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  • × theme_ss:"Linguistik"
  1. Kutschera, F. von: Sprachphilosophie (1971) 0.06 
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    Content
    Die Sprache ist in unserem Jahrhundert zu einem der aktuellsten Themen der Philosophie geworden. Der Anstoß zur Beschäftigung mit der Sprache hat sich von den verschiedensten philosophischen Fragestellungen her ergeben: von der Erkenntnistheorie durch eine Wendung der Vernunftkritik in eine Sprachkritik, von der Logik aufgrund ihrer Beschäftigung mit Kunstsprachen und mit der logischen Analyse der natürlichen Sprachen, von der Anthropologie durch die Hervorhebung der Sprache als wesensbestimmender Leistung des Menschen und durch die Entdeckung von Korrelationen zwischen Sprachform und Weltbild, von der Ethik durch ihre Beschäftigung mit den sprachlichen Formen ethischer Aussagen und deren Abgrenzung gegenüber deskriptiven Sätzen. Ganz allgemein läßt sich diese philosophische Hinwendung zur Sprache auch an dem Wandel in der Formulierung philosophischer Probleme ablesen. Wo man früher z.B. nach der "Natur der Kausalität" fragte, oder nach dem "Inhalt des Begriffes der Kausalität", empfindet man es heute als adäquater, das Problem als eine Frage nach dem Wortgebrauch zu formulieren und zu fragen: "Was sagt man, wenn man sagt, daß ein Ereignis A ein Ereignis B bewirkt? "' Die philosophische Aufmerksamkeit hat sich im Verlauf dieser Entwicklung teilweise so ausschließlich auf die Sprache konzentriert, daß man Philosophie überhaupt mit Sprachkritik identifiziert hat. Das gilt insbesondere für die beiden Hauptströmungen der analytischen Philosophie, für die von Bertrand Russell ausgehende und sich über Rudolf Carnap zu Nelson Goodman und Willard van Orman Quine fortsetzende Bestrebung einer logischen Analyse der Wissenschaftssprache, speziell der philosophischen Sprache, in der man versucht, den Sinn der Terme und Sätze dieser Sprache mit den Hilfsmitteln der modernen Logik zu klären und zu präzisieren, und, mehr noch, für die von George Edward Moore ausgehende, dann durch Ludwig Wittgenstein geprägte und in der Ordinary-LanguagePhilosophie der Oxforder Schule (Gilbert Ryle, John Langshaw Austin) fortentwickelte andere Hauptrichtung der analytischen Philosophie, in der man versucht, die philosophische Sprache durch die Analyse des umgangssprachlichen Gebrauchs ihrer Terme zu klären.
    Schon Gottlob Frege sagt im Vorwort zu seiner "Begriffsschrift": "Wenn es eine Aufgabe der Philosophie ist, die Herrschaft des Wortes über den menschlichen Geist zu brechen, indem sie die Täuschungen aufdeckt, die durch den Sprachgebrauch über die Beziehungen der Begriffe oft fast unvermeidlich entstehen, indem sie den Gedanken von demjenigen befreit, womit ihn allein die Beschaffenheit des sprachlichen Ausdrucksmittels behaftet, so wird meine Begriffsschrift, für diese Zwecke weiter ausgebildet, den Philosophen ein brauchbares Werkzeug werden können." Aus dem "Wenn"-Satz Freges wird dann eine kategorische Behauptung und schon für Russell besteht die wichtigste Aufgabe der Philosophie "in criticizing and clarifying notions which are apt to be regarded as fundamental and accepted uncritically. As instances I might mention: mind, matter, consciousness, knowledge, experience, causality, will, time." Und Carnap schreibt im Vorwort zur 2. Auflage seines Buches "Der logische Aufbau der Welt": "Die neuen Bestimmungen [der Begriffe] sollen den alten in Klarheit und Exaktheit überlegen sein und sich vor allem besser in ein systematisches Begriffsgebäude einfügen. Eine solche Begriffserklärung, heute oft "Explikation" genannt, scheint mir immer noch eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Philosophie zu sein." Für Wittgenstein ist schon im "Traktat" alle Philosophie Sprachkritik und in den "Philosophischen Un-tersuchungen" ist Philosophie nichts anderes als ein ständiger Kampf gegen die "Verhexung unsres Verstandes durch die Mittel unserer Sprache"." Für viele Anhänger der Ordinary-Language-Philosophie endlich bedeutet die Hinwendung der Philosophie zur Sprache, der "linguistic turn", die große Revolution der modernen Philosophie. So sagt Austin: ". . . it cannot be doubted that they [diese Methoden der Sprachkritik] are producing a revolution in philosophy. If anyone wishes to call it the greatest and most salutary in its history, this is not, if you come to think of it, a large claim."
