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Abstract

Autonomy of operations combined with decentralized management of data gives rise to a number of hetegrogeneous databases or information systems within an enterprise. These systems are often incompatible in structure as well as content and, hence, difficult to integrate. Depsite heterogeneity, the unity of overall purpose within a common application domain, nevertheless, provides a degree of semantic similarity that manifests itself in the form of similar data structures and common usage patterns of existing information systems. This article introduces a conceptual integration approach that exploits the similarity in metalevel information in existing systems and performs 'metadata mining' on database objects to discover a set of concepts that serve as a domain abstraction and provide a conceptual layer is further uitlized by an information reengineering framework that customizes and packages information to reflect the unique needs of differnt user groups within the application domain. The architecture of the information reengineering framework is based on an object-oriented model that represents the discovered concepts as customized application objects for each distinct user group

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.8, S.707-723

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 56(2005) no.8, S.889-890 (J. Warner): "This work is a collection of papers, reflective and theoretical, rather than primarily empirical, from scholars in information systems and economies, with discursive rather than formal modes of argument and presentation. The discipline of information systems (IS) is understood to have developed as codified knowledge about appropriate procedures for the development of customized information and communication technology (ICT) applications. The editors recognize that, with the displacement of customized applications by purchased packages, IS lost its main utility as a prescription for professional practice in the 1990s. The need for the scholarly community to establish its continuing value and to survive might be orte motivation for the increasing resort to theory. A difference in perspective between IS and economies is acknowledged: economiet take an outside-in approach to the results of innovation while IS focuses an the process of innovation. Recognition does not extend to synthesis, and a dynamic by which the process of Innovation both generates and is compelled by the resulting sociotechnical environment is not isolated. The literature of information science is not cited-other writers have noted the analogies between the subjects and disjunctions between the disciplines of IS and information science (Ellis, Allen, & Wilson, 1999)-but interdisciplinary dialogue is advocated. For information science readers, the interest of the work lies in the analogies between topics treated and the emerging theoretical reflection an them. Theory seems to have emerged primarily as a response to empirical difficulties, particularly contradictions between expectations and reality, and can reproduce the divides which motivated it. Empirical generalizations are not distinguished from the motivating forces which created the phenomena covered by those generalizations. For instance, the social constructivist perspective which argues that impact of technology is a matter of interpretation by human actors according to their social conditions, and which acknowledges the interpretive flexibility of a technology in use, is introduced, but technology is not fully recognized as a radical human construction, "organs of the human brain, created by the human hand" (Marx, 1973, p. 706; Warner, 2004), and the notion of impact is retained. The productivity paradox, understood as the weak correlation between investment in ICT and commercial success, forms a recurrent concern. A simple response might that the commercial value of a technology lies in the way it is used. More sophisticatedly the paradox could be regarded as an artifact of the apparent rigor and closeness, particularly temporal closeness, of studies and could be reinterpreted as a productivity effect, corresponding to a transition cost. The conclusion does not recall the distinction between invention, innovation, and diffusion, promised in the preface, and invention tends to be treated as if it were exogenous. The most interesting insights emerge from accounts of cited papers, particularly Ciborra's view of technology as being assimilated to the social by the device of hospitality and Orlikowski's reflections an technology.
Could a dynamic be constructed, in dialectical response to the theorizing presented, which draws an classic sources in political economy and which links micro-processes and macro-results? For Marx, the "basic logie of the capitalist mode of production ... [was] expansion, growth, enlarged reproduction, through a substitution of living by dead labour" (Marx, 1981, p. 13). With ICTs, we are dealing primarily with semiotic rather than physical labor, but a similar substitution of machine for direct human labor can be detected. The individual actors engaged in innovation encounter considerable risks, but collectively produce advances in social productivity: The much greater costs that are always involved in an enterprise based an new inventions, compared with later establishments that rise up an its ruins, ex suis ossibus. The extent of this is so great that the pioneering entrepreneurs generally go bankrupt, and it is only their successors who flourish.. . . Thus it is generally only the most worthless and wretched kind of money-capitalists that draw the greatest profit from all new developments of the universal labour of the human spirit and their social application by combined labour. (Marx, 1981, p. 199). Acknowledging the risks of innovation reveals the resistance of small entities to innovation as more rational for their survival than the scholarly prescriptions of the value of innovation for competitive advantage. The comparative advantage derivable from innovation can itself be understood from the relation of machinery to the direct human labor it supplants: As machinery comes into general use in a particular branch of production, the social value of the machinery product sinks down to its individual value, and the following law asserts itself: surplus-value does not arise from the labour-power that has been replaced by the machinery, but from the labour-power actually employed in working with the machinery. (Marx, 1976, p. 530) The more sophisticated theoretical and historical framework can both explain and dissolve the productivity paradox. The risks of Innovation limit rewards to pioneers, but, over time, their activities raise the productivity of labor: Consider, for instance, the contrast between the amount of direct human labor and the costs of that labor involved in Che copying of documents by hand, with a subsequent oral collation, in a mid-19th century legal practice (Melville, 1997) with modern technologies for copying files. In conclusion, the interest of the collection to information science lies in the further revelation of analogous concerns in another discipline, in the internal realization of the theoretical poverty of that discipline, and even, at points, that the control over processes of innovation offered by standard approaches was illusory, and in the emergence, not yet in fully articulated form, of a more sophisticated perspective."

