1997)
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- Abstract
- Reviews the progress of parallel computing in information retrieval. Stresses the importance of the motivation is using parallel computing for text retrieval. Analyzes parallel IR systems using a classification defined by Rasmussen and describes some parallel IR systems. Gives a description of the retrieval models used in parallel information processing and notes areas where research is needed
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 53(1997) no.3, S.274-315
-
Robertson, S.E.; Walker, S.; Beaulieu, M.: Laboratory experiments with Okapi : participation in the TREC programme (1997)
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- Abstract
- Briefly reviews the history of laboratory testing of information retrieval systems, focusing on the idea of a general purpose test collection of documents, queries and relevance judgements. Gives an overview of the methods used in TREC (Text Retrieval Conference) which is concerned with an ideal test collection, and discusses the Okapi team's participation in TREC. Also discusses some of the issues surrounding the difficult problem of interactive evaluation in TREC. The reconciliation of the requirements of the laboratory context with the concerns of interactive retrieval has a long way to go
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 53(1997) no.1, S.20-34
-
Robertson, S.E.; Beaulieu, M.: Research and evaluation in information retrieval (1997)
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- Abstract
- Offered as a discussion document drawing on the experiences of the Okapi team in developing information retrieval systems. Raises some of the issues currently exercising the information retrieval community in the context of experimentation and evaluation
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 53(1997) no.1, S.51-57
-
MacFarlane, A.; McCann, J.A.; Robertson, S.E.: Parallel methods for the generation of partitioned inverted files (2005)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - The generation of inverted indexes is one of the most computationally intensive activities for information retrieval systems: indexing large multi-gigabyte text databases can take many hours or even days to complete. We examine the generation of partitioned inverted files in order to speed up the process of indexing. Two types of index partitions are investigated: TermId and DocId. Design/methodology/approach - We use standard measures used in parallel computing such as speedup and efficiency to examine the computing results and also the space costs of our trial indexing experiments. Findings - The results from runs on both partitioning methods are compared and contrasted, concluding that DocId is the more efficient method. Practical implications - The practical implications are that the DocId partitioning method would in most circumstances be used for distributing inverted file data in a parallel computer, particularly if indexing speed is the primary consideration. Originality/value - The paper is of value to database administrators who manage large-scale text collections, and who need to use parallel computing to implement their text retrieval services.
-
Vechtomova, O.; Karamuftuoglum, M.; Robertson, S.E.: On document relevance and lexical cohesion between query terms (2006)
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- Abstract
- Lexical cohesion is a property of text, achieved through lexical-semantic relations between words in text. Most information retrieval systems make use of lexical relations in text only to a limited extent. In this paper we empirically investigate whether the degree of lexical cohesion between the contexts of query terms' occurrences in a document is related to its relevance to the query. Lexical cohesion between distinct query terms in a document is estimated on the basis of the lexical-semantic relations (repetition, synonymy, hyponymy and sibling) that exist between there collocates - words that co-occur with them in the same windows of text. Experiments suggest significant differences between the lexical cohesion in relevant and non-relevant document sets exist. A document ranking method based on lexical cohesion shows some performance improvements.
-
Robertson, S.E.; Sparck Jones, K.: Simple, proven approaches to text retrieval (1997)
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- Abstract
- This technical note describes straightforward techniques for document indexing and retrieval that have been solidly established through extensive testing and are easy to apply. They are useful for many different types of text material, are viable for very large files, and have the advantage that they do not require special skills or training for searching, but are easy for end users. The document and text retrieval methods described here have a sound theoretical basis, are well established by extensive testing, and the ideas involved are now implemented in some commercial retrieval systems. Testing in the last few years has, in particular, shown that the methods presented here work very well with full texts, not only title and abstracts, and with large files of texts containing three quarters of a million documents. These tests, the TREC Tests (see Harman 1993 - 1997; IP&M 1995), have been rigorous comparative evaluations involving many different approaches to information retrieval. These techniques depend an the use of simple terms for indexing both request and document texts; an term weighting exploiting statistical information about term occurrences; an scoring for request-document matching, using these weights, to obtain a ranked search output; and an relevance feedback to modify request weights or term sets in iterative searching. The normal implementation is via an inverted file organisation using a term list with linked document identifiers, plus counting data, and pointers to the actual texts. The user's request can be a word list, phrases, sentences or extended text.
- Issue
- May, 1997, Update of 1994 and 1996 versions.
- Series
- Technical Report TR356, University of Cambridge, Computer Laboratory
-
MacFarlane, A.; Robertson, S.E.; McCann, J.A.: Parallel computing for passage retrieval (2004)
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- Abstract
- In this paper methods for both speeding up passage processing and examining more passages using parallel computers are explored. The number of passages processed are varied in order to examine the effect on retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. The particular algorithm applied has previously been used to good effect in Okapi experiments at TREC. This algorithm and the mechanism for applying parallel computing to speed up processing are described.
