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Abstract

Kaum ein Gebiet der modernen Philosophie ist komplexer, kaum eines wird kontroverser diskutiert als die Philosophie des Geistes. Wie in keiner anderen philosophischen Disziplin manifestieren sich hier zudem die Konflikte zwischen zwei scheinbar unversöhnlichen Welten: der Welt des Geistes bzw. der Geisteswissenschaften und der Welt des Gehirns bzw. der modernen Naturwissenschaften. Mit John R. Searle hat nun einer der Großmeister des Fachs eine historisch-systematische Einführung geschrieben, die zugleich eine neue Sicht auf dieses "wichtigste Thema der gegenwärtigen Philosophie" bietet. Ausgehend von "Descartes und anderen Katastrophen", präpariert Searle zwölf zentrale Probleme der Philosophie des Geistes, verwirft selbst die einflußreichsten Theorien und schlägt eigene Lösungen jenseits der Zwei-Welten-Lehre vor. Entstanden sind provozierende Analysen etwa des klassischen Leib- Seele-Problems und des Zusammenhangs zwischen Bewußtsein und Neurobiologie. Dem Unbewußten ist ebenso ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet wie der Wahrnehmung und dem schwierigen Problem der mentalen Verursachung. Searles temperamentvoll geschriebenes Buch, das nicht mit Kritik an eingefahrenen Denkmustern geizt und mit einem Minimum an philosophischem Jargon auskommt, ist eine umfassende Einführung in die Philosophie des Geistes für Studierende und ein Lesevergnügen für jeden, der sich für die tiefen Fragen der Philosophie interessiert. "Die zeitgenössische Philosophie des Geistes ist insofern einzigartig, als die berühmtesten und einflußreichsten Theorien auf diesem Gebiet falsch sind."

Footnote

Originaltitel: Mind

LCSH

Philosophy of Mind

RSWK

Philosophy of Mind / Einführung

Subject

Philosophy of Mind / Einführung
Philosophy of Mind

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Abstract

The great dream of philosophers and scientists for millennia has been to give us a complete account of the order of things. A powerful articulation of such a dream in this century has been found in the idea of a unity of science. With this manifesto, John Dupre systematically attacks the ideal of scientific unity by showing how its underlying assumptions are at odds with the central conclusions of science itself. In its stead, the author gives us a metaphysics much more in keeping with what science tells us about the world. Elegantly written and compellingly argued, this provocative book will be important reading for all philosophers and scholars of science. Dupre's book is original, lucid and confident, without being eccentric, polemical or arrogant. It deserves close attention...Dupre insists that there is no general scientific method, process, or attitude...He pins down the notion of the unity of science as a form of scientism appropriate only to a Utopia or to totalitarianism. He notes that 'paradoxically, with the disunity of science comes a kind of unity of knowledge.' That is why, to my mind, this is just the kind of philosophical teaching that is needed to close the gap between the two cultures. -- John Ziman Nature The thesis of 'disorder' has revolutionary implications for the practice of science...[This book] should be read by every student of the subject as an antidote to current philosophical correctness, and it should indeed suggest to professionals that many of the fashionable empires of analytic philosophy as well as philosophy of science are not well-clothed. -- Mary Hesse International Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science

LCSH

Chaotic behavior in systems ; Reductionism ; Determinism (Philosophy)

Subject

Chaotic behavior in systems ; Reductionism ; Determinism (Philosophy)

