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Borgman, C.L.: Performance effects of a user's mental model of an information retrieval system (1983)
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Borgman, C.L.: ¬The user's mental model of an information retrieval system : an experiment on a prototype online catalogue (1986)
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Borgman, C.L.: Why are online catalogs hard to use? : lessons learned from information-retrieval studies (1986)
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- Abstract
- Research in user behavior on online catalogs is in its early stages, but preliminary findings suggest that users encounter many of the same problems identified in behavioral studies of other types of bibliographic retrieval systems. Much can be learned from comparing the results of user behavior studies on these two types of systems. Research on user problems with both the mechanical aspects and the conceptual aspects of system use is reviewed, with the conclusion that more similiratiy exists across types of systems in conceptual than in mechanical problems. Also discussed are potential sources of the problems, due either to individual characteristics or to system variables. A series of research questions is proposed and a number of potential interim solutions ae suggested for alleviating some of the problems encountered by users of information systems
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Borgman, C.L.: Why are online catalogs still hard to use? (1996)
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- Abstract
- We return to arguments made 10 years ago that online catalogs are difficult to use because their design does not incorporate sufficient understanding of searching behavior. The earlier article examined studies of information retrieval system searching for their implications for online catalog design; this article examines the implications of card catalog design for online catalogs. With this analysis, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of user behavior and to lay to rest the card catalog design model for online catalogs. We discuss the problems with query matching systems, which were designed for skilled search intermediaries rather than end-users, and the knowledge and skills they require in the information-seeking process, illustrated with examples of searching card and online catalogs. Searching requires conceptual knowledge of the information retrieval process - translating an information need into a searchable query; semantic knowledge of how to implement a query in a given system - the how and when to use system features; and technical skills in executing the query - basic computing skills and the syntax of entering queries as specific search statements. In the short term, we can help make online catalogs easier to use through improved training and documentation that is based on information-seeking bahavior, with the caveat that good training is not a substitute for good system design. Our long term goal should be to design intuitive systems that require a minimum of instruction. Given the complexity of the information retrieval problem and the limited capabilities of today's systems, we are far from achieving that goal. If libraries are to provide primary information services for the networked world, they need to put research results on the information-seeking process into practice in designing the next generation of online public access information retrieval systems
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Borgman, C.L.; Hirsh, S.G.; Hiller, J.: Rethinking online monitoring methods for information retrieval systems : from search product to search process (1996)
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- Abstract
- Searching information retrieval systems is a highly interactive, iterative process that cannot be understood simply by comparing the output of a search session (the 'search product') to a query stated in advance. In this article, we examine evaluation goals and methods for studying information retrieval behavior, drawing examples from our own research and that of others. We limit our review to research that employs online monitoring, also known as transaction log analysis. Online monitoring is one of few methods that can capture detailed data on the search process at a reasonable cost; these data can be used to build quantitative models or to support qualitative interpretations of quatitative results. Monitoring is a data collection technique rather than a research design, and can be employed in experimental of field studies, whether alone or combined with other data collection methods. Based on the the research questions of interest, the researcher must determine what variables to collect from each data source, which to treat as independent varaibles to manipulate, and which to treat as dependent variables to observe effects. Studies of searching behavior often treat search task and searcher characteristics as independent variables and may manipulate other independent variables specific to the research questions addressed. Search outcomes, time, and search paths frequently are treated as dependent variables. We discuss each of these sets of variables, illustrating them with sample results from the literature and from our own research. Our examples are drawn from the Science Library Catalog project, a 7-year study of children's searching behavior on an experimental retrieval system. We close with a brief discussion of the implications of these results for the design of information retrieval systems
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Meadow, C.T.; Cerny, B.A.; Borgman, C.L.; Case, D.O.: Online access to knowledge : system design (1989)
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- Abstract
- The project online access to knowledge (OAK) has developed a computer intermediary for delected users of the Department of Energy's DOE/RECON and BASIS online information retrieval systems. Its purpose is to enable people who have little or no training or experience in bibliographic searching to conduct their own searches, without the assistance of a trained librarian. hence permitting the user to work in both a place and time of his or her choosing. The purpose of this article is to report on the design and the rationale for the design. OAK software consists of both a tutorial and an assistance program. The latter does not employ a command language, hence obviates the need for a searcher to learn the formal language usually associated with an online database search service. It is central to our approach that this system does not supplant the user's ultimate primacy in knowing what he or she is looking for, nor in judging the results
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Borgman, C.L.; Hirsh, S.G.; Walter, V.A.; Gallagher, A.L.: Childrens searching behavior on browsing and keyword online catalogs : the Science Library Catalog project (1995)
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- Abstract
- As we seek both to improve public school education in high technology areas and to link libraries and classrooms on the 'information superhighway', we need to understand more about children's information searching abilities. We present results of 4 experiments conducted on 4 versions of the Science Library Catalog (SLC), a Dewey Decimal based hierarchical browsing systems implemeted in HyperCard without a keyboard. The experiments were conducted over a 3-year period at 3 sites, with 4 databases, and with comparisons to 2 different keyword online catalogs. Subjects were ethnically and culturally diverse children aged 9 through 12; with 32 to 34 children participating in each experiment. Children were provided explicit instruction and reference materials for the keyword systems but not for the SLC. The number of search topics matched was comparable across all systems and all experiments; search times were comparable, thought hey varied among the 4 SLC versions and between the 2 keyword OPACs. The SLC overall was robust to differences in age, sex and computer experience. One of the keyword OPACs was subject to minor effects of age and computer experience; the other was not. We found relationships between search topic and system structure, such that the most difficult topics on the SLC were those hard to locate in the hierarchy, and those most difficult on the keyword OPACs were hard to spell or required children to generate their own search terms. The SLC approach overcomes problems with several searching features that are difficult for children in typical keyword OPAC systems; typing skills, spelling, vocabulary, and Boolean logic. Results have general implications for the desing of information retrieval systems for children
-
Borgman, C.L.: Will the global information infrastructure be the library of the future? : Central and Eastern Europe as a case example (1996)
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- Source
- IFLA journal. 22(1996) no.2, S.121-127
-
Borgman, C.L.: ¬The conundrum of sharing research data (2012)
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- Date
- 11. 6.2012 15:22:29
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Borgman, C.L.; Scharnhorst, A.; Golshan, M.S.: Digital data archives as knowledge infrastructures : mediating data sharing and reuse (2019)
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- Date
- 7. 7.2019 11:58:22
-
Borgman, C.L.: Human computer interaction with information retrieval systems : understanding complex communication behavior (1986)
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-
Borgman, C.L.: Mental models: ways of looking at a system : training users with mental models can improve performance (1982)
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Borgman, C.L.: Information retrieval from CD-ROM : status quo or a revolution in end-user access? (1987)
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- Abstract
- CD-ROM data bases are being adopted rapidly by libraries and are being made available to end-users. Compares online information retrieval systems and CD-ROM based retrieval systems, assessing structure and content characteristics that contribute to user behaviour. CD-ROM systems are comparable in database content and in interface style, although CD-ROM systems often provide multiple user interfaces, have smaller databases, less time pressure, and no telecommunications requirements. Some of the differences might lead to better retrieval performance by novice users, but many unanswered questions remain about the influence of time pressure, database size, interface style, training, and skill transfer among systems
-
Borgman, C.L.; Smart, L.J.; Millwood, K.A.; Finley, J.R.; Champeny, L.; Gilliland, A.J.; Leazer, G.H.: Comparing faculty information seeking in teaching and research : implications for the design of digital libraries (2005)
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- Date
- 3. 6.2005 20:40:22
-
Borgman, C.L.: All users of information retrieval systems are not created equal : an exploration into individual differences (1989)
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- Abstract
- User performance on information retrieval systems is highly variable. After briefly reviewing the characterisitcs on which IR performance varies, reports on a specific study that sought to idetify both technical aptitudes and personality characteristics that were related to academic orientation variables previously found to predict IR performance. Academic orientation was related to technical aptitudes as measured by standardised achievement tests and coursework; and that academic orientation was related to some personaliyt characteristics, as measured by standardised tests. Since individual differences in information retrieval are assumed not to be random, argues that individual characteristics should be described so they can be accomodated through design and training
-
Hirsh, S.G.; Borgman, C.L.: Comparing children's use of browsing and keyword searching on the Science Library catalog (1995)
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- Abstract
- Reports on a continuing project to study children's search behaviour on an automated library catalogue designed for children, called the Science Library Catalog. This experiment exployed an advanced version of the system which combines the browsing features of earlier versions with keyword capabilities that do not require correct spelling, searching alphabetical lists, or using Boolean logic. 5th grade children are able to use browsing and keyword searchs trategies successfully, relying on browsing to familiarize themselves with the system and graduating to keyword methods after they are comfortable with the system. Children's level of science domian knowledge was found to influence both their success in finding books and their search behaviour, with children with high domain knowledge finding books more successfully and utilizing more keyword and mixed search methgods. Results contribute to understanding of the factors affecting children's search behaviour
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Borgman, C.L.; Walter, V.A.; Rosenberg, J.: ¬The Science Library Catalog project : comparison of children's searching behaviour in hypertext and a keyword search system (1991)
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- Abstract
- Reports on a continuing project to study children's use of a graphically-based direct manipulation interface for science materials. The Science Library Catalogue (SLC), a component of project SEED, has been implemented in the libraries of 21 elementary schools in Los Angeles and will soon be implemented in a public library. The interface employs a hierarchical structure drawn from the DDC and implemented in HyperCard on the Macintosh. The study on the 2nd version of the interface indicates that children are able to use the Science Library Catalogue unaided, with reasonable success in finding items. Search success on the same topics on a Boolean command driven system was equivalent, but Boolean searches were faster. However, the Boolean system was more sensitive to differences in age, with 12-year-olds having significantly better success rates than 10-year-olds; and to search topic, with one set of questions being much easier to search than the other. On average, children liked the 2 systems about the same; the Boolean system was more attractive to certain age and gender combinations, while the Science Library Catalogue was more consistently liked across groups. results are compared to prior studies on the Science Library Catalogue and other online catalogues
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Borgman, C.L.; Chignell, M.H.; Valdez, F.: Designing an information retrieval interface based on children's categorization of knowledge : a pilot study (1989)
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- Abstract
- The study assessed the ability of children to categorise concepts that will be used to organise an information retrieval interface. The work was done of Project SEED (Science for Early Educational Development), a project to develop hands-on science programmes for elementary schools. Aims to tailor an interface to the particular skills of children in organising science knowledge. The results are promising for the design of IR interfaces based on children's abilities to manipulate information.
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Sullivan, M.V.; Borgman, C.L.; Wippern, D.: End-users, mediated searches, and front-end assistance programs on dialig : a comparison of learning, performance, and satisfaction (1990)
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- Abstract
- We trained 40 doctoral students to search INSPEC or ERIC on DIALOG using either the SCI-MATE menu or native commands. Each student then performed a free search on his or her chosen research topic. In comparison with 20 control subjects - doctoral students for whom a free search was performed by a skilled librarian - the experimental subjects were no less satisfied with their retrievals, which were smaller but higher in precision than the retrievals produced by the intermediaries. End-users retrieved as many relevant references as the intermediaries. Use of the menu interface did not affect quality of retrieval or user satisfaction, although subjects instructed to use native commands required less training time, and interacted more with the databases than subjects trained on the SCI-MATE menu.
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Sullivan, M.V.; Borgman, C.L.: Bibliographic searching by end-users and intermediaries : front-end software vs native DIALOG commands (1988)
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- Abstract
- 40 doctoral student were trained to search INSPEC or ERIC on DIALOG using either the Sci-Mate Menu or native commands. In comparison with 20 control subjects for whom a free search was performed by an intermediary, the experiment subjects were no less satisfied with their retrievals, which were fewer in number but higher in precision than the retrievals produced by the intermediaries. Use of the menu interface did not affect quality of retrieval or user satisfaction, although subjects instructed to use native commands required less training time and interacted more with the data bases than did subjects trained on the Sci-Mate Menu. INSPEC subjects placed a higher monetary value on their searches than did ERIC subjects, indicated that they would make more frequent use of ddata bases in the future, and interacted more with the data base.
