Search (64 results, page 1 of 4)

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Abstract

Was wäre, wenn der Computer den Inhalt einer Seite aus dem World Wide Web nicht nur anzeigen, sondern auch seine Bedeutung erfassen würde? Er könnte ungeahnte Dinge für seinen Benutzer tun - und das vielleicht schon bald, wenn das semantische Netz etabliert ist

Date

31.12.1996 19:29:41

Footnote

Dt. Übersetzung von: The Semantic Web: a new form of Web content that is meaningful to computers will unleash a revolution of new possibilities. In: Scientific American. 284(2001) no.5, S.34-43.

Theme

Semantic Web

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Abstract

A synthesis of some of the themes and ideas developed in a recently published book about the future of information: i in the sky: visions of the information future. Common themes included: problems in defining information and defining future time-scales, the ubiquity of information, accessibility, privacy censorship and control, customisation ofinformation products, the development of the World Wide Web, artificial intelligence and cybernetics, changes in working roles and structures of organisations, information literacy, information overload and the organisation and retrieval of information.

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Abstract

Is there a future for the library cataloger? For the past thirty years this debate has increased with the continued growth of online resources and greater access to the World Wide Web. Many are concerned that library administrators believe budgetary resources would be better spent on other matters, leaving library users with an overabundance of electronic information to muddle through on their own. This article focuses on the future of the cataloging profession and its importance to the needs of library patrons.

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Content

"When Randall C. Jimerson, the president of the Society of American Archivists, heard of Google's plan to convert certain holdings at Oxford University and at some of the leading research libraries in the United States into digital files, searchable over the Web, he asked, "What are they thinking?" Mr. Jimerson had worries. Who would select the material? How would it be organized and identified to avoid mountains of excerpts taken out of context? Would Google users eventually forgo the experience of holding a book or looking at a historicaldocument? But in recent interviews, many scholars and librarians applauded the announcement by Google, the operator of the world's most popular Internet search service, to digitize some of the collections at Oxford, the University of Michigan, Stanford University, Harvard and the New York Public Library. The plan, in the words of Paul Duguid, information specialist at the University of California at Berkeley, will "blast wide open" the walls around the libraries of world-class institutions.
David Nasaw, a historian and director of the Center for the Humanities at the City University of New York's Graduate Center, said the ability to use keywords to locate books and documents could save academics traveltime and money and broaden their research. "This all captures people's imagination in a wonderful way," Said Kate Wittenberg, director of the Electronic Publishing Initiative at Columbia University. "But whether it's right or wrong is not the whole question and not the whole answer." This year Ms. Wittenberg's group completed a three-year study of research habits that included 1,233 students. The study concluded that electronic resources had become the main tool for gathering information, particularly among undergraduates. But Ms. Wittenberg does have concerns. "What I've learned is that libraries help people formulate questions as well as find answers," Ms. Wittenberg said. "Who will do that in a virtual world?" On the other hand, she Said, an enhanced databank could make it easier for students to research topics across disciplines. For example, a topic like "climate change" touches an both political science and science, she Said, and "in the physical world, the books about them are in two different buildings at Columbia." Online research could bring the two subjects together instantly. Robert Darnton, a professor of history at Princeton who is writing a book about the history of books, noted that by looking at a book's binding and paper quality, a researcher can discern much about the period in which it was published, the publisher and the intended audience.
"There may be some false consciousnesses about this breakthrough, that all learning will be at our fingertips," Mr. Darnton said of the plans to enhance Google's database. He saw room for both Google and real-world research. Libraries have already been changed by the Internet, said Paul LeClerc, president and chief executive of the New York Public Library: But libraries will still be needed to coliect and store information, he said. "TV did replace radio," Mr. LeCIerc said. "Videos and DVD's did not replace people going to the movies. It's still easier to read a book by hand than online." "The New-York Public Library Web site gets three-fourths of a billion hits a year from 200 different countries and territories, and that's with no marketing or advertising," he said. "That's the context in which this new element has to be placed." "We had 13 million reader visits last year," he continued. "We're serving a multiplicity of audiences - we serve people physically and virtually. It's an enormous contribution to human intellectual development." Many university leaders realize that for most people, information does not exist unless it is online, said Paul Courant, provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan. Mr. Courant envisioned that in 20 years archives would be shared by institutions. While the world needs "tens of thousands of copies of 'To the Lighthouse,"' he said, "we don't need to have a zillion copies of some arcane monograph written by a sociologist in 1951."