    Angesichts der Vielzahl von philosophischen Bestrebungen und Richtungen, die sich unter den Titel einer Sprachphilosophie sammeln, kann es nicht Wunder nehmen, daß dieser Titel keinen präzisen und wohlbestimmten Inhalt hat. Daher wollen wir kurz umreißen, mit welchen Themen sich diese Arbeit beschäftigen soll, und welche Absichten uns dabei leiten. Wir wollen im folgenden, zunächst ganz generell gesagt, Funktion und Leistung der Sprache untersuchen. Aus der Fülle der Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellen lassen, wollen wir drei Problemkreise herausgreifen, die uns von besonderer und grundsätzlicher Bedeutung zu sein scheinen: Das Problem der grammatischen Gliederung und Synthese sprachlicher Ausdrücke, das Problem ihrer Bedeutung und das Problem des Anteils der Sprache an der Erfahrung. Nach einigen Vorbemerkungen beginnen wir im 2. Kapitel mit der Erörterung des grammatischen Problems, wie die sprachliche Zusammenfügung bedeutungsvoller Ausdrücke zu neuen Sinneinheiten funktioniert. Dabei wird noch nicht untersucht, worin die Bedeutung der Elemente der grammatischen Fügungen besteht und wie sie bestimmt wird, sondern es wird nur gefragt, wie sich die Bedeutung der Ausdrucksgruppen aus der Bedeutung der einzelnen Ausdrücke bestimmt. Die Frage, worin die Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke besteht, wie sie festgelegt wird und wie sprachliche Mitteilung funktioniert, wird dann im 3. Kapitel behandelt. Im 4. Kapitel endlich wird das Verhältnis von Sprache und Erfahrung diskutiert, die Frage, inwieweit sich in den Formen einer Sprache gewisse Interpretationsschemata für die Erfahrung ausdrücken, inwieweit die Formen der Sprache die Art und Weise prägen, wie die Wirklichkeit erfahren wird.
  2. Fischer, W.L.: Äquivalenz- und Toleranzstrukturen in der Linguistik : zur Theorie der Synonyma (1973) 0.03 
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    Footnote
    Vgl. auch: Rieger, B.: Unscharfe Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Zum Problem der Repräsentation und Analyse vager Wortbedeutung. Unter: http://www.ldv.uni-trier.de/ldv_archiv/http/www/public_html/ldvpage/rieger/pub/aufsaetze/scharf/scharf81.html.
