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Content

Vgl.: http%3A%2F%2Fdigbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fvolltexte%2Fdocuments%2F1627&ei=tAtYUYrBNoHKtQb3l4GYBw&usg=AFQjCNHeaxKkKU3-u54LWxMNYGXaaDLCGw&sig2=8WykXWQoDKjDSdGtAakH2Q&bvm=bv.44442042,d.Yms.

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Content

Das Konzept zur besseren Erschließung der Inhalte geht allerdings nur auf, wenn die WikiAutoren aktiv mitarbeiten. Die Karlsruher Forscher setzen auf eine Kombination aus sozialer und technischer Lösung: Sie hoffen, dass sich auf der Basis ihrer Software »Semantic MediaWiki« eine Art kollektive Indexierung der Wiki-Artikel durch die Autoren entwickelt. »Semantic MediaWiki« wird bereits auf mehreren Websites mit begrenztem Datenvolumen erfolgreich eingesetzt, unter anderen zur Erschließung der Bibel-Inhalte. Nun testen die Karlsruher Forscher, ob ihr Programm auch dem gewaltigen Volumen von Wikipedia gewachsen ist. Die Wikimedia Foundation Inc., Betreiber von Wikipedia, stellt ihnen für den Test rund 50 Gigabyte Inhalt der englischen Wikipedia-Ausgabe zur Verfügung und hat Interesse an einer Zusammenarbeit signalisiert. »Semantic MediaWiki« ist ein einfach zu bedienendes Werkzeug, das auf leistungsstarken semantischen Wissensmanagement-Technologien aufbaut. Die Autoren können mit dem Werkzeug die Querverweise, die sie in ihrem Text als Weiterleitung zu Hintergrundinformationen angeben, typisieren, also kurz erläutern, sowie Zahlenangaben und Fakten im Text als Attribute kennzeichnen. Bei dem Eintrag zu »Ägypten« steht dann zum Beispiel der typisierte Link »ist Land in Afrika«, ein Attribut könnte »Bevölkerung 76000000« sein. Dabei soll jeweils die Landessprache des Eintrags verwendet werden können. Die von den Autoren erzeugten, typisierten Links werden in einer Datenbank als Bezugsgruppen abgelegt; die gekennzeichneten Attribute als feststehende Werte gespeichert. Das versetzt Computer in die Lage, automatisch sinnvolle Antworten auf komplexere Anfragen zu geben; etwa eine Liste zu erzeugen, in der alle Länder Afrikas aufgeführt sind. Die Ländernamen führen als Link zurück zu dem Eintrag, in dem sie stehen."

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Abstract

Libraries are the tools we use to learn and to answer our questions. The quality of our work depends, among others, on the quality of the tools we use. Recent research in digital libraries is focused, on one hand on improving the infrastructure of the digital library management systems (DLMS), and on the other on improving the metadata models used to annotate collections of objects maintained by DLMS. The latter includes, among others, the semantic web and social networking technologies. Recently, the semantic web and social networking technologies are being introduced to the digital libraries domain. The expected outcome is that the overall quality of information discovery in digital libraries can be improved by employing social and semantic technologies. In this chapter we present the results of an evaluation of social and semantic end-user information discovery services for the digital libraries.