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Abstract

DAS STANDARDWERK in der Philosophie des Geistes seit 10 Jahren - jetzt in 5. Auflage mit einer um mehr als 60 Seiten erweiterten Bibliographie, die Publikationen zur Philosophie des Geistes und angrenzender Disziplinen von 1970-2004 erfaßt (über 2700 Titel). Kann man sich vorstellen, dass so etwas wie bewusstes Erleben auf der Grundlage physikalischer Vorgänge entstehen konnte? Sind subjektives Empfinden und das Entstehen einer Innenperspektive überhaupt als Bestandteil der natürlichen Ordnung der Dinge denkbar - oder werden wir an dieser Stelle mit einem letztlich unauflöslichen Mysterium konfrontiert, mit einem weissen Fleck auf der Landkarte des wissenschaftlichen Weltbildes, der vielleicht aus prinzipiellen Gründen immer ein weisser Fleck bleiben muss? Das Problem des Bewusstseins bildet heute - vielleicht zusammen mit der Frage nach der Entstehung unseres Universums - die äusserste Grenze des menschlichen Strebens nach Erkenntnis. Es erscheint deshalb vielen als das letzte grosse Rätsel überhaupt und als die grösste theoretische Herausforderung der Gegenwart. Mit Beiträgen von: Ansgar Beckermann, Peter Bieri, Dieter Birnbacher, Ned Block, Tyler Burge, David J. Chalmers, Patricia S. Churchland, Daniel C. Dennett, Owen Flanagan, Rick Grush, Güven Güzeldere, Robert Kirk, Martin Kurthen, Joseph Levine, William G. Lycan, Colin McGinn, Thomas Metzinger, Norton Nelkin, Martine Nida-Rümelin, David Papineau, Diana Raffman, Georges Rey, David M. Rosenthal, Eva Ruhnau, Michael Tye, Robert Van Gulick, Kathy Wilkes. Siehe auch: "Conscious Experience", gekürzte englischsprachige Version des Buches "Bewußtsein".

Content

Kommentare: Metzingers blauer Sammelband [...] bietet den zur Zeit vielseitigsten und aktuellsten deutschsprachigen Einstieg in die Thematik. Obwohl als Studienwerkzeug konzipiert, kann der Band auch das Interesse weiterer Kreise gewinnen. M. Lenzen, Frankfurter Rundschau. In den letzten Jahren hat es keine Veröffentlichung gegeben, die so kenntnisreich und informativ in die Gegenwartsdiskussion um das Bewusstsein einführte. H. Breuer, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Dieser monumentale Band ist nicht nur ein weiterer Sammelband auf dem wachsenden Markt von Büchern über Bewusstseinsforschung, sondern eine interdisziplinäre Bestandsaufnahme der philosophischen Problemstellungen, die mit der gegenwärtigen Kognitions- und Bewusstseinsforschung verbunden sind, herausgegeben von einem der führenden Vertreter dieser Bemühungen [...]; ein hervorragendes Buch, spannend zu lesen, wohl fundiert, ohne falsche Versprechungen, das »Rätsel des Bewusstseins« bald (oder jemals?) zufriedenstellend klären zu können. M. von Brück in Dialog der Religionen. Alles in allem: Dieses Werk gehört zu einem der wichtigsten Bücher der letzten Jahre zum Thema des menschlichen Bewusstseins. Mind Management. Wer heute zur Frage des Bewusstseins etwas sagen will und dies nicht nur aus neurologischer Sicht, wird an diesem Buch nicht vorbeigehen können. A. Resch, Grenzgebiete der Wissenschaft. Der Band stellt in einer bislang kaum dagewesenen Konzentration die führenden Autoren auf diesem Gebiet vor. Diese äusserst hochkarätige Textsammlung sollte nicht nur in der aktuellen Philosophie des Geistes, sondern auch in der empirischen Forschung grosse Wirkung entfalten. R. Schatta in Bundeswehr-Verwaltung. Der Leser wird, begleitet durch eine überaus sachkundige allgemeine und mehrere auf die neun Teile des Buches bezogene spezielle Einführungen des Herausgebers, durch die Diskussionslandschaft geführt. Er wird mit den begrifflichen Grundlagen der Diskussion vertraut gemacht und auf die Gratwanderung zwischen physischen und phänomenalen Wirklichkeiten geschickt. A. Ziemke, Psychologie Heute

