Search (22 results, page 1 of 2)

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Abstract

Die Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz wird künftig zu den Kernaufgaben der Bibliotheken gehören müssen. Dies ist auch eines der Hauptarbeitsfelder des Rezensenten, der aus eigener Praxis sieht, welche Schwierigkeiten sich hierbei finden: Viele Klienten erkennen ihren eigenen Informationsbedarf nicht, können ein fachliches nicht von einem informatorischen Problem trennen, sind nicht in der Lage, für ihr spezifisches Problem potenzielle Informationsquellen zu finden und haben vor allem Probleme, die Verbindung zwischen elektronischer und gedruckter WeIt zu schaffen, die somit praktisch unverbunden nebeneinander existieren (vgl. Rainer Strzolka: Vermittlung von Informationskompetenz als Informationsdienstleistung? Vortrag, FH Köln, Fakultät für Informations- und Kommunikationswissenschaften, Institut für Informationswissenschaft, am 31. Oktober 2003). Der Brückenschlag zwischen diesen beiden Welten gehört zu den Aufgaben professioneller Informationsvermittler, die nicht nur in der Digitalwelt firm sein müssen, aber auch dort. Nicht zuletzt müssen die gefundenen Informationen ergebnisorientiert genutzt und kritisch bewertet werden und die gefundenen Antworten zur Problemlösung eingesetzt werden. Die Informationslandschaft ist mit ihren verschiedenen Wissensmarktplätzen und Informationsräumen inzwischen so komplex geworden, dass eine kleine Handreichung dazu geeignet erscheint, vor allem die eigene Position des Informationsvermittlers zu überdenken. Zudem ist die aktive Informationsvermittlung noch ein dürres Feld in Deutschland. Die vorliegende kleine Erfahrungsstudie schickt sich an, dies zu ändern. Der Ansatz geht davon aus, dass jeder Vermittler von Medienkompetenz Lehrer wie Lernender zugleich ist; die Anlage ist wie bei allen BibSpider-Publikationen international ausgerichtet. Der Band ist komplett zweisprachig und versammelt Erfahrungsberichte aus der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, den USA und Südafrika, die eher als Ansatz zur Bewusstseinsbildung denn als Arbeitsanleitung gedacht sind. Eingeleitet wird der Band von einer terminologischen Herleitung des Begriffs aus dem Angelsächsischen und den verschiedenen Bedeutungsebenen, die durch unterschiedliche Bildungs- und Informationskulturen bedingt sind. Angerissen werden verschiedene Arbeitsgebiete und -erfahrungen.

Date

22. 3.2008 18:05:16

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Date

22. 3.2008 14:29:25

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Classification

006.7 22

Date

7. 3.2007 19:30:22

DDC

006.7 22

Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.3, S.457-458 (A.M.A. Ahmad): "The concept of the semantic web has emerged because search engines and text-based searching are no longer adequate, as these approaches involve an extensive information retrieval process. The deployed searching and retrieving descriptors arc naturally subjective and their deployment is often restricted to the specific application domain for which the descriptors were configured. The new era of information technology imposes different kinds of requirements and challenges. Automatic extracted audiovisual features are required, as these features are more objective, domain-independent, and more native to audiovisual content. This book is a useful guide for researchers, experts, students, and practitioners; it is a very valuable reference and can lead them through their exploration and research in multimedia content and the semantic web. The book is well organized, and introduces the concept of the semantic web and multimedia content analysis to the reader through a logical sequence from standards and hypotheses through system examples, presenting relevant tools and methods. But in some chapters readers will need a good technical background to understand some of the details. Readers may attain sufficient knowledge here to start projects or research related to the book's theme; recent results and articles related to the active research area of integrating multimedia with semantic web technologies are included. This book includes full descriptions of approaches to specific problem domains such as content search, indexing, and retrieval. This book will be very useful to researchers in the multimedia content analysis field who wish to explore the benefits of emerging semantic web technologies in applying multimedia content approaches. The first part of the book covers the definition of the two basic terms multimedia content and semantic web. The Moving Picture Experts Group standards MPEG7 and MPEG21 are quoted extensively. In addition, the means of multimedia content description are elaborated upon and schematically drawn. This extensive description is introduced by authors who are actively involved in those standards and have been participating in the work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/MPEG for many years. On the other hand, this results in bias against the ad hoc or nonstandard tools for multimedia description in favor of the standard approaches. This is a general book for multimedia content; more emphasis on the general multimedia description and extraction could be provided.