    LCSH
    Language and languages / Philosophy
    Subject
    Language and languages / Philosophy
  3. Chomsky, N.: Aspects of the theory of syntax (1965) 0.03 
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    Date
    6. 1.1999 10:29:22
  4. Warner, A.J.: Quantitative and qualitative assessments of the impact of linguistic theory on information science (1991) 0.03 
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    Date
    6. 1.1999 10:22:45
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 42(1991) no.1, S.64-71
  5. Storms, G.; VanMechelen, I.; DeBoeck, P.: Structural-analysis of the intension and extension of semantic concepts (1994) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    A method (HICLAS, DeBoeck & Rosenberg, 1988) for studying the internal structure of semantic concepts is presented. The proposed method reveals the internal structure of the extension as well as the intesion of a concept, together with a correspondence relation that shows the mutual dependence of both structures. Its use is illustrated with the analysis of simple concepts (e.g. sports) and conjunctive concepts (e.g. birds that are also pets). The underlying structure that is revealed can be interpreted as a differentiation of the simple concepts studied and for conjunctive concepts the proposed method is able to extract non-inherited and emergent features (Hampton, 1988)
    Date
    22. 7.2000 19:17:40
    Source
    European journal of cognitive psychology. 6(1994) no.1, S.43-75
  6. O'Donnell, R.; Smeaton, A.F.: ¬A linguistic approach to information retrieval (1996) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    An important aspect of information retrieval systems is domain independence, where the subject of the information is not restricted to certain domains of knowledge. This should be able to represent any topic and although the text representation does not involve any semantic knowledge, lexical and syntactic analysis of the text allows the representation to remain domain independent. Reports research at Dublin City University, Ireland, which concentrates on the lexical and syntactic levels of natural language analysis and describes a domain independent automatic information retrieval system which accesses a very large database of newspaper text from the Wall Street Journal. The system represents the text in the form of syntax trees, and these trees are used in the matching process. Reports early results from the stuyd
    Source
    Information retrieval: new systems and current research. Proceedings of the 16th Research Colloquium of the British Computer Society Information Retrieval Specialist Group, Drymen, Scotland, 22-23 Mar 94. Ed.: R. Leon
  7. Rasmussen, L.: Selected linguistic problems in indexing within the Canadian context (1992) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Takes into account the linguistic characteristics of Canadian English and of Canadian French as well as the problem involved in bilingual indexing because of the trend in the English language towards nominalization
  8. Chafe, W.L.: Meaning and the structure of language (1980) 0.01 
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    Date
    22. 4.2007 12:21:29
    Imprint
    Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr.
  9. Suominen, V.: Linguistic / semiotic conditions of information retrieval / documentation in the light of a sausurean conception of language : 'organising knowledge' or 'communication concerning documents'? (1998) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Argumentation consists of representation of the basic structuralist concepts of language/semiotic as a two-level form, as a form of expression and here especially form of content, and of application of these concepts to the phenomena of the representation of the contents of documents. On the basis of argumentation the paper questions the notion of "organizing knowledge", is it, or in what sense it is possible to organize knowledge. The paper bings out some reservations to viewing content representation as organizing knowledge in a strong sense and suggests that instead could be used a notion of (meta)documentation, characterized as communication concerning documents
    Source
    Structures and relations in knowledge organization: Proceedings of the 5th International ISKO-Conference, Lille, 25.-29.8.1998. Ed.: W. Mustafa el Hadi et al
  10. Hays, D.G.: Linguistic foundations of the theory of content analysis (1969) 0.01 
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    Source
    The analysis of communication content. Ed.: G. Gerbner et al
  11. Sharada, B.A.: Infolinguistics : an interdisciplinary study (1995) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Discusses the importance of the theories and principles of linguistics to the organization of information. Infolinguistics studies information or knowledge using linguistics as a representation mechanism. Theoretical studies of search languages and index languages require a theoretical framework provided by the interdisciplinary approach of infolinguistics which is a blend of cognitive psychology, linguistics and information science. Discusses how infolinguistics can contribute to information retrieval using both computer and manual application of grammatical theories