RSWK

Philosophy of Mind / Bewusstsein

Subject

Philosophy of Mind / Bewusstsein

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Abstract

What links conscious experience of pain, joy, color, and smell to bioelectrical activity in the brain? How can anything physical give rise to nonphysical, subjective, conscious states? Christof Koch has devoted much of his career to bridging the seemingly unbridgeable gap between the physics of the brain and phenomenal experience. This engaging book?part scientific overview, part memoir, part futurist speculation?describes Koch's search for an empirical explanation for consciousness. Koch recounts not only the birth of the modern science of consciousness but also the subterranean motivation for his quest?his instinctual (if "romantic") belief that life is meaningful. Koch describes his own groundbreaking work with Francis Crick in the 1990s and 2000s and the gradual emergence of consciousness (once considered a "fringy" subject) as a legitimate topic for scientific investigation. Present at this paradigm shift were Koch and a handful of colleagues, including Ned Block, David Chalmers, Stanislas Dehaene, Giulio Tononi, Wolf Singer, and others. Aiding and abetting it were new techniques to listen in on the activity of individual nerve cells, clinical studies, and brain-imaging technologies that allowed safe and noninvasive study of the human brain in action. Koch gives us stories from the front lines of modern research into the neurobiology of consciousness as well as his own reflections on a variety of topics, including the distinction between attention and awareness, the unconscious, how neurons respond to Homer Simpson, the physics and biology of free will, dogs, Der Ring des Nibelungen, sentient machines, the loss of his belief in a personal God, and sadness. All of them are signposts in the pursuit of his life's work?to uncover the roots of consciousness

Content

In which I introduce the ancient mind-body problem, explain why I am on a quest to use reason and empirical inquiry to solve it, acquaint you with Francis Crick, explain how he relates to this quest, make a confession, and end on a sad note -- In which I write about the wellsprings of my inner conflict between religion and reason, why I grew up wanting to be a scientist, why I wear a lapel pin of Professor Calculus, and how I acquired a second mentor late in life -- In which I explain why consciousness challenges the scientific view of the world, how consciousness can be investigated empirically with both feet firmly planted on the ground, why animals share consciousness with humans, and why self-consciousness is not as important as many people think it is -- In which you hear tales of scientist-magicians that make you look but not see, how they track the footprints of consciousness by peering into your skull, why you don't see with your eyes, and why attention and consciousness are not the same -- In which you learn from neurologists and neurosurgeons that some neurons care a great deal about celebrities, that cutting the cerebral cortex in two does not reduce consciousness by half, that color is leached from the world by the loss of a small cortical region, and that the destruction of a sugar cube-sized chunk of brain stem or thalamic tissue leaves you undead -- In which I defend two propositions that my younger self found nonsense--you are unaware of most of the things that go on in your head, and zombie agents control much of your life, even though you confidently believe that you are in charge -- In which I throw caution to the wind, bring up free will, Der ring des Nibelungen, and what physics says about determinism, explain the impoverished ability of your mind to choose, show that your will lags behind your brain's decision, and that freedom is just another word for feeling -- In which I argue that consciousness is a fundamental property of complex things, rhapsodize about integrated information theory, how it explains many puzzling facts about consciousness and provides a blueprint for building sentient machines -- In which I outline an electromagnetic gadget to measure consciousness, describe efforts to harness the power of genetic engineering to track consciousness in mice, and find myself building cortical observatories -- In which I muse about final matters considered off-limits to polite scientific discourse: to wit, the relationship between science and religion, the existence of God, whether this God can intervene in the universe, the death of my mentor, and my recent tribulations.

