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  1. Kutschera, F. von: Sprachphilosophie (1971) 0.06 
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    Content
    Die Sprache ist in unserem Jahrhundert zu einem der aktuellsten Themen der Philosophie geworden. Der Anstoß zur Beschäftigung mit der Sprache hat sich von den verschiedensten philosophischen Fragestellungen her ergeben: von der Erkenntnistheorie durch eine Wendung der Vernunftkritik in eine Sprachkritik, von der Logik aufgrund ihrer Beschäftigung mit Kunstsprachen und mit der logischen Analyse der natürlichen Sprachen, von der Anthropologie durch die Hervorhebung der Sprache als wesensbestimmender Leistung des Menschen und durch die Entdeckung von Korrelationen zwischen Sprachform und Weltbild, von der Ethik durch ihre Beschäftigung mit den sprachlichen Formen ethischer Aussagen und deren Abgrenzung gegenüber deskriptiven Sätzen. Ganz allgemein läßt sich diese philosophische Hinwendung zur Sprache auch an dem Wandel in der Formulierung philosophischer Probleme ablesen. Wo man früher z.B. nach der "Natur der Kausalität" fragte, oder nach dem "Inhalt des Begriffes der Kausalität", empfindet man es heute als adäquater, das Problem als eine Frage nach dem Wortgebrauch zu formulieren und zu fragen: "Was sagt man, wenn man sagt, daß ein Ereignis A ein Ereignis B bewirkt? "' Die philosophische Aufmerksamkeit hat sich im Verlauf dieser Entwicklung teilweise so ausschließlich auf die Sprache konzentriert, daß man Philosophie überhaupt mit Sprachkritik identifiziert hat. Das gilt insbesondere für die beiden Hauptströmungen der analytischen Philosophie, für die von Bertrand Russell ausgehende und sich über Rudolf Carnap zu Nelson Goodman und Willard van Orman Quine fortsetzende Bestrebung einer logischen Analyse der Wissenschaftssprache, speziell der philosophischen Sprache, in der man versucht, den Sinn der Terme und Sätze dieser Sprache mit den Hilfsmitteln der modernen Logik zu klären und zu präzisieren, und, mehr noch, für die von George Edward Moore ausgehende, dann durch Ludwig Wittgenstein geprägte und in der Ordinary-LanguagePhilosophie der Oxforder Schule (Gilbert Ryle, John Langshaw Austin) fortentwickelte andere Hauptrichtung der analytischen Philosophie, in der man versucht, die philosophische Sprache durch die Analyse des umgangssprachlichen Gebrauchs ihrer Terme zu klären.
    Schon Gottlob Frege sagt im Vorwort zu seiner "Begriffsschrift": "Wenn es eine Aufgabe der Philosophie ist, die Herrschaft des Wortes über den menschlichen Geist zu brechen, indem sie die Täuschungen aufdeckt, die durch den Sprachgebrauch über die Beziehungen der Begriffe oft fast unvermeidlich entstehen, indem sie den Gedanken von demjenigen befreit, womit ihn allein die Beschaffenheit des sprachlichen Ausdrucksmittels behaftet, so wird meine Begriffsschrift, für diese Zwecke weiter ausgebildet, den Philosophen ein brauchbares Werkzeug werden können." Aus dem "Wenn"-Satz Freges wird dann eine kategorische Behauptung und schon für Russell besteht die wichtigste Aufgabe der Philosophie "in criticizing and clarifying notions which are apt to be regarded as fundamental and accepted uncritically. As instances I might mention: mind, matter, consciousness, knowledge, experience, causality, will, time." Und Carnap schreibt im Vorwort zur 2. Auflage seines Buches "Der logische Aufbau der Welt": "Die neuen Bestimmungen [der Begriffe] sollen den alten in Klarheit und Exaktheit überlegen sein und sich vor allem besser in ein systematisches Begriffsgebäude einfügen. Eine solche Begriffserklärung, heute oft "Explikation" genannt, scheint mir immer noch eine der wichtigsten Aufgaben der Philosophie zu sein." Für Wittgenstein ist schon im "Traktat" alle Philosophie Sprachkritik und in den "Philosophischen Un-tersuchungen" ist Philosophie nichts anderes als ein ständiger Kampf gegen die "Verhexung unsres Verstandes durch die Mittel unserer Sprache"." Für viele Anhänger der Ordinary-Language-Philosophie endlich bedeutet die Hinwendung der Philosophie zur Sprache, der "linguistic turn", die große Revolution der modernen Philosophie. So sagt Austin: ". . . it cannot be doubted that they [diese Methoden der Sprachkritik] are producing a revolution in philosophy. If anyone wishes to call it the greatest and most salutary in its history, this is not, if you come to think of it, a large claim."
    Angesichts der Vielzahl von philosophischen Bestrebungen und Richtungen, die sich unter den Titel einer Sprachphilosophie sammeln, kann es nicht Wunder nehmen, daß dieser Titel keinen präzisen und wohlbestimmten Inhalt hat. Daher wollen wir kurz umreißen, mit welchen Themen sich diese Arbeit beschäftigen soll, und welche Absichten uns dabei leiten. Wir wollen im folgenden, zunächst ganz generell gesagt, Funktion und Leistung der Sprache untersuchen. Aus der Fülle der Fragen, die sich in diesem Zusammenhang stellen lassen, wollen wir drei Problemkreise herausgreifen, die uns von besonderer und grundsätzlicher Bedeutung zu sein scheinen: Das Problem der grammatischen Gliederung und Synthese sprachlicher Ausdrücke, das Problem ihrer Bedeutung und das Problem des Anteils der Sprache an der Erfahrung. Nach einigen Vorbemerkungen beginnen wir im 2. Kapitel mit der Erörterung des grammatischen Problems, wie die sprachliche Zusammenfügung bedeutungsvoller Ausdrücke zu neuen Sinneinheiten funktioniert. Dabei wird noch nicht untersucht, worin die Bedeutung der Elemente der grammatischen Fügungen besteht und wie sie bestimmt wird, sondern es wird nur gefragt, wie sich die Bedeutung der Ausdrucksgruppen aus der Bedeutung der einzelnen Ausdrücke bestimmt. Die Frage, worin die Bedeutung sprachlicher Ausdrücke besteht, wie sie festgelegt wird und wie sprachliche Mitteilung funktioniert, wird dann im 3. Kapitel behandelt. Im 4. Kapitel endlich wird das Verhältnis von Sprache und Erfahrung diskutiert, die Frage, inwieweit sich in den Formen einer Sprache gewisse Interpretationsschemata für die Erfahrung ausdrücken, inwieweit die Formen der Sprache die Art und Weise prägen, wie die Wirklichkeit erfahren wird.
  2. Fischer, W.L.: Äquivalenz- und Toleranzstrukturen in der Linguistik : zur Theorie der Synonyma (1973) 0.03 
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    Footnote
    Vgl. auch: Rieger, B.: Unscharfe Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Zum Problem der Repräsentation und Analyse vager Wortbedeutung. Unter: http://www.ldv.uni-trier.de/ldv_archiv/http/www/public_html/ldvpage/rieger/pub/aufsaetze/scharf/scharf81.html.
    LCSH
    Language and languages / Philosophy
    Subject
    Language and languages / Philosophy
  3. Chomsky, N.: Aspects of the theory of syntax (1965) 0.03 
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    Date
    6. 1.1999 10:29:22
  4. Chafe, W.L.: Meaning and the structure of language (1980) 0.01 
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    Date
    22. 4.2007 12:21:29
    Imprint
    Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Pr.
  5. Hutchins, W.J.: Languages of indexing and classification : a linguistic study of structures and functions (1978) 0.00 
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  6. Beardon, C.; Lumsden, D.; Holmes, G.: Natural language and computational linguistics (1991) 0.00 
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    COMPASS
    Computers / Use of / Natural language
    Subject
    Computers / Use of / Natural language
  7. Conceptual structures : logical, linguistic, and computational issues. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures, ICCS 2000, Darmstadt, Germany, August 14-18, 2000 (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Computer scientists create models of a perceived reality. Through AI techniques, these models aim at providing the basic support for emulating cognitive behavior such as reasoning and learning, which is one of the main goals of the Al research effort. Such computer models are formed through the interaction of various acquisition and inference mechanisms: perception, concept learning, conceptual clustering, hypothesis testing, probabilistic inference, etc., and are represented using different paradigms tightly linked to the processes that use them. Among these paradigms let us cite: biological models (neural nets, genetic programming), logic-based models (first-order logic, modal logic, rule-based systems), virtual reality models (object systems, agent systems), probabilistic models (Bayesian nets, fuzzy logic), linguistic models (conceptual dependency graphs, language-based rep resentations), etc. One of the strengths of the Conceptual Graph (CG) theory is its versatility in terms of the representation paradigms under which it falls. It can be viewed and therefore used, under different representation paradigms, which makes it a popular choice for a wealth of applications. Its full coupling with different cognitive processes lead to the opening of the field toward related research communities such as the Description Logic, Formal Concept Analysis, and Computational Linguistic communities. We now see more and more research results from one community enrich the other, laying the foundations of common philosophical grounds from which a successful synergy can emerge. ICCS 2000 embodies this spirit of research collaboration. It presents a set of papers that we believe, by their exposure, will benefit the whole community. For instance, the technical program proposes tracks on Conceptual Ontologies, Language, Formal Concept Analysis, Computational Aspects of Conceptual Structures, and Formal Semantics, with some papers on pragmatism and human related aspects of computing. Never before was the program of ICCS formed by so heterogeneously rooted theories of knowledge representation and use. We hope that this swirl of ideas will benefit you as much as it already has benefited us while putting together this program
    Content
    Concepts and Language: The Role of Conceptual Structure in Human Evolution (Keith Devlin) - Concepts in Linguistics - Concepts in Natural Language (Gisela Harras) - Patterns, Schemata, and Types: Author Support through Formalized Experience (Felix H. Gatzemeier) - Conventions and Notations for Knowledge Representation and Retrieval (Philippe Martin) - Conceptual Ontology: Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics (John F. Sowa) - Pragmatically Yours (Mary Keeler) - Conceptual Modeling for Distributed Ontology Environments (Deborah L. McGuinness) - Discovery of Class Relations in Exception Structured Knowledge Bases (Hendra Suryanto, Paul Compton) - Conceptual Graphs: Perspectives: CGs Applications: Where Are We 7 Years after the First ICCS ? (Michel Chein, David Genest) - The Engineering of a CC-Based System: Fundamental Issues (Guy W. Mineau) - Conceptual Graphs, Metamodeling, and Notation of Concepts (Olivier Gerbé, Guy W. Mineau, Rudolf K. Keller) - Knowledge Representation and Reasonings: Based on Graph Homomorphism (Marie-Laure Mugnier) - User Modeling Using Conceptual Graphs for Intelligent Agents (James F. Baldwin, Trevor P. Martin, Aimilia Tzanavari) - Towards a Unified Querying System of Both Structured and Semi-structured Imprecise Data Using Fuzzy View (Patrice Buche, Ollivier Haemmerlé) - Formal Semantics of Conceptual Structures: The Extensional Semantics of the Conceptual Graph Formalism (Guy W. Mineau) - Semantics of Attribute Relations in Conceptual Graphs (Pavel Kocura) - Nested Concept Graphs and Triadic Power Context Families (Susanne Prediger) - Negations in Simple Concept Graphs (Frithjof Dau) - Extending the CG Model by Simulations (Jean-François Baget) - Contextual Logic and Formal Concept Analysis: Building and Structuring Description Logic Knowledge Bases: Using Least Common Subsumers and Concept Analysis (Franz Baader, Ralf Molitor) - On the Contextual Logic of Ordinal Data (Silke Pollandt, Rudolf Wille) - Boolean Concept Logic (Rudolf Wille) - Lattices of Triadic Concept Graphs (Bernd Groh, Rudolf Wille) - Formalizing Hypotheses with Concepts (Bernhard Ganter, Sergei 0. Kuznetsov) - Generalized Formal Concept Analysis (Laurent Chaudron, Nicolas Maille) - A Logical Generalization of Formal Concept Analysis (Sébastien Ferré, Olivier Ridoux) - On the Treatment of Incomplete Knowledge in Formal Concept Analysis (Peter Burmeister, Richard Holzer) - Conceptual Structures in Practice: Logic-Based Networks: Concept Graphs and Conceptual Structures (Peter W. Eklund) - Conceptual Knowledge Discovery and Data Analysis (Joachim Hereth, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille, Uta Wille) - CEM - A Conceptual Email Manager (Richard Cole, Gerd Stumme) - A Contextual-Logic Extension of TOSCANA (Peter Eklund, Bernd Groh, Gerd Stumme, Rudolf Wille) - A Conceptual Graph Model for W3C Resource Description Framework (Olivier Corby, Rose Dieng, Cédric Hébert) - Computational Aspects of Conceptual Structures: Computing with Conceptual Structures (Bernhard Ganter) - Symmetry and the Computation of Conceptual Structures (Robert Levinson) An Introduction to SNePS 3 (Stuart C. Shapiro) - Composition Norm Dynamics Calculation with Conceptual Graphs (Aldo de Moor) - From PROLOG++ to PROLOG+CG: A CG Object-Oriented Logic Programming Language (Adil Kabbaj, Martin Janta-Polczynski) - A Cost-Bounded Algorithm to Control Events Generalization (Gaël de Chalendar, Brigitte Grau, Olivier Ferret)
  8. Pilch, H.: Empirical linguistics (1976) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The book is about real languages and the way to study them, as they are spoken and written by real people in different social situations. The linguist listens to them, using scientific methodology to analyse what he hears. This book explains a wide range of linguistic phenomena - including polyglott societies, lingzistic pathology, the reconstruction of unrecorded history - their relevance to other branches of science and their practical applicabiblity. It is couched in straightforward terms intelligible to a general audience, including students of modern language departments
  9. Working with conceptual structures : contributions to ICCS 2000. 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues. Darmstadt, August 14-18, 2000 (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The 8th International Conference on Conceptual Structures - Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues (ICCS 2000) brings together a wide range of researchers and practitioners working with conceptual structures. During the last few years, the ICCS conference series has considerably widened its scope on different kinds of conceptual structures, stimulating research across domain boundaries. We hope that this stimulation is further enhanced by ICCS 2000 joining the long tradition of conferences in Darmstadt with extensive, lively discussions. This volume consists of contributions presented at ICCS 2000, complementing the volume "Conceptual Structures: Logical, Linguistic, and Computational Issues" (B. Ganter, G.W. Mineau (Eds.), LNAI 1867, Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg 2000). It contains submissions reviewed by the program committee, and position papers. We wish to express our appreciation to all the authors of submitted papers, to the general chair, the program chair, the editorial board, the program committee, and to the additional reviewers for making ICCS 2000 a valuable contribution in the knowledge processing research field. Special thanks go to the local organizers for making the conference an enjoyable and inspiring event. We are grateful to Darmstadt University of Technology, the Ernst Schröder Center for Conceptual Knowledge Processing, the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in Technology, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Land Hessen, and NaviCon GmbH for their generous support
    Content
    Concepts & Language: Knowledge organization by procedures of natural language processing. A case study using the method GABEK (J. Zelger, J. Gadner) - Computer aided narrative analysis using conceptual graphs (H. Schärfe, P. 0hrstrom) - Pragmatic representation of argumentative text: a challenge for the conceptual graph approach (H. Irandoust, B. Moulin) - Conceptual graphs as a knowledge representation core in a complex language learning environment (G. Angelova, A. Nenkova, S. Boycheva, T. Nikolov) - Conceptual Modeling and Ontologies: Relationships and actions in conceptual categories (Ch. Landauer, K.L. Bellman) - Concept approximations for formal concept analysis (J. Saquer, J.S. Deogun) - Faceted information representation (U. Priß) - Simple concept graphs with universal quantifiers (J. Tappe) - A framework for comparing methods for using or reusing multiple ontologies in an application (J. van ZyI, D. Corbett) - Designing task/method knowledge-based systems with conceptual graphs (M. Leclère, F.Trichet, Ch. Choquet) - A logical ontology (J. Farkas, J. Sarbo) - Algorithms and Tools: Fast concept analysis (Ch. Lindig) - A framework for conceptual graph unification (D. Corbett) - Visual CP representation of knowledge (H.D. Pfeiffer, R.T. Hartley) - Maximal isojoin for representing software textual specifications and detecting semantic anomalies (Th. Charnois) - Troika: using grids, lattices and graphs in knowledge acquisition (H.S. Delugach, B.E. Lampkin) - Open world theorem prover for conceptual graphs (J.E. Heaton, P. Kocura) - NetCare: a practical conceptual graphs software tool (S. Polovina, D. Strang) - CGWorld - a web based workbench for conceptual graphs management and applications (P. Dobrev, K. Toutanova) - Position papers: The edition project: Peirce's existential graphs (R. Mülller) - Mining association rules using formal concept analysis (N. Pasquier) - Contextual logic summary (R Wille) - Information channels and conceptual scaling (K.E. Wolff) - Spatial concepts - a rule exploration (S. Rudolph) - The TEXT-TO-ONTO learning environment (A. Mädche, St. Staab) - Controlling the semantics of metadata on audio-visual documents using ontologies (Th. Dechilly, B. Bachimont) - Building the ontological foundations of a terminology from natural language to conceptual graphs with Ribosome, a knowledge extraction system (Ch. Jacquelinet, A. Burgun) - CharGer: some lessons learned and new directions (H.S. Delugach) - Knowledge management using conceptual graphs (W.K. Pun)
  10. Chomsky, N.: Aspekte der Syntax-Theorie (1972) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Originaltitel: Aspects of the theory of syntax (1965)
  11. Miller, G.A.: Wörter : Streifzüge durch die Psycholinguistik (1993) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Originaltitel: The science of words
  12. Rieger, B.B.: Unscharfe Semantik : die empirische Analyse, quantitative Beschreibung, formale Repräsentation und prozedurale Modellierung vager Wortbedeutungen in Texten (1990) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Habil.-Schr., 1986. - Vgl. auch: Rieger, B.: Unscharfe Semantik natürlicher Sprache. Zum Problem der Repräsentation und Analyse vager Wortbedeutung. Unter: http://www.ldv.uni-trier.de/ldv_archiv/http/www/public_html/ldvpage/rieger/pub/aufsaetze/scharf/scharf81.html.

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