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Abstract

The Intranet has been hailed as the solution to organizational technology issues as far reaching as faster information systems development, access to legacy system data, integration of incompatible systems, and progress toward the "paperless office." Moreover, intranets enable work-flow management and project management and are a platform for process redesign. Yet possibly the most far-reaching impact of the Intranet is an organizational knowledge. Intranets are providing institutions and organizations with opportunities to create knowledge. A large proportion of the pioneers are high-technology companies making use of intranets for knowledge-intensive new product development. Intranets enable community expertise to develop, as engineers brainstorm and give each other feedback in discussion groups and share product specifications and product test result queries. The scope of interest in intranets is evidenced by diverse articles and applications in the medical, legal, engineering, training, travel, technical, computer-related, and manufacturing industries. Although some definitions restrict intranets to internal information an internal webs accessed exclusively by internal users, in this article, we adopt a broader definition that includes customers and suppliers in the extended enterprise [also called an "Extranet"] and industrywide applications. Thus, an intranet is a "powerful tool for institution-wide communications, collaborative projects, and the establishment of a sense of community an a manageable scale". Despite the fact that many organizations have adopted the Intranet with great enthusiasm and there has been an avalanche of Web and journalistic articles an the Intranet since the end of 1995, theoretical research has been lacking. Evidence of the business value of the Intranet has been convincing but largely anecdotal. In addition, negative reports have surfaced an hidden costs, performance limitations, and organizational resistance. Such issues have been researched with political theories that explain how some constituents gain and others lose when there is organizational change associated with information technology (IT) implementation. Organizational learning theories also explain such contradictions by examining what affects the creation, integration, and management of knowledge and the facilitation of organizational memory. For example, the theory of organizational knowledge creation posits that autonomy, intention, redundancy, fluctuation and creative chaos, and requisite variety are conditions that induce the transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge in a spiral from individual to group, to organization levels. The findings from this analysis of reported implementations of intranets generate a theoretically based model relating organizational kowledge to the Intranet phenomenon. We extend the inductive concepts by analyzing example of enabling conditions and organizational knowledge creation modes an intranets, using Nonaka's theory of organizational knowledge creation as a guide. Our contribution is to develop a theoretical understanding of the Intranet phenomenon, with an initial framework to guide further conceptual and empirical research an the impacts and business value of the Intranet and to present implications for information systems (IS) developers, IS departments, management, and researchers.

