Search (56 results, page 1 of 3)

  • × year_i:[1990 TO 2000}
  • × theme_ss:"Information"
  1. Umstätter, W.: Schrift, Information, Interpretation und Wissen (1992) 0.03
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  2. Jochum, U.: Bibliothek, Buch und Information (1991) 0.03
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    Footnote
    Erwiderung darauf: Umstätter, W.: Schrift, Information, Interpretation und Wissen
  3. Hayward, J.W.: ¬Die Erforschung der Innenwelt : Neue Wege zum wissenschaftlichen Verständnis von Wahrnehmung, Erkennen und Bewußtsein (1996) 0.03
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    Abstract
    Lange Zeit schien es, als habe die Naturwissenschaft den Geist aus der wissenschaftlichen Weltsicht verdrängt. Doch seit die Quantenphysik gezeigt hat, daß sich die Welt der Materie nicht ohne Einbeziehung des Bewußtseins erklären läßt, stellt sich den verschiedenen Naturwissenschaften immer dringlicher die Frage: Was ist der Geist? Wie funktioniert das Bewußtsein? Und wenn die Erkenntnis der Welt die Erkenntnis des Erkennenden voraussetzt - wie kann das Auge sich selbst sehen, der Verstand sich selbst verstehen, das Bewußtsein seine eigenen Funktionen erfassen? Diese Fragen zu beantworten ist das Ziel einer neuen, interdisziplinären Forschungsrichtung: der Kognitionswissenschaft. In ihr fließen Neurobiologie, experimentelle Psychologie, Verhaltens- und Bewußtseinsforschung, Künstliche Intelligenz und andere wissenschaftliche Disziplinen zusammen mit den Einsichten fernöstlicher Erkenntnislehren. Damit wird die Kognitionswissenschaft, die »neue Wissenschaft vom Bewußtsein«, den menschlichen Geist nicht nur theoretisch beschreiben, sondern auch Wege zu seiner Erweiterung und Transformation im Zeichen des Wertewandels in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft aufzeigen können.
  4. Dick, A.L.: Restoring knowledge as a theoretical focus of library and information science (1995) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Information is displacing knowledge as the principle theoretical focus of library and information science. A growing concensus regarding the disciplinary meaning of information, however is sustained at a more fundamental level by a specific conception of knowledge. Analyses a variety of conceptions of knowledge and its relations to information in anattempt to contextualizes the conception underlying the widely held interpretation of information. Recommends the restoration of knowledge as a fundamental study for information professionals
  5. Ma, Y.: Internet: the global flow of information (1995) 0.02
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    Abstract
    Colours, icons, graphics, hypertext links and other multimedia elements are variables that affect information search strategies and information seeking behaviour. These variables are culturally constructed and represented and are subject to individual and community interpretation. Hypothesizes that users in different communities (in intercultural or multicultural context) will interpret differently the meanings of the multimedia objects on the Internet. Users' interpretations of multimedia objects may differ from the intentions of the designers. A study in this area is being undertaken
  6. McCrank, L.J.: Historical information science and communications : a report and review essay (1994) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Historicial studies using computers and social science research methodologies share many interests, techniques, methods and approaches with modern information science. The major difference is a focus on retrospective rather than contemporary research topics and attendant differences in methods resulting from the nature of historical sources and the impact of time on interpretation. Whereas historical informatics evolved as a focus on computer science and history from quantification research, this field is still growing and absorbing in an interdisciplinary manner material, methods and approaches from other fields in accord with the syncretic nature of history. This enlarged arena may be called Historical Information Science, which is exemplified by the recent conferences and activities of the International Association of History and Computing
  7. Rojas, M.A.R.: ¬La informaçion como ente ideal objetivizado (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The term information lacks precicion and there is no consensus about its definition because of the differing philosophical theories used as a basis for interpretation e.g. materialism, idealism. Draws on the ideas of Locke, Kant and Piaget to analyse the essential nature of information, concluding that for the purposes of library science, information is best understood as an ideal entity constructed by the individual synthesising his sensory perceptions of the actual world, which is then objectivised resulting in the world of information, part of the wider world but with its own structures, laws and interrelations. This make communication possible
  8. Blanke, H.T.: Librarianship and public culture in the age of information capitalism (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The escalating economic importance of information and the increasing integration of cultural spheres into the economic system are identified as key factors in the conception of information as a commodity, rather than a public good. This is now having a significant impact on government policy and on libraries, with prominent professional representatives advocating an entrepreneurial model of librarianship which contradicts traditional ideas of free and equal access to information. Such a model threatens the future of the library as a vital sphere of democratic culture. Discusses the broader trends exemplifying the current trajectory of advanced capitalism so as to proved a context for the critical interpretation of issues within librarianship
  9. Court, J.; Lovis, G.; Fassbind-Eigenheer, R.: De la tradition orale aux reseaux de communication : la tradition orale (1998) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Summarises of a selection of the presentations and workshops under one of the main themes at the Association of Swiss Libraries and Librarians congress held in Yverdon, Sept 1998. Sessions covered comprise: workshop on stories in libraries (history of the tradition in French libraries and criteria for selecting material); oral and written traditions (presentation on continuing existence of various schools of interpretation e.g. mythological, anthropological, in relation to the importance of individual contact); and listening - reading - writing (presentation on links between these 3 forms of communication in the context of the challenge for libraries in the field of children's education)
  10. Hjoerland, B.: Theory and metatheory of information science : a new interpretation (1998) 0.01
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  11. Schank, R.C.; Fano, A.: Memory and expectations in learning, language, and visual understanding (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Research in vision and language has traditionally remained separate, in part because the classic task of generating a representation of a given image or sentence has resulted in an