Series

World trends

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Content

"Für Optimisten wie den amerikanischen Computerwissenschaftler Nicholas Negroponte bricht das kommende Digitalzeitalter wie eine Naturgewalt über uns herein. Als Zukunftsforscher kann ich jedoch nicht in den Tenor der üblichen kühnen Prophezeiungen der Medienbranche einstimmen. In Deutschland und den USA wird zwar viel über E-Commerce spekuliert. In Wirklichkeit nutzen aber die privaten Verbraucher dort Shopping, Reisebuchung und Bücherkauf per PC kaum (je unter 3 %), Hornebanking nur 5 % der Amerikaner und 3 % der Deutschen. Obwohl immer mehr Firmen online gehen, halten die Verbraucher weitgehend an ihren außerhäuslichen Konsumgewohnheiten fest. Bisher bietet das Netz gefühls- und erlebnismäßig einfach zu wenig. Auch 2010 werden über 90 % des privaten Verbrauchs nicht über OnlineGeschäfte getätigt. Selbst wenn sich der E-Commerce-Umsatz der privaten Verbraucher jährlich verdoppeln sollte, werden die Online-Geschäfte in Deutschland auch 2002 keine 3 % des Einzelhandelsumsatzes ausmachen (derzeit: 22 Milliarden Mark Einzelhandelsumsatz zu 2,5 Milliarden aus Online-Geschäften). Die Frage, warum Online-Shopping so wenig Resonanz findet, lässt sich auf folgende Ursachen zurückführen: Erlebniskonsum in den Shopping-Centern ist attraktiver; wachsende Ungeduld bei langem Laden der Website, Unzufriedenheit über verwirrend gestaltete Online-Shops, Enttäuschung über nicht verfügbare Produkte sowie Abbruch der Kaufabsicht, wenn das Shop-System abstürzt. Leider findet die digitale Revolution in Deutschland bisher fast nur auf Unternehmensseite statt, die Fragen nach den Bedürfnissen der Konsumenten bleiben weitgehend unbeantwortet.
Wer sich ernsthaft um die eigene Zukunft Gedanken macht, wird die Altersvorsorge nicht nur als materielle, sondern auch als körperliche, soziale und mentale Daseinsvorsorge begreifen. Denn bessere Lebensbedingungen und medizinischer Fortschritt haben nicht nur die Lebenserwartung, sondern auch die durchschnittliche Rentenbezugsdauer verlängert (zum Beispiel 1960: 10 Jahre, 2000: 20 Jahre). Die meisten werden zukünftig ein Vierteljahrhundert im Ruhestand leben "müssen". Daher werden in der immer älter werdenden Gesellschaft Pharmaforschung, Bio- und Gentechnologien im Kampf gegen Krebs, Alzheimer oder Demenz boomen sowie gesundheitsnahe Branchen, die Care und Wellness, Vitalität und Revitalisierung anbieten. - Frauen bevorzugen weiterhin KKK und nicht WWW - Eine andere optimistische Prognose zum digitalen Zeitalter hält auch nicht stand. So verkündet eine aktuelle Werbekampagne der deutschen Bundesregierung den Slogan "Drei K sind out, WWW ist in. Kinder, Küche, Kirche sind für Frauen nicht mehr das Ein und Alles ..." Diese Behauptung geht weit an der Wirklichkeit des Jahres 2001 vorbei. Die Frauenpower von heute findet noch immer mehr in der Kirche als im World Wide Web statt. Nur 4 % der Frauen in Deutschland (Männer: 13 %) nutzen wenigstens einmal in der Woche privat Online-Dienste. Der Anteil der Frauen, die regelmäßig jede Woche in die Kirche gehen, ist fast fünfmal so hoch (19 %) - von den Besuchen in der Küche ganz zu schweigen; auch Kinder sind noch lange nicht abgeschrieben. Die Zuneigung der Deutschen zum Computer hält sich in Grenzen. Repräsentative Studien belegen, dass derzeit über 80 % der Bevölkerung in der Regel keinen PC zu Hause nutzen, dafür lieber an ihren alten TV-Gewohnheiten zwischen Tagesschau und Sportsendung festhalten, zwischendurch Handy-Kontakte aufnehmen oder den Anrufbeantworter "abarbeiten". Laut Verband der Elektrotechnik hat der Anteil der so genannten Computer-Muffel seit 1998 sogar zugenommen. Das PC-Zeitalter beziehungsweise Online-Jahrhundert ist offenbar schon zu Ende, bevor es überhaupt begonnen hat."