Date

1. 8.2010 12:35:22

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Content

"Mit einer semantischen Erweiterung der Software MediaWiki ist es dem Forschungsteam Wissensmanagement des Instituts für Angewandte Informatik und Formale Beschreibungsverfahren (AIFB) der Universität Karlsruhe (TH) gelungen, das Interesse der internationalen Fachwelt auf sich zu ziehen. Die jungen Forscher Denny Vrandecic und Markus Krötzsch aus dem Team von Professor Dr. Rudi Studer machen die Inhalte von Websites, die mit MediaWiki geschrieben sind, für Maschinen besser auswertbar. Ihr Konzept zur besseren Erschließung der Inhalte geht allerdings nur auf, wenn die Wiki-Autoren aktiv mitarbeiten. Die Karlsruher Forscher setzen auf eine Kombination aus sozialer und technischer Lösung: Sie hoffen, dass sich auf der Basis ihrer Wiki-PlugIn-Software "Semantic MediaWiki" eine Art kollektive Indexierung der Wiki-Artikel durch die Autoren entwickelt - und ernten für diese Idee viel Beifall. Semantic MediaWiki wird bereits auf mehreren Websites mit begrenztem Datenvolumen erfolgreich eingesetzt, unter anderen zur Erschließung der Bibel-Inhalte (URLs siehe Kasten). Nun testen die Karlsruher Forscher, ob ihr Programm auch den gigantischen Volumenanforderungen der freien Web-Enzyklopädie Wikipedia gewachsen ist. Die Wikimedia Foundation Inc., Betreiber von Wikipedia, stellt ihnen für den Test rund 50 Gigabyte Inhalt der englischen Wikipedia-Ausgabe zur Verfügung und hat Interesse an einer Zusammenarbeit signalisiert. Semantic MediaWiki steht als Open Source Software (PHP) auf der Website Sourceforge zur Verfügung. Semantic MediaWiki ist ein relativ einfach zu bedienendes Werkzeug, welches auf leistungsstarken semantischen Wissensmanagement-Technologien aufbaut. Die Autoren können mit dem Werkzeug die Querverweise (Links), die sie in ihrem Text als Weiterleitung zu Hintergrundinformationen angeben, bei der Eingabe als Link eines bestimmten Typs kennzeichnen (typed links) und Zahlenangaben und Fakten im Text als Attribute (attributes) markieren. Bei dem Eintrag zu "Ägypten" steht dann zum Bespiel der typisierte Link "[[ist Land von::Afrika]]" / "[[is country of::africa]]", ein Attribut könnte "[[Bevölkerung:=76,000,000]]" / "[[population:=76,000,000]]" sein. Die von den Autoren erzeugten, typisierten Links werden in einer Datenbank als Dreier-Bezugsgruppen (Triple) abgelegt; die gekennzeichneten Attribute als feststehende Werte gespeichert. Die Autoren können die Relationen zur Definition der Beziehungen zwischen den verlinkten Begriffen frei wählen, z.B. "ist ...von' / "is...of", "hat..." /"has ...". Eingeführte Relationen stehen als "bisher genutzte Relationen" den anderen Schreibern für deren Textindexierung zur Verfügung.

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Content

Das Projekt Cyc ist im Jahre 1984 angetreten mit der Zielsetzung, im großen Maßstab Alltags- und enzyklopädisches Wissen in einem einheitlichen System zu formalisieren im Gegensatz zu den bisherigen Versuchen der jeweiligen Repräsentation sektoralen Expertenwissens. Nachdem man sich dem Mythos Cyc zunächst nur über Publikationen nähern konntet, wurde dann 1997 als Textdatei Cycs "Upper Ontology" durch die Firma Cycorp Inc. zugänglich gemacht. Sie enthielt aber einiges nicht, was beschrieben worden war: z.B. Regeln und die Bindung von Aussagen an "Mikrotheorien". Entsprechend dieser Beschränkung war es mir möglich, den Inhalt dieser Datei strukturell verlustfrei in mein objektorientiertes, generisches Thesaurussystem "TerminologyFramework" einzubringen. Im April 200z wurden dann unter dem Namen OpenCyc nicht nur der Inhalt eines Auszugs aus Cycorps Ontologie, sondern auch zugehörige Werkzeuge zum lesenden Stöbern, Ändern und Schließen in einem ersten Release 0.6 zugänglich. Dazu findet man reichlich tutorielles Material, jedoch ist es nicht exakt abgestimmt auf die aktuell vorliegende Wissensbasis, sowie allerhand Dokumentation; vor allem aber findet man zum Herunterladen das Softwarepaket samt Wissensbasis für Windows NT/2000/XP- oder für Linux-Systeme. In welchem Verhältnis das nun kostenlos mit einer "GNU Lesser General Public License" verfügbare OpenCyc zu dem kommerziellen "Full Cyc" der Firma Cycorp steht, darüber weiß ich nichts aus erster Hand; die von mir für OpenCyc ermittelten Zahlen (s.u.) stehen zu neueren Angaben für Cyc in einem Größenordnungsverhältnis von ca. 1 zu 10. Informationen über realisierte Anwendungen kann man der Firmenselbstdarstellung$ und den von dort erreichbaren "white papers" entnehmen. Auf der Firmeneingangsseite findet man in Gestalt einer Pyramide eine Inhaltsübersicht der Ontologie von Cyc (siehe Abbildung 1): Beim Darüberfahren mit der Maus wird das dort wie auch hier kaum leserliche Kleingedruckte im Feld links oben lesbar und durch Klicken wird eine Inhaltsbeschreibung des jeweiligen Begriffsbereichs im Feld unten gegeben. OpenCyc stellt wohl einen exemplarischen Auszug aus dem oberen Teil der Pyramide oberhalb "Domain-Specific Knowledge" dar.