  12. Molina, M.P.: Interdisciplinary approaches to the concept and practice of written documentary content analysis (WTDCA) (1994) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Content analysis, restricted within the limits of written textual documents (WTDCA), is a field which is greatly in need of extensive interdisciplinary research. This would clarify certain concepts, especially those concerned with 'text', as a new central nucleus of semiotic research, and 'content', or the informative power of text. The objective reality (syntax) of the written document should be, in the cognitve process that all content analysis entails, interpreted (semantically and pragmatically) in an intersubjective manner with regard to the context, the analyst's knowledge base and the documentary objectives. The contributions of sociolinguistics (textual), logic (formal) and psychology (cognitive) are fundamental to the conduct of these activities. The criteria used to validate the results obtained complete the necessary conceptual reference panorama
    Source
    Journal of documentation. 50(1994) no.2, S.111-133
  13. Pandey, R.C.: Information retrieval systems : a linguistic approach (1997) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Describes correspondence between linguistics and information retrieval. Notes relevant ideas of linguistics which are useful for information retrieval, particularly at the levels of semantics and syntax. Demonstrates that the conceptual model of Ranganathan based on canons, postulates and pronciples contains the principles expressed by other scholars in the field of information retrieval. Implements Ranganathan's conceptual models in information retrieval tools, using PRECIS as an example. Concludes the Ranganathan models contain all the germinal ideas to meet the challenges of modern technology
  14. Crystal, D.: Linguistics and indexing (1984) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    In recent years, linguistics has developed a way of looking at language which may offer some insights to the indexer. Three main stages of inquiry are identified: observational, intuitional and evaluative. It is suggested that evaluative discussion of indexes is dependent on prior research at the observational and intuitional stages
  15. Hutchins, W.J.: Languages of indexing and classification : a linguistic study of structures and functions (1978) 0.00 
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  16. Amac, T.: Linguistic context analysis : a new approach to communication evaluation (1997) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Argues that the integration of computational psycholinguistics can improve corporate communication, and thus become a new strategic tool. An electronic dictionary was created of basic, neutral and negative connotations for nouns, verbs and adjectives appearing in press releases and other communication media, which can be updated with client specific words. The focus on negative messages has the objective of detecting who, why and how publics are criticized, to learn from the vocabulary of opinion leaders and to improve issues management proactively. Suggests a new form of analysis called 'computational linguistic context analysis' (CLCA) by analyzing nominal groups of negative words, rather than monitoring content analysis in the traditional way. Concludes that CLCA can be used to analyze large quantities of press cuttings about a company and could, theoretically, be used to analyze the structure, language and style of a particular journalist to whom it is planned to send a press release or article
  17. Beardon, C.; Lumsden, D.; Holmes, G.: Natural language and computational linguistics (1991) 0.00 
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    COMPASS
    Computers / Use of / Natural language
    Subject
    Computers / Use of / Natural language
  18. Conceptual structures : logical, linguistic, and computational issues. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000, Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000 (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Computer scientists create models of a perceived reality. Through AI techniques, these models aim at providing the basic support for emulating cognitive behavior such as reasoning and learning, which is one of the main goals of the Al research effort. Such computer models are formed through the interaction of various acquisition and inference mechanisms: perception, concept learning, conceptual clustering, hypothesis testing, probabilistic inference, etc., and are represented using different paradigms tightly linked to the processes that use them. Among these paradigms let us cite: biological models (neural nets, genetic programming), logic-based models (first-order logic, modal logic, rule-based systems), virtual reality models (object systems, agent systems), probabilistic models (Bayesian nets, fuzzy logic), linguistic models (conceptual dependency graphs, language-based rep resentations), etc. One of the strengths of the Conceptual Graph (CG) theory is its versatility in terms of the representation paradigms under