Footnote

Rez. in: The New York Review of Books, 10.01.2013 ( J. Searle): "The problem of consciousness remains with us. What exactly is it and why is it still with us? The single most important question is: How exactly do neurobiological processes in the brain cause human and animal consciousness? Related problems are: How exactly is consciousness realized in the brain? That is, where is it and how does it exist in the brain? Also, how does it function causally in our behavior? To answer these questions we have to ask: What is it? Without attempting an elaborate definition, we can say the central feature of consciousness is that for any conscious state there is something that it feels like to be in that state, some qualitative character to the state. For example, the qualitative character of drinking beer is different from that of listening to music or thinking about your income tax. This qualitative character is subjective in that it only exists as experienced by a human or animal subject. It has a subjective or first-person existence (or "ontology"), unlike mountains, molecules, and tectonic plates that have an objective or third-person existence. Furthermore, qualitative subjectivity always comes to us as part of a unified conscious field. At any moment you do not just experience the sound of the music and the taste of the beer, but you have both as part of a single, unified conscious field, a subjective awareness of the total conscious experience. So the feature we are trying to explain is qualitative, unified subjectivity.
Now it might seem that is a fairly well-defined scientific task: just figure out how the brain does it. In the end I think that is the right attitude to have. But our peculiar history makes it difficult to have exactly that attitude-to take consciousness as a biological phenomenon like digestion or photosynthesis, and figure out how exactly it works as a biological phenomenon. Two philosophical obstacles cast a shadow over the whole subject. The first is the tradition of God, the soul, and immortality. Consciousness is not a part of the ordinary biological world of digestion and photosynthesis: it is part of a spiritual world. It is sometimes thought to be a property of the soul and the soul is definitely not a part of the physical world. The other tradition, almost as misleading, is a certain conception of Science with a capital "S." Science is said to be "reductionist" and "materialist," and so construed there is no room for consciousness in Science. If it really exists, consciousness must really be something else. It must be reducible to something else, such as neuron firings, computer programs running in the brain, or dispositions to behavior. There are also a number of purely technical difficulties to neurobiological research. The brain is an extremely complicated mechanism with about a hundred billion neurons in ... (Rest nicht frei). " [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/01/10/can-information-theory-explain-consciousness/].
Erwiderung von C. Koch u. G. Tononi in: The New York Review of Books, 07.03.2013 [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/can-photodiode-be-conscious/?pagination=false&printpage=true] mit einer weiteren Erwiderung von J. Searle.

LCSH

Mind and body

RSWK

Bewusstsein / Willensfreiheit / Leib-Seele-Problem / Neurowissenschaftler / Erlebnisbericht 1990-2010
Koch, Christof *1956-* / Bewusstsein / Willensfreiheit / Leib-Seele-Problem / Neurowissenschaften / Autobiographie

Subject

Bewusstsein / Willensfreiheit / Leib-Seele-Problem / Neurowissenschaftler / Erlebnisbericht 1990-2010
Koch, Christof *1956-* / Bewusstsein / Willensfreiheit / Leib-Seele-Problem / Neurowissenschaften / Autobiographie
Mind and body

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Abstract

David J. Chalmers constructs a highly ambitious and original picture of the world, from a few basic elements. He develops and extends Rudolf Carnap's attempt to do the same in Der Logische Aufbau Der Welt (1928). Carnap gave a blueprint for describing the entire world using a limited vocabulary, so that all truths about the world could be derived from that description--but his Aufbau is often seen as a noble failure. In Constructing the World, Chalmers argues that something like the Aufbau project can succeed. With the right vocabulary and the right derivation relation, we can indeed construct the world. The focal point of Chalmers's project is scrutability: roughly, the thesis that ideal reasoning from a limited class of basic truths yields all truths about the world. Chalmers first argues for the scrutability thesis and then considers how small the base can be. All this can be seen as a project in metaphysical epistemology: epistemology in service of a global picture of the world and of our conception thereof. The scrutability framework has ramifications throughout philosophy. Using it, Chalmers defends a broadly Fregean approach to meaning, argues for an internalist approach to the contents of thought, and rebuts W. V. Quine's arguments against the analytic and the a priori. He also uses scrutability to analyze the unity of science, to defend a conceptual approach to metaphysics, and to mount a structuralist response to skepticism. Based on Chalmers's 2010 John Locke lectures, Constructing the World opens up debate on central areas of philosophy including philosophy of language, consciousness, knowledge, and reality. This major work by a leading philosopher will appeal to philosophers in all areas.

LCSH

Knowledge, Theory of

Subject

Knowledge, Theory of

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Footnote

Originaltitel: Mind, language and society Rez. in: Frankfurter Rundschau. Nr.167 vom 21.7.2001 (T. Jantschek: Die Natur des Universums begreifen); FAZ Nr.xxx vom xx.xx.2001 (G. Roth: Ach, wäre das mit dem Geist doch so einfach wie mit dem Rest). - Vgl. die Texte dort.