Source

Encyclopedia of library and information science. Vol.70, [=Suppl.33]

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Abstract

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Erfolgsmessung im Wissensmanagement unter Anwendung der Balanced Scorecard. In Teil 1 werden verschiedene Methoden der Erfolgsmessung im Wissensmanagement verglichen, insbesondere wird gezeigt, wie sich die Balanced Scorecard einsetzen und gestalten lässt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Darstellung durch die klassischen Perspektiven erläutert und dann ein Ausblick auf Wissensperspektiven gegeben. In Teil 2 wird der Erarbeitungsprozess einer Scorecard erläutert und es werden Messgrößen entwickelt. Außerdem wird der Einfluss der Scorecard auf das organisationale Lernverhalten geschildert. Am Schluss wird Software vorgestellt, die das Konzept der Balanced Scorecard unterstützt

Date

22. 3.2001 13:20:44

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Abstract

Purpose - Potential and benefits of classification schemes and thesauri in building organizational taxonomies cannot be fully utilized by organizations. Empirical data of building an organizational taxonomy by the top-down approach of using classification schemes and thesauri appear to be lacking. The paper seeks to make a contribution in this regard. Design/methodology/approach - A case study of building an organizational taxonomy was conducted in the information studies domain for the Division of Information Studies at Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. The taxonomy was built by using the Dewey Decimal Classification, the Information Science Taxonomy, two information systems taxonomies, and three thesauri (ASIS&T, LISA, and ERIC). Findings - Classification schemes and thesauri were found to be helpful in creating the structure and categories related to the subject facet of the taxonomy, but organizational community sources had to be consulted and several methods had to be employed. The organizational activities and stakeholders' needs had to be identified to determine the objectives, facets, and the subject coverage of the taxonomy. Main categories were determined by identifying the stakeholders' interests and consulting organizational community sources and domain taxonomies. Category terms were selected from terminologies of classification schemes, domain taxonomies, and thesauri against the stakeholders' interests. Hierarchical structures of the main categories were constructed in line with the stakeholders' perspectives and the navigational role taking advantage of structures/term relationships from classification schemes and thesauri. Categories were determined in line with the concepts and the hierarchical levels. Format of categories were uniformed according to a commonly used standard. The consistency principle was employed to make the taxonomy structure and categories neater. Validation of the draft taxonomy through consultations with the stakeholders further refined the taxonomy. Originality/value - No similar study could be traced in the literature. The steps and methods used in the taxonomy development, and the information studies taxonomy itself, will be helpful for library and information schools and other similar organizations in their effort to develop taxonomies for organizing content and aiding navigation on organizational sites.