which it falls. It can be viewed and therefore used, under different representation paradigms, which makes it a popular choice for a wealth of applications. Its full coupling with different cognitive processes lead to the opening of the field toward related research communities such as the Description Logic, Formal Concept Analysis, and Computational Linguistic communities. We now see more and more research results from one community enrich the other, laying the foundations of common philosophical grounds from which a successful synergy can emerge. ICCS 2000 embodies this spirit of research collaboration. It presents a set of papers that we believe, by their exposure, will benefit the whole community. For instance, the technical program proposes tracks on Conceptual Ontologies, Language, Formal Concept Analysis, Computational Aspects of Conceptual Structures, and Formal Semantics, with some papers on pragmatism and human related aspects of computing. Never before was the program of ICCS formed by so heterogeneously rooted theories of knowledge representation and use. We hope that this swirl of ideas will benefit you as much as it already has benefited us while putting together this program
    Content
    Concepts and Language: The Role of Conceptual Structure in Human Evolution (Keith Devlin) - Concepts in Linguistics - Concepts in Natural Language (Gisela Harras) - Patterns, Schemata, and Types: Author Support through Formalized Experience (Felix H. Gatzemeier) - Conventions and Notations for Knowledge Representation and Retrieval (Philippe Martin) - Conceptual Ontology: Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics (John F. Sowa) - Pragmatically Yours (Mary Keeler) - Conceptual Modeling for Distributed Ontology Environments (Deborah L. McGuinness) - Discovery of Class Relations in Exception Structured Knowledge Bases (Hendra Suryanto, Paul Compton) - Conceptual Graphs: Perspectives: CGs Applications: Where Are We 7 Years after the First ICCS ? (Michel Chein, David Genest) - The Engineering of a CC-Based System: Fundamental Issues (Guy W. Mineau) - Conceptual Graphs, Metamodeling, and Notation of Concepts (Olivier Gerbé, Guy W. Mineau, Rudolf K. Keller) - Knowledge Representation and Reasonings: Based on Graph Homomorphism (Marie-Laure Mugnier) - User Modeling Using Conceptual Graphs for Intelligent Agents (James F. Baldwin, Trevor P. Martin, Aimilia Tzanavari) - Towards a Unified Querying System of Both Structured and Semi-structured Imprecise Data Using Fuzzy View (Patrice Buche, Ollivier Haemmerlé) - Formal Semantics of Conceptual Structures: The Extensional Semantics of the Conceptual Graph Formalism (Guy W. Mineau) - Semantics of Attribute Relations in Conceptual Graphs (Pavel Kocura) - Nested Concept Graphs and Triadic Power Context Families (Susanne Prediger) - Negations in Simple Concept Graphs (Frithjof Dau) - Extending the CG Model by Simulations (Jean-François Baget) - Contextual Logic and Formal Concept Analysis: Building and Structuring Description Logic Knowledge Bases: Using Least Common Subsumers and Concept Analysis (Franz Baader, Ralf Molitor) - On the Contextual Logic of Ordinal Data (Silke Pollandt, Rudolf Wille) - Boolean Concept Logic (Rudolf Wille) - Lattices of Triadic Concept Graphs (Bernd Groh, Rudolf Wille) - Formalizing Hypotheses with Concepts (Bernhard Ganter, Sergei 0. Kuznetsov) - Generalized Formal Concept Analysis (Laurent Chaudron, Nicolas Maille) - A Logical Generalization of Formal Concept Analysis (Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux) - On the Treatment of Incomplete Knowledge in Formal Concept Analysis (Peter Burmeister, Richard Holzer) - Conceptual Structures in Practice: Logic-Based Networks: Concept Graphs and Conceptual Structures (Peter W. Eklund) - Conceptual Knowledge Discovery and Data Analysis (Joachim Hereth, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille, Uta Wille) - CEM - A Conceptual Email Manager (Richard Cole, Gerd Stumme) - A Contextual-Logic Extension of TOSCANA (Peter Eklund, Bernd Groh, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille) - A Conceptual Graph Model for W3C Resource Description Framework (Olivier Corby, Rose Dieng, Cédric Hébert) - Computational Aspects of Conceptual Structures: Computing with Conceptual Structures (Bernhard Ganter) - Symmetry and the Computation of Conceptual Structures (Robert Levinson) An Introduction to SNePS 3 (Stuart C. Shapiro) - Composition Norm Dynamics Calculation with Conceptual Graphs (Aldo de Moor) - From PROLOG++ to PROLOG+CG: A CG Object-Oriented Logic Programming Language (Adil Kabbaj, Martin Janta-Polczynski) - A Cost-Bounded Algorithm to Control Events Generalization (Gaël de Chalendar, Brigitte Grau, Olivier Ferret)
  19. Hutchins, W.J.: Linguistic processes in the indexing and retrieval of documents (1970) 0.00 
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  20. Gardin, J.C.: Document analysis and linguistic theory (1973) 0.00 
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    Source
    Journal of documentation. 29(1973) no.2, S.137-168

Authors

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  • d 6

Types

  • a 18
  • m 12
  • s 2

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