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Date

1. 3.2008 16:56:29

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Abstract

Extracting content from text continues to be an important research problem for information processing and management. Approaches to capture the semantics of text-based document collections may be based on Bayesian models, probability theory, vector space models, statistical models, or even graph theory. As the volume of digitized textual media continues to grow, so does the need for designing robust, scalable indexing and search strategies (software) to meet a variety of user needs. Knowledge extraction or creation from text requires systematic yet reliable processing that can be codified and adapted for changing needs and environments. This book will draw upon experts in both academia and industry to recommend practical approaches to the purification, indexing, and mining of textual information. It will address document identification, clustering and categorizing documents, cleaning text, and visualizing semantic models of text.

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Abstract

As information becomes more ubiquitous and the demands that searchers have on search systems grow, there is a need to support search behaviors beyond simple lookup. Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Exploratory search describes an information-seeking problem context that is open-ended, persistent, and multifaceted, and information-seeking processes that are opportunistic, iterative, and multitactical. Exploratory searchers aim to solve complex problems and develop enhanced mental capacities. Exploratory search systems support this through symbiotic human-machine relationships that provide guidance in exploring unfamiliar information landscapes. Exploratory search has gained prominence in recent years. There is an increased interest from the information retrieval, information science, and human-computer interaction communities in moving beyond the traditional turn-taking interaction model supported by major Web search engines, and toward support for human intelligence amplification and information use. In this lecture, we introduce exploratory search, relate it to relevant extant research, outline the features of exploratory search systems, discuss the evaluation of these systems, and suggest some future directions for supporting exploratory search. Exploratory search is a new frontier in the search domain and is becoming increasingly important in shaping our future world.

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Date

26. 8.2005 13:29:50

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Date

12. 2.2011 17:29:27

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Date

22. 3.2008 14:35:21

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Abstract

The World Wide Web is rapidly filling with more text than anyone could have imagined even a short time ago, but the task of isolating relevant parts of this vast information has become just that much more daunting. Richard Belew brings a cognitive perspective to the study of information retrieval as a discipline within computer science. He introduces the idea of Finding Out About (FDA) as the process of actively seeking out information relevant to a topic of interest and describes its many facets - ranging from creating a good characterization of what the user seeks, to what documents actually mean, to methods of inferring semantic clues about each document, to the problem of evaluating whether our search engines are performing as we have intended. Finding Out About explains how to build the tools that are useful for searching collections of text and other media. In the process it takes a close look at the properties of textual documents that do not become clear until very large collections of them are brought together and shows that the construction of effective search engines requires knowledge of the statistical and mathematical properties of linguistic phenomena, as well as an appreciation for the cognitive foundation we bring to the task as language users. The unique approach of this book is its even handling of the phenomena of both numbers and words, making it accessible to a wide audience. The textbook is usable in both undergraduate and graduate classes on information retrieval, library science, and computational linguistics. The text is accompanied by a CD-ROM that contains a hypertext version of the book, including additional topics and notes not present in the printed edition. In addition, the CD contains the full text of C.J. "Keith" van Rijsbergen's famous textbook, Information Retrieval (now out of print). Many active links from Belew's to van Rijsbergen's hypertexts help to unite the material. Several test corpora and indexing tools are provided, to support the design of your own search engine. Additional exercises using these corpora and code are available to instructors. Also supporting this book is a Web site that will include recent additions to the book, as well as links to sites of new topics and methods.

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Abstract

In this collection of nearly 50 articles written by librarians, computer specialists, and other information professionals, the reader finds 10 chapters, each devoted to a problem or a side effect that has emerged since the introduction of the Internet: control over selection, survival of the book, training users, adapting to users' expectations, access issues, cost of technology, continuous retraining, legal issues, disappearing data, and how to avoid becoming blind sided. After stating a problem, each chapter offers solutions that are subsequently supported by articles. The editor's comments, which appear throughout the text, are an added bonus, as are the sections concluding the book, among them a listing of useful URLs, a works-cited section, and a comprehensive index. This book has much to recommend it, especially the articles, which are not only informative, thought-provoking, and interesting but highly readable and accessible as well. An indispensable tool for all librarians.