- Date
- 20. 1.2007 18:30:22
-
Hancock-Beaulieu, M.; Robertson, S.E.; Neilson, C.: Evaluation of online catalogues : an assessment of methods (1990)
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-
Robertson, S.E.: ¬The parametric description of retrieval tests : Part I: The basic parameters (1969)
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- Abstract
- Some parameters and techniques in use for describing the results of test on IR system are analysed. Several considerations outside the scope of the usual 2X2 table are relevant to the choice of parameters. In particular, a variable which produces a 'performance curve' of a system corresponds to an extension of the 2x2 table. Also, the statistical relationships between parameters are all-important. It is considered that precision is not such a useful measure of performance (in conjunction with recall)as fallout. A more powerful alternative to Cleverdon's 'invitable inverse relationship between recall and precision'is proposed and justified, namely that the recall-fallout graph is convex.
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 25(1969) no.1, S.1-27
-
Robertson, S.E.: ¬The parametric description of retrieval tests : Part II: Overall measures (1969)
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- Abstract
- Two general requirements for overall measures of retrieval effectiveness are proposed, namely that the measures should be as far as possible independent of generality (this is interpreted to mean that it can be described in terms of recall and fallout), and that it should be able to measure the effectiveness of a performance curve (it should not be restricted to a simple 2X2 table). Several measures that have been proposed are examined with these conditions in mind. It turns out that most of the satisfactory ones are directly or indirectly related to swet's measure A, the area under the recall-fallout curve. In particular, Brookes' measure S and Rocchio's normalized recall are versions of A.
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 25(1969) no.2, S.93-106
-
Robertson, S.E.: OKAPI at TREC-3 (1995)
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- Abstract
- Reports text information retrieval experiments performed as part of the 3 rd round of Text Retrieval Conferences (TREC) using the Okapi online catalogue system at City University, UK. The emphasis in TREC-3 was: further refinement of term weighting functions; an investigation of run time passage determination and searching; expansion of ad hoc queries by terms extracted from the top documents retrieved by a trial search; new methods for choosing query expansion terms after relevance feedback, now split into methods of ranking terms prior to selection and subsequent selection procedures; and the development of a user interface procedure within the new TREC interactive search framework
-
Huang, X.; Robertson, S.E.: Application of probilistic methods to Chinese text retrieval (1997)
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- Abstract
- Discusses the use of text retrieval methods based on the probabilistic model with Chinese language material. Since Chinese text has no natural word boundaries, either a dictionary based word segmentation method must be applied to the text, or indexing and searching must be done in terms of single Chinese characters. In either case, it becomes important to have a good way of dealing with phrases or contoguous strings of characters; the probabilistic model does not at present have such a facility. Proposes some ad hoc modifications of the probabilistic weighting function and matching method for this purpose
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 53(1997) no.1, S.74-79
-
Vechtomova, O.; Robertson, S.E.: ¬A domain-independent approach to finding related entities (2012)
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- Abstract
- We propose an approach to the retrieval of entities that have a specific relationship with the entity given in a query. Our research goal is to investigate whether related entity finding problem can be addressed by combining a measure of relatedness of candidate answer entities to the query, and likelihood that the candidate answer entity belongs to the target entity category specified in the query. An initial list of candidate entities, extracted from top ranked documents retrieved for the query, is refined using a number of statistical and linguistic methods. The proposed method extracts the category of the target entity from the query, identifies instances of this category as seed entities, and computes similarity between candidate and seed entities. The evaluation was conducted on the Related Entity Finding task of the Entity Track of TREC 2010, as well as the QA list questions from TREC 2005 and 2006. Evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed methods are effective in finding related entities.
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Robertson, S.E.: Theories and models in information retrieval (1977)
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- Abstract
- This paper is concerned with recent work in the theory of information retrieval. More particularly, it is concerned with theories which tackle the problem of retrieval performance, in a sense which will be explained. The aim is not an exhaustive survey of such work; rather it is an analysis and synthesis of those contributions which I feel to be important or find interesting
- Source
- Journal of documentation. 33(1977), S.126-148
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Robertson, S.E.: OKAPI at TREC-1 (1994)
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- Abstract
- Describes the work carried out on the TREC-2 project following the results of the TREC-1 project. Experiments were conducted on the OKAPI experimental text information retrieval system which investigated a number of alternative probabilistic term weighting functions in place of the 'standard' Robertson Sparck Jones weighting functions used in TREC-1
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Robertson, S.E.: Some recent theories and models in information retrieval (1980)
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- Source
- Theory and application of information research. Proc. of the 2nd Int. Research Forum on Information Science, 3.-6.8.1977, Copenhagen. Ed.: O. Harbo u. L. Kajberg
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Robertson, S.E.; Belkin, N.J.: Ranking in principle (1978)
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- Source
- Journal of documentation. 34(1978), S.93-100