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Abstract

Initialbeitrag zum sog. "Semantic Web". - Dt. Übersetzung: dt.: Mein Computer versteht mich. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft, August 2001, S. 42-49

Date

31.12.1996 19:29:41

Theme

Semantic Web

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Source

Information world review. 1994, no.95, September, S.28-29

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Abstract

Much time and effort has been devoted to designing and developing library Web sites that are easy to navigate by both new students and experienced researchers. In a review of the Southampton Institute Library it was decided that in addition to updating the existing homepage an alternative would be offered. Drawing on theory relating to user interface design, learning styles and creative thinking, an Alternative Library navigation system was added to the more traditional library homepage. The aim was to provide students with a different way to explore and discover the wide range of information resources available by taking a less formal approach to navigation based on the metaphor of physical space and playful exploration.

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Abstract

The paper discusses the nature of values in general and the nature and utility of the values of librarianship. Delineates the changes that have occurred and are occurring in the wider world and the nature of change; also the importance of values in providing a framework for dealing with present and future change. Stresses the centrality of the human record to societal progress, the place of the human record in cultural heritage, and the central purpose of libraries in facilitating interaction with the human record and furthering the transmission of cultural heritage. Urges a turning away from the alien value systems of information technology, consumerism, materialism, and corporate management, and a consequent set of alliances between libraries and a wide range of cultural institutions and associations.

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Date

26. 7.2002 14:35:22

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Abstract

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), a system originally designed as a tool for subject access to the Library's own collection in the late nineteenth century, has become, in the course of the last century, the main subject retrieval tool in library catalogs throughout the United States and in many other countries. It is one of the largest non-specialized controlled vocabularies in the world. As LCSH enters a new century, it faces an information environment that has undergone vast changes from what had prevailed when LCSH began, or, indeed, from its state in the early days of the online age. In order to continue its mission and to be useful in spheres outside library catalogs as well, LCSH must adapt to the multifarious environment. One possible approach is to adopt a series of scalable and flexible syntax and application rules to meet the needs of different user communities

Date

27. 5.2001 16:22:21

Series

Cataloging and classification quarterly; vol.29, nos.1/2

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Abstract

Die mit dem Bologna-Prozess eingeleiteten Veränderungen haben erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Hochschulen und Universitäten. Dies betrifft auch die Bereiche der Informationsinfrastruktur, für die sich neue Anforderungen und Herausforderungen aus dem Bologna-Prozess ergeben. Ökonomisierung und Technologisierung von Geschäfts- und Supportprozessen sind dabei wesentliche Antriebskräfte, die insbesondere die soziale Dimension akademischen Lebens und die damit verbundenen Werte zu verdrängen drohen: Auch in Zeiten von Bologna ist 'Universität, keine Web-Version! Deshalb sind Bibliotheken, Medien- und Rechenzentren sowie Verwaltungen gut beraten, auf der Plattform der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien und unter Einschluss betriebswirtschaftlicher Verfahren eine 'Vision von Qualität', zu entwickeln, wie sie in der Tradition des europäischen Universitätswesens liegt.