Footnote

Unlike muck of the professional library literature, Net Effects is not an open-aimed embrace of technology. Block even suggests that it is helpful to have a Luddite or two an each library staff to identify the setbacks associated with technological advances in the library. Each of the book's 10 chapters deals with one Internet-related problem, such as "Chapter 4-The Shifted Librarian: Adapting to the Changing Expectations of Our Wired (and Wireless) Users," or "Chapter 8-Up to Our Ears in Lawyers: Legal Issues Posed by the Net." For each of these 10 problems, multiple solutions are offered. For example, for "Chapter 9-Disappearing Data," four solutions are offered. These include "Link-checking," "Have a technological disaster plan," "Advise legislators an the impact proposed laws will have," and "Standards for preservation of digital information." One article is given to explicate each of these four solutions. A short bibliography of recommended further reading is also included for each chapter. Block provides a short introduction to each chapter, and she comments an many of the entries. Some of these comments seem to be intended to provide a research basis for the proposed solutions, but they tend to be vague generalizations without citations, such as, "We know from research that students would rather ask each other for help than go to adults. We can use that (p. 91 )." The original publication dates of the entries range from 1997 to 2002, with the bulk falling into the 2000-2002 range. At up to 6 years old, some of the articles seem outdated, such as a 2000 news brief announcing the creation of the first "customizable" public library Web site (www.brarydog.net). These critiques are not intended to dismiss the volume entirely. Some of the entries are likely to find receptive audiences, such as a nuts-and-bolts instructive article for making Web sites accessible to people with disabilities. "Providing Equitable Access," by Cheryl H. Kirkpatrick and Catherine Buck Morgan, offers very specific instructions, such as how to renovate OPAL workstations to suit users with "a wide range of functional impairments." It also includes a useful list of 15 things to do to make a Web site readable to most people with disabilities, such as, "You can use empty (alt) tags (alt="') for images that serve a purely decorative function. Screen readers will skip empty (alt) tags" (p. 157). Information at this level of specificity can be helpful to those who are faced with creating a technological solution for which they lack sufficient technical knowledge or training.

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Date

22. 3.2008 16:15:37

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Content

Inhalt: Chapter 1. Introduction to Web Search Engines: 1.1 A Short History of Information Retrieval - 1.2 An Overview of Traditional Information Retrieval - 1.3 Web Information Retrieval Chapter 2. Crawling, Indexing, and Query Processing: 2.1 Crawling - 2.2 The Content Index - 2.3 Query Processing Chapter 3. Ranking Webpages by Popularity: 3.1 The Scene in 1998 - 3.2 Two Theses - 3.3 Query-Independence Chapter 4. The Mathematics of Google's PageRank: 4.1 The Original Summation Formula for PageRank - 4.2 Matrix Representation of the Summation Equations - 4.3 Problems with the Iterative Process - 4.4 A Little Markov Chain Theory - 4.5 Early Adjustments to the Basic Model - 4.6 Computation of the PageRank Vector - 4.7 Theorem and Proof for Spectrum of the Google Matrix Chapter 5. Parameters in the PageRank Model: 5.1 The a Factor - 5.2 The Hyperlink Matrix H - 5.3 The Teleportation Matrix E Chapter 6. The Sensitivity of PageRank; 6.1 Sensitivity with respect to alpha - 6.2 Sensitivity with respect to H - 6.3 Sensitivity with respect to vT - 6.4 Other Analyses of Sensitivity - 6.5 Sensitivity Theorems and Proofs Chapter 7. The PageRank Problem as a Linear System: 7.1 Properties of (I - alphaS) - 7.2 Properties of (I - alphaH) - 7.3 Proof of the PageRank Sparse Linear System Chapter 8. Issues in Large-Scale Implementation of PageRank: 8.1 Storage Issues - 8.2 Convergence Criterion - 8.3 Accuracy - 8.4 Dangling Nodes - 8.5 Back Button Modeling