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Abstract

The global economy is rapidly becoming more and more knowledge intensive. Knowledge is now widely recognized as the fourth production factor, on an equal footing with the traditional production factors of labour, capital and materials. Managing knowledge is as important as the traditional management of labour, capital and materials. In this book, we have shown how Semantic Web technology can make an important contribution to knowledge management.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

Over the past few years, we have seen a growing interest in the potential of both peer-to-peer (P2P) computing and the use of more formal approaches to knowledge management, involving the development of ontologies. This penultimate chapter discusses possibilities that both approaches may offer for more effective and efficient knowledge management. In particular, we investigate how the two paradigms may be combined. In this chapter, we describe our vision in terms of a set of future steps that need to be taken to bring the results described in earlier chapters to their full potential.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

The ontology middleware discussed in this chapter can be seen as 'administrative' software infrastructure that makes the rest of the modules in a knowledge management toolset easier to integrate into real-world applications. The central issue is to make the methodology and modules available to society as a self-sufficient platform with mature support for development, management, maintenance, and use of middle-size and large knowledge bases. This chapter starts with an explanation of the required features of ontology middleware in the context of our knowledge management architecture and the terminology used In Section 11.2 the problem of versioning and tracking change is discussed. Section 11.3 presents the versioning model and its implementation that is developed in the project, and Section 11.4 describes the functionality of the instance reasoning module.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

Content Management Systeme (CMS) sind in vielen Organisationen bereits seit längerer Zeit fester Bestandteil zur Verwaltung und kollaborativen Bearbeitung von Text- und Multimedia-Inhalten. Im Zuge der rasch ansteigenden Fülle an Informationen und somit auch Wissen wird die Überschaubarkeit der Datenbestände jedoch massiv eingeschränkt. Diese und zusätzliche Anforderungen, wie automatisch Datenquellen aus dem World Wide Web (WWW) zu extrahieren, lassen traditionelle CMS immer mehr an ihre Grenzen stoßen. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert die neuen Herausforderungen an traditionelle CMS und bietet Lösungsvorschläge, wie CMS kombiniert mit semantischen Technologien diesen Herausforderungen begegnen können. Die Autoren stellen eine generische Systemarchitektur für Content Management Systeme vor, die einerseits Inhalte für das Semantic Web generieren, andererseits Content aus dem Web 2.0 syndizieren können und bei der Aufbereitung des Content den User mittels semantischer Technologien wie Reasoning oder Informationsextraktion unterstützen. Dabei wird auf Erfahrungen bei der prototypischen Implementierung von semantischer Technologie in ein bestehendes CMS System zurückgegriffen.