Date

22. 2.2008 13:28:00

Source

Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 55(2008) H.1, S.18-22

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Abstract

Defines digital libraries and discusses the effects of new technology on librarians. Examines the different viewpoints of librarians and information technologists on digital libraries. Describes the development of a digital library at the National Drug Intelligence Center, USA, which was carried out in collaboration with information technology experts. The system is based on Web enabled search technology to find information, data visualization and data mining to visualize it and use of SGML as an information standard to store it

Date

22.11.1998 18:57:22

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Abstract

Will traditional forms of communication seamlessly migrate to the Web? Liew, Foo, and Chennupati report that the top-ranked features of e-journals are those not available in paper journals: querying, navigation, and visualization.

Source

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.1, S.22-35

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Abstract

This article explores the emphasis on control in cataloging versus the chaos found on the Web. It delves into adversarial relationships between catalogers and technologists. It seeks commonalities and suggests that new alternatives addressing both perspectives might offer superior and more satisfying results. A series of examples juxtapose current practices, enrichment possibilities, and flaws in current digital solutions to suggest potential opportunities where catalogers might excel. Speculation on ways to promote cataloging principles and values via more direct participation in the unruly digital environment hints at a more promising future for our profession.

Date

23.12.2007 10:29:47

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Content

"Die Vision von der künstlichen Intelligenz wird Wirklichkeit, sagt Computerbuchverleger und Web 2.0-Pionier Tim O'Reilly. Das Leben mit dem Internet sei viel weiter als manche ahnungslose Nutzer meinten. Und es gebe keinen Weg zurück. O'Reilly ist sich allerdings nicht sicher, ob der nächste große Technologie-Schub mit dem WorldWideWeb verbunden ist. " Wenn wir über unseren Umgang mit Computern reden, verbinden wir das immer noch damit, vor einem Bildschirm zu sitzen und auf einer Tastatur zu tippen. Aber Computer werden immer mehr in den Hintergrund gedrängt. Die offensichtliche Veränderung ist zunächst - was ja viele Menschen auch schon beschrieben haben-, dass auch mobile Endgeräte oder Mobiltelefone als Plattform dienen. Damit ist auch verbunden, dass Spracherkennung immer besser wird. Oder dass Fotoapparate mittlerweile mit GPS ausgestattet sind. Wenn Sie damit ein Foto machen, ist der Ort automatisch Teil des Fotos und damit Teil der Information, die Sie zum Beispiel auf eine Web-2.0-Anwendung wie flickr stellen. Und plötzlich lernt das globale Gehirn etwas, was Sie gar nicht beabsichtigt haben", betont O'Reilly. Microsoft habe eine Software vorgestellt, die Photosynth heißt. Mit ihr könnten aus aneinander gereihten Digitalfotos 3-D Modelle entworfen werden. Man müsse die Fotos nur mit "Tags" versehen, also markieren, und jemand anderes nutzt das und führt alles zu einem 3-D Modell zusammen. "Wir bewegen uns also in Richtung künstlicher Intelligenz. Allerdings ist immer noch ein Mensch dahinter, der dem Programm sagt, was es tun soll. Aber das Beispiel zeigt, was mit der Nutzung kollektiver Intelligenz gemeint ist. Wir geben immer mehr Daten in das globale Netzwerk ein, und Menschen schreiben Programme, die neue Verbindungen erstellen. Es ist, als würden die Synapsen des kollektiven Gehirns wachsen. Ich glaube, wir dürfen Überraschungen erwarten", meint O'Reilly.
Die Informationen aus dem Internet werden nach seiner Erkenntnis auf viele verschiedene Arten zugänglich sein. "Wir denken immer, es gibt Milliarden Computer da draußen - aber das stimmt nicht. Es gibt eigentlich nur einen, und darum geht es im Web 2.0. Alles wird mit allem verbunden. Und was wir heute unter einem Computer verstehen ist eigentlich nur ein Zugangsgerät zu dem einen weltweiten elektronischen Gehirn, das wir erschaffen", sagt O'Reilly. Webexperten halten die Visionen von O'Reilly für realistisch: "So wird die Spracherkennung eine Schlüsseltechnologie sein für den Zugriff auf das vernetzte Weltwissen. Wie häufig hätten wir gerne im Alltag genaue Informationen zu Sportergebnissen, Telefonnummern oder Adressen. Unendlich viele Dinge, die wir, wenn wir gerade im Internet wären sofort 'er-googlen' würden. Da das aber in der Freizeit und von unterwegs selten der Fall ist und der Zugriff über das Handy mit Tastatur oder Touch-screen zu mühselig ist, verzichten wir meistens darauf unseren Wissenshunger sofort zu stillen. Anders wäre es, wenn wir mit einfachen gesprochenen Suchbefehlen unsere Anfrage starten und die Suche dann bei Bedarf eingrenzen könnten, genauso, wie wir es derzeitig mit der PC-Tastatur und der Maus tun und das ganze jederzeit und von jedem Ort aus", kommentiert Lupo Pape, Geschäftsführer von SemanticEdge, die Analysen des Web-2.0-Vordenkers.