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Footnote

Die Vermarktungsmaschinerie der Wikipedia arbeitet bewusst mit der Förderung eines Gemeinschaftsgefühls der Mitarbeiter. So sind die Wachstumsraten der regionalen Versionen der Wikipedia ein Indiz für ein solches Gemeinschaftsgefühl, welches allein aus dem Reiz großer Zahlen genügend Stoff für eine stetige Selbstrekrutierung neuer Anhänger gewinnt - wir leben in einem Zeitalter geschickten Marketings entbehrlicher Inhalte. An der Tatsache, dass die Artikel nur Momentaufnahmen darstellen, die praktisch nie zitierfähig sind, ändert dies nichts. Das, was bei Britannica und Co. ein Nachteil ist, wird bei der Wikipedia ins gegenteilige Extrem verkehrt. So ergibt sich der praktische Wert der Wikipedia daraus, dass man sich grob über ein vollkommen unbekanntes Thema informieren und dann eruieren kann, welches Fachlexikon eventuell für eine genaue Information geeignet wäre. Für zuverlässige Fakten ist sie vielfach unbrauchbar. Letztlich muss man ein Lexikon an seinen schlechten Einträgen messen. Ein ernstes Problem ist bei der Wikipedia das Phänomen der »edit wars« - im Schnitt wird jeder Artikel zehnmal geändert, bisweilen in sich gegenseitig ausschließenden Richtungen, und es ist nicht selten, dass ein neuer Forschungsstand mit einem 30 Jahre alten überschrieben wird. Allerdings führt dies mitunter zu fruchtbaren Diskussionen und einer Gegenüberstellung von neuem und altem Forschungsstand, was mehr ist als eine klassische Enzyklopädie bietet. Bisweilen werden umkämpfte Artikel gesperrt. So steht das Projekt vor dem Problem, einen gesicherten Forschungsstand kenntlich zu machen, der zitierfähig wäre. Auffallend ist die Bildung von regelrechten Bearbeiterkartellen, die als Wiki-Darwinismus bezeichnet werden können.

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Date

29. 8.2011 12:21:48

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Footnote

Mehrere Beiträge befassen sich mit dem Problem der Relevanz. Erica Cosijn und Theo Bothma (Pretoria) argumentieren, dass für das Benutzerverhalten neben der thematischen Relevanz auch verschiedene andere Relevanzdimensionen eine Rolle spielen und schlagen auf der Basis eines (abermals auf Ingwersen zurückgehenden) erweiterten Relevanzmodells vor, dass IR-Systeme die Möglichkeit zur Abgabe auch kognitiver, situativer und sozio-kognitiver Relevanzurteile bieten sollten. Elaine Toms et al. (Kanada) berichten von einer Studie, in der versucht wurde, die schon vor 30 Jahren von Tefko Saracevic3 erstellten fünf Relevanzdimensionen (kognitiv, motivational, situativ, thematisch und algorithmisch) zu operationalisieren und anhand von Recherchen mit einer Web-Suchmaschine zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich diese fünf Dimensionen in drei Typen vereinen lassen, die Benutzer, System und Aufgabe repräsentieren. Von einer völlig anderen Seite nähern sich Olof Sundin und Jenny Johannison (Boras, Schweden) der Relevanzthematik, indem sie einen kommunikationsorientierten, neo-pragmatistischen Ansatz (nach Richard Rorty) wählen, um Informationssuche und Relevanz zu analysieren, und dabei auch auf das Werk von Michel Foucault zurückgreifen. Weitere interessante Artikel befassen sich mit Bradford's Law of Scattering (Hjørland & Nicolaisen), Information Sharing and Timing (Widén-Wulff & Davenport), Annotations as Context for Searching Documents (Agosti & Ferro), sowie dem Nutzen von neuen Informationsquellen wie Web Links, Newsgroups und Blogs für die sozial- und informationswissenschaftliche Forschung (Thelwall & Wouters). In Summe liegt hier ein interessantes und anspruchsvolles Buch vor - inhaltlich natürlich nicht gerade einheitlich und geschlossen, doch dies darf man bei einem Konferenzband ohnedies nicht erwarten. Manche der abgedruckten Beiträge sind sicher nicht einfach zu lesen, lohnen aber die Mühe. Auch für Praktiker aus Bibliothek und Information ist einiges dabei, sofern sie sich für die wissenschaftliche Basis ihrer Tätigkeit interessieren. Fachlich einschlägige Spezial- und grössere Allgemeinbibliotheken sollten das Werk daher unbedingt führen.

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Date

29. 3.1996 18:16:49

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Footnote

Weitere Rez: BuB 29(2007) H.1, S.71-72 (J. Plieninger)