Theme

Content Management System

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Date

26.12.2011 13:22:07

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Date

30. 5.2010 16:22:35

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Abstract

Ontologies are a core element of the knowledge management architecture described in Chapter 1. In this chapter we describe a methodology for application driven ontology development, covering the whole project lifecycle from the kick off phase to the maintenance phase. Existing methodologies and practical ontology development experiences have in common that they start from the identification of the purpose of the ontology and the need for domain knowledge acquisition. They differ in their foci and following steps to be taken. In our approach of the ontology development process, we integrate aspects from existing methodologies and lessons learned from practical experience (as described in the Section 3.7). We put ontology development into a wider organizational context by performing an a priori feasibility study. The feasibility study is based on CommonKADS. We modified certain aspects of CommonKADS for a tight integration of the feasibility study into our methodology.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

While much of a company's knowledge can be found in text repositories, current content management systems have limited capabilities for structuring and interpreting documents. In the emerging Semantic Web, search, interpretation and aggregation can be addressed by ontology-based semantic mark-up. In this paper, we examine semantic annotation, identify a number of requirements, and review the current generation of semantic annotation systems. This analysis shows that, while there is still some way to go before semantic annotation tools will be able to address fully all the knowledge management needs, research in the area is active and making good progress.

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Abstract

Topic maps are a new ISO standard for describing knowledge structures and associating them with information resources. As such they constitute an enabling technology for knowledge management. Dubbed "the GPS of the information universe", topic maps are also destined to provide powerful new ways of navigating large and interconnected corpora. While it is possible to represent immensely complex structures using topic maps, the basic concepts of the model - Topics, Associations, and Occurrences (TAO) - are easily grasped. This paper provides a non-technical introduction to these and other concepts (the IFS and BUTS of topic maps), relating them to things that are familiar to all of us from the realms of publishing and information management, and attempting to convey some idea of the uses to which topic maps will be put in the future.

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Abstract

Ontologies need to be stored, sometimes aligned and their evolution needs to be managed. All these tasks together are called ontology management. Alignment is a central task in ontology re-use. Re-use of existing ontologies often requires considerable effort: the ontologies either need to be integrated, which means that they are merged into one new ontology, or the ontologies can be kept separate. In both cases, the ontologies have to be aligned, which means that they have to be brought into mutual agreement. The problems that underlie the difficulties in integrating and aligning are the mismatches that may exist between separate ontologies. Ontologies can differ at the language level, which can mean that they are represented in a different syntax, or that the expressiveness of the ontology language is dissimilar. Ontologies also can have mismatches at the model level, for example, in the paradigm, or modelling style. Ontology alignment is very relevant in a Semantic Web context. The Semantic Web will provide us with a lot of freely accessible domain specific ontologies. To form a real web of semantics - which will allow computers to combine and infer implicit knowledge - those separate ontologies should be aligned and linked.
Support for evolving ontologies is required in almost all situations where ontologies are used in real-world applications. In those cases, ontologies are often developed by several persons and will continue to evolve over time, because of changes in the real world, adaptations to different tasks, or alignments to other ontologies. To prevent that such changes will invalidate existing usage, a change management methodology is needed. This involves advanced versioning methods for the development and the maintenance of ontologies, but also configuration management, that takes care of the identification, relations and interpretation of ontology versions. All these aspects come together in integrated ontology library systems. When the number of different ontologies is increasing, the task of storing, maintaining and re-organizing them to secure the successful re-use of ontologies is challenging. Ontology library systems can help in the grouping and reorganizing ontologies for further re-use, integration, maintenance, mapping and versioning. Basically, a library system offers various functions for managing, adapting and standardizing groups of ontologies. Such integrated systems are a requirement for the Semantic Web to grow further and scale up. In this chapter, we describe a number of results with respect to the above mentioned areas. We start with a description of the alignment task and show a meta-ontology that is developed to specify the mappings. Then, we discuss the problems that are caused by evolving ontologies and describe two important elements of a change management methodology. Finally, in Section 4.4 we survey existing library systems and formulate a wish-list of features of an ontology library system.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

This chapter describes two case studies conducted by the Swiss Life insurance group with the objective of proving the practical applicability and superiority of ontology-based knowledge management over classical approaches based on text retrieval technologies. The first case study in the domain of skills management uses manually constructed ontologies about skills, job functions and education. The purpose of the system is to give support for finding employees with certain skills. The ontologies are used to ensure that the user description of skills and the machine-held index of skills and people use the same vocabulary. The use of a shared vocabulary increases the performance of such a system significantly. The second case study aims at improving content-oriented access to passages of a 1000 page document about the International Accounting Standard on the corporate intranet. To this end, an ontology was automatically extracted from the document. It can be used to reformulate queries that turned out not to deliver the intended results. Since the ontology was automatically built, it is of a rather simple structure, consisting of weighted semantic associations between the relevant concepts in the document. We therefore call it a 'lightweight ontology'. The two case studies cover quite different aspects of using ontologies in knowledge management applications. Whereas in the second case study an ontology was automatically derived from a search space to improve information retrieval, in the first skills management case study the ontology itself introduces a structured search space. In one case study we gathered experience in building an ontology manually, while the challenge of the other case study was automatic ontology creation. A number of the novel Semantic Web-based tools described elsewhere in this book were used to build the two systems and both case studies described have led to projects to deploy live systems within Swiss Life.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

We saw in the introduction how the Semantic Web makes possible a new generation of knowledge management tools. We now turn our attention more specifically to Semantic Web based support for virtual communities of practice. The notion of communities of practice has attracted much attention in the field of knowledge management. Communities of practice are groups within (or sometimes across) organizations who share a common set of information needs or problems. They are typically not a formal organizational unit but an informal network, each sharing in part a common agenda and shared interests or issues. In one example it was found that a lot of knowledge sharing among copier engineers took place through informal exchanges, often around a water cooler. As well as local, geographically based communities, trends towards flexible working and globalisation have led to interest in supporting dispersed communities using Internet technology. The challenge for organizations is to support such communities and make them effective. Provided with an ontology meeting the needs of a particular community of practice, knowledge management tools can arrange knowledge assets into the predefined conceptual classes of the ontology, allowing more natural and intuitive access to knowledge. Knowledge management tools must give users the ability to organize information into a controllable asset. Building an intranet-based store of information is not sufficient for knowledge management; the relationships within the stored information are vital. These relationships cover such diverse issues as relative importance, context, sequence, significance, causality and association. The potential for knowledge management tools is vast; not only can they make better use of the raw information already available, but they can sift, abstract and help to share new information, and present it to users in new and compelling ways.

Source

Towards the semantic Web: ontology-driven knowledge management. Eds.: J. Davies, u.a

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Abstract

Das Werk behandelt die aktuellen Entwicklungen zur inhaltlichen Erschließung von Informationsquellen im Internet. Topic Maps, semantische Modelle vernetzter Informationsressourcen unter Verwendung von XML bzw. HyTime, bieten alle notwendigen Modellierungskonstrukte, um Dokumente im Internet zu klassifizieren und ein assoziatives, semantisches Netzwerk über diese zu legen. Neben Einführungen in XML, XLink, XPointer sowie HyTime wird anhand von Einsatzszenarien gezeigt, wie diese neuartige Technologie für Content Management und Information Retrieval im Internet funktioniert. Der Entwurf einer Abfragesprache wird ebenso skizziert wie der Prototyp einer intelligenten Suchmaschine. Das Buch zeigt, wie Topic Maps den Weg zu semantisch gesteuerten Suchprozessen im Internet weisen.

RSWK

Content Management / Semantisches Netz / HyTime
Content Management / Semantisches Netz / XML

Subject

Content Management / Semantisches Netz / HyTime
Content Management / Semantisches Netz / XML

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Date

31. 7.2010 16:58:22

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Date

14. 8.2011 13:33:22