Date

7.11.2008 15:22:04

Source

Journal of documentation. 64(2008) no.6, S.842-876

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Abstract

Grafische Benutzeroberflächen sind out - Portale sind wegweisend für moderne Computerarbeitsplätze in den Unternehmen. Das Einsatzgebiet reicht von Kommunikations- bis hin zu Dokumenten- und WissensmanagementLösungen. Tagtäglich werden in großen und mittleren Unternehmen umfangreiche Geschäftsdokumente produziert, E-Mails mit Lieferanten, Kunden sowie Geschäftspartnern ausgetauscht und Präsentationen für wichtige Anlässe erstellt. Mitarbeiter produzieren Informationen in Hülle und Fülle. Bei genauerer Betrachtung sind jedoch nicht alle Elemente von gleicher Bedeutung. Erst die Gewichtung, Bewertung und Anwendung des Wissens im jeweiligen Zusammenhang unterscheidet ein Unternehmen letzendlich von seinen Mitarbewerbern. Problematisch ist dabei, daß das Know-how einer Firma häufig nicht direkt zugänglich ist, weil es sich oft nur in den Köpfen der Mitarbeiter oder in unübersichtlichen Datenbanken und Dokumenten befindet. Diesen Schwierigkeiten kann mit verschiedenen Methoden begegnet werden: Mitarbeiter fahnden mit den unterschiedlichsten Software-Applikationen nach den gesuchten Informationen in E-Mail-Archiven, Datenbanken und Verzeichnissen auf Festplatten. Sie durchforsten Datenbanken und Aktenordner oder treffen zufällig am Kaffeeautomaten in der Halle einen Kollegen, der ihnen bei einem Kundenproblem weiterhelfen kann. Keine dieser Vorgehensweisen ist effizient. Die Suche in einem Ablagesystem ist zeitaufwendig und bindet wertvolle Kapazitäten. Im anderen Fall ist es vom Zufall abhängig, ob sich auf dem Flur oder am Getränkeautomat just in dem Moment ein Kollege aufhält der das Problem lösen kann. Intranets, die viele Unternehmen aufgebaut haben, um den Zugriff auf vorhandene Informationen zu verbessern, sind schon ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung. Allerdings bieten sie ausschließlich einen Überblick über die Infos, was oft nicht ausreicht. Es fehlt die individuelle Aufbereitung der Informationen im benötigten Kontext. Als Quellen beschränken sich derartige Anwendungen - ähnlich wie schon die Executive Information Systems (EIS) der, achtziger und neunziger Jahre - auf Datenbanken, die von betriebswirtschaftlicher Standardsoftware genutzt werden. Völlig außen vor bleiben jedoch wenig oder kaum strukturierte Informationsquellen wie Dokumente oder E-Mails. Diese Lücken schließen Portale, die im Umfeld von Knowledge-Management-Initiativen und -Projekten entstanden sind. Knowledge Management im Unternehmen befaßt sich mit dem Einsatz von Wissen, um Geschäftsziele zu erreichen. Darstellen läßt sich dieser Prozeß als zielgerichtete Kooperation einzelner Mitarbeiter und Teams. Als Transportmedium fungiert Software, die das vorhandene intellektuelle Kapital erfaßt, strukturiert im Kontext aufbereitet und durch geeignete Instrumente in einem Portal zugänglich macht. Dem Nutzer präsentiert sich ein Knowledge-Portal als Software in einem Browser. Von hier aus können Mitarbeiter Wissen aufspüren, gemeinsam verwenden und weiterreichen. Die Funktion eines derartigen Portals beruht auf einer Kombination von drei grundlegenden Technologien: Anwendungen, die persönliche, aber auch gemeinschaftlich genutzte Arbeitsumgebungen (Community Places) bereitstellen. Software, die im Netzwerk eine Kommunikation und Kooperation in Echtzeit ermöglicht. Persönliche Dienste in Form einer einheitlichen Benutzeroberfläche für den Zugriff auf andere DesktopProgramme, das Internet und im Unternehmen vorhandene Datenbanken. Durch die gleichzeitige Anzeige in mehreren Fenstern verschafft sich der Benutzer einen Überblick über das gesamte zur Lösung eines Problems benötigte Informationsangebot. Entwickeln lassen sich Community Places durch den Einsatz von Wissens-Schablonen, die die Werkzeuge und Methoden liefern. Wissensansichten (Portlets) sind Fenster zu Büroanwendungen, zum Beispiel Textverarbeitung. Kalkulationssoftware und E-Mail, zu Backend-Systemen, wue Personalwesen, Buchhaltung und mehr, zu Bildern Web-Seiten und anderen Formen von Geschäftswissen. Diese Individualisierbarkeit ist ein wichtiges Merkmal von Knowledge-Portalen und unterscheidet sie von Ansätzen, die nur wenige Anpassungsfunktionen und eine unflexible Benutzeroberfläche bieten. Schablonen versetzen Unternehmen in die Lage, die ihren Geschäftsaktivitäten angemessenen Wissensansichten rasch und problemlos zu entwickeln und einzusetzen. Wissensansichten präsentieren dem Anwender unterschiedlichste Inhalte, wie Kalender, Aktivitätenlisten, Datenbanken, E-Mails und andere Formen von Geschäftsinhalten. Daher eignen sich Wissensansichten hervorragend für die Präsentation von Informationen in persönlichen und gemeinschaftlich genutzten Arbeitsumgebungen. Knowledge-Portale sind eine - wenn auch wichtige - Untermenge einer umfassenden Knowledge-Management-Strategie. Im Kern geht es beim Knowledge Management um die systematische Kooperation von Einzelpersonen und Teams, die Informationen aus Dokumenten, Datenbanken sowie das Know-how von Experten gemeinsam nutzen.

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Abstract

As the first book devoted to relational data mining, this coherently written multi-author monograph provides a thorough introduction and systematic overview of the area. The ferst part introduces the reader to the basics and principles of classical knowledge discovery in databases and inductive logic programmeng; subsequent chapters by leading experts assess the techniques in relational data mining in a principled and comprehensive way; finally, three chapters deal with advanced applications in various fields and refer the reader to resources for relational data mining. This book will become a valuable source of reference for R&D professionals active in relational data mining. Students as well as IT professionals and ambitioned practitioners interested in learning about relational data mining will appreciate the book as a useful text and gentle introduction to this exciting new field.

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Abstract

Information systems are essential support for knowledge management in all types of enterprises. This paper describes the evolution and development of a specialized hospital information system. The system is designed to integrate for access and retrieval from databases of patients' case records, and related images - CATSCAN, MRI, X-Ray - and to enable online access to full text of relevant papers on the Internet/WWW. The generation of information products and services from the system is briefly described.

Source

Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays: Professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift. Ed. by K.S. Raghavan and K.N. Prasad

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Abstract

Information is a key factor in business today, and data warehousing has become a major activity in the development and management of information systems to support the proper flow of information. Unfortunately, the majority of information systems are based an structured information stored in organizational databases, which means that the company is isolated from the business environment by concentrating an their internal data sources only. It is therefore vital that organizations take advantage of external business information, which can be retrieved from Internet services and mechanically organized within the existing information structures. Such a continuously extending integrated collection of documents and data could facilitate decision-making processes in the organization.

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Abstract

The world is undergoing a revolution to a digital economy, with pronounced implications for corporate strategy, marketing, operations, information systems, customer services, global supply-chain management, and product distribution. This handbook examines the aspects of electronic commerce (e-commerce), including electronic storefront, on-line business, consumer interface, business-to-business networking, digital payment, legal issues, information product development, and electronic business models

Series

International handbooks on information systems

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Abstract

The Handbook provides practitioners, scientists and graduate students with a good overview of basic notions, methods and techniques, as well as important issues and trends across the broad spectrum of data management. In particular, the book covers fundamental topics in the field such as distributed databases, parallel databases, advanced databases, object-oriented databases, advanced transaction management, workflow management, data warehousing, data mining, mobile computing, data integration and the Web. Summing up, the Handbook is a valuable source of information for academics and practitioners who are interested in learning the key ideas in the considered area.

Series

International handbooks on information systems

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Abstract

Briefly describes the information products and services, the related databases, development of digital library and web-resources and web-based services, vocabulary control tools, networking, and other projects of the Library of the National Tuberculosis Institute (NTI), Bangalore. Acknowledges the involvement of and advice and assistance provided by Prof. A. Neelameghan to these programmes and projects.

Source

Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays: Professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift. Ed. by K.S. Raghavan and K.N. Prasad

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Abstract

Purpose - This article aims to address the concept of information architecture as a way of visualising and describing the various information assets and the interaction of these assets within an enterprise. Design/methodology/approach - The establishment of the information architecture is illustrated through a case study within a large conglomeration of companies requiring scaleable information architecture in order to address its information requirements. Executives who are considered influential in the overall management of the group were interviewed. Findings - The requirements expressed during the interview process, as well as observations made during meetings and general discussions with the various role-players within the enterprise, gave the project team the necessary confirmation of the information requirements of the enterprise. Research limitations/implications - As there is no direct integration between the underlying systems and networks, this had to be taken into consideration for the design of the information architecture. Originality/value - The information architecture established in the enterprise forms the basis of support in delivering future information requirements for the enterprise.

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Abstract

Addresses the knowledge management phenomenon and provides an overview of emerging concepts

Date

2. 2.2003 18:31:22

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Abstract

The key focus of this book is to integrate elements of information and knowledge management, together with the business process and intellectual capital. The book questions some of the fundamental concepts and principles currently used to manage information that revolve around business processes. Specifically, it addresses the argument to more effectively evaluate the contributions of human and systems capital (which are defined) to a process, highlighting the need to make more conscious decisions about what role each will perform in the developed process.

Content

Key Features - Covers the integration of the intellectual capital with business processes - Provides practical guidance an analysis of the complete business process (including products and customers) from a human and systems capital perspective - Provides practical frameworks that enable readers to implement the suggested strategies regarding the development of intellectual capital round business processes, which are explained throughout the book The Author Liz Taylor has worked in the knowledge and information management field for the past eight years. Readership The book is primarily aimed at those individuals in a service provision environment, who are responsible for change and/or effective business processes. Contents Introduction - the current environment; practical opportunities to expand the concepts; the way forward? Intellectual capital - definitions in context; capital relationships; introduction to the business process Human capital - the organisational perspective; relationship with corporate learning and development; tacit knowledge and the individual; contributions and collaboration; knowledge transfer Systems capital - information and communication; tools and enablers Examining the process (1) - the process jigsaw; inputs, outputs and by-products Examining the process (II) - creation of knowledge; influencing factors Managing expectations - adaptability and flexibility; environmental assessment; customer components; acceptable standards Maximising potential -focus of developments; effect of peripheral business activities; mapping potential contributions to a business process; prioritising development And the future? - the information and knowledge management vision; next steps

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Abstract

As the most comprehensive reference work dealing with knowledge management (KM), this work is essential for the library of every KM practitioner, researcher, and educator. Written by an international array of KM luminaries, its approx. 60 chapters approach knowledge management from a wide variety of perspectives ranging from classic foundations to cuttingedge thought, informative to provocative, theoretical to practical, historical to futuristic, human to technological, and operational to strategic. The chapters are conveniently organized into 8 major sections. The first volume consists of the sections: foundations of KM, knowledge - a key organizational resource, knowledge processors and processing, influences an knowledge processing. Novices and experts alike will refer to the authoritative and stimulating content again and again for years to come. The second volume consists of the sections: technologies for knowledge management, outcomes of KM, knowledge management in action, and the KM horizon. Novices and experts alike will refer to the authoritative and stimulating content again and again for years to come.

Series

International handbooks on information systems

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Abstract

Knowledge management, in particular corporate knowledge management, is a challenge companies and researchers have to meet. The conceptual graph formalism is a good candidate for the representation of corporate knowledge, and for the development of knowledge management systems. But many of the issues concerning the use of conceptual graphs as a metalanguage have not been worked out in detail. By introducing a function that maps higher level to lower level, this paper clarifies the metalevel semantics, notation and manipulation of concepts in the conceptual graph formalism. In addition, this function allows metamodeling activities to take place using the CG notation

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Abstract

In Teil 2 wird der Erarbeitungsprozess einer Scorecard erläutert und es werden Messgrößen entwickelt. Außerdem wird der Einfluss der Scorecard auf das organisationale Lernverhalten geschildert. Am Schluss wird Software vorgestellt, die das Konzept der Balanced Scorecard unterstützt

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Abstract

Ontologies have been developed and investigated for quite a while now in artificial intelligente and natural language processing to facilitate knowledge sharing and reuse. More recently, the notion of ontologies has attracied attention from fields such as intelligent information integration, cooperative information systems, information retrieval, electronic commerce, and knowledge management. The author systematicaliy introduces the notion of ontologies to the non-expert reader and demonstrates in detail how to apply this conceptual framework for improved intranet retrieval of corporate information and knowledge and for enhanced Internet-based electronic commerce. In the second part of the book, the author presents a more technical view an emerging Web standards, like XML, RDF, XSL-T, or XQL, allowing for structural and semantic modeling and description of data and information.

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Abstract

"Haben wir doch schon immer so gemacht", wird uns oft entgegengehalten, wenn von Wissensmanagement die Rede ist. Ist Wissensmanagement also ein alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen? Wir sind sicher, mit einem klaren Nein! antworten zu können. Hinter dem neuen, zugegeben allzu häufig strapazierten Begriff liegt ein Paradigmenwechsel in der Informationsvernetzung. Wissensmanagement ist die Abkehr von technologisch getriebenen Systemen und die Hinwendung zu ganzheitlichen, von den Inhalten bestimmten Systemen. Unser Vortrag zeigt Schlaglichter auf ein hochaktuelles Konzept, das in der Zusammenarbeit zwischen einem Beratungsunternehmen (Arthur D. Little) und einem IT-Unternehmen (LARS Software GmbH) enstanden ist und sich mehrfach als Best Practice in der Praxis bewährt hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir erstmals eine Vorschau auf die Zukunft des Wissensmanagements. Systeme von morgen werden Wissen neu generieren, durch Zusammenfügung von Fakten- und Methodenwissen. Die Darstellung folgt der gemeinsamen Produktstrategie in der strategischen Kooperation der Firmen LARS Software GmbH und Ontoprise GmbH