Date

29. 1.1997 18:49:05

Source

Wechselwirkung. 29(2007) Nr.141, S.11-12

Theme

Semantic Web

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Abstract

If we are to learn about the impact of computers and networks on society, it will be necessary to address issues from broad cultural-historical perspectives, such as has been done for print culture by those in the 'histoire du livre' tradition. There are paradoxes faced by users of the Internet that have direct implications on their conceptions of the organization of knowledge. Perceptions of knowledge structures may play roles in searching habits or in deciding about he overall appropriateness of a Net search. The Net has been compared to a world brain and is here placed in the context of an early conception of a world brain

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Abstract

The environment in which libraries everywhere in the developed world operate is undergoing massive changes, most of them driven or influenced by information technology. Discusses 2 trends that are having a fundamental impact on libraries: lifelong learning and the shift from teaching to learning. Presents concepts of academic and public libraries of the future, where culture, learning and research will be fostered, and where most of the competencies of librarians and information professionals will become more rather than less needed, because information handling skills will be of prime importance

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Abstract

The range, depths and limits of what we know depend on the media with which we attempt to record our knowledge. This essay begins with a brief review of developments in a) media: stone, manuscripts, books and digital media, to trace how collections of recorded knowledge expanded to 235,000 in 1837 and have expanded to over 100 million unique titles in a single database including over 1 billion individual listings in 2007. The advent of digital media has brought full text scanning and electronic networks, which enable us to consult digital books and images from our office, home or potentially even with our cell phones. These magnificent developments raise a number of concerns and new challenges. An historical survey of major projects that changed the world reveals that they have taken from one to eight centuries. This helps explain why commercial offerings, which offer useful, and even profitable short-term solutions often undermine a long-term vision. New technologies have the potential to transform our approach to knowledge, but require a vision of a systematic new approach to knowledge. This paper outlines four ingredients for such a vision in the European context. First, the scope of European observatories should be expanded to inform memory institutions of latest technological developments. Second, the quest for a European Digital Library should be expanded to include a distributed repository, a digital reference room and a virtual agora, whereby memory institutions will be linked with current research;. Third, there is need for an institute on Knowledge Organization that takes up anew Otlet's vision, and the pioneering efforts of the Mundaneum (Brussels) and the Bridge (Berlin). Fourth, we need to explore requirements for a Universal Digital Library, which works with countries around the world rather than simply imposing on them an external system. Here, the efforts of the proposed European University of Culture could be useful. Ultimately we need new systems, which open research into multiple ways of knowing, multiple "knowledges". In the past, we went to libraries to study the recorded world. In a world where cameras and sensors are omnipresent we have new recording worlds. In future, we may also use these recording worlds to study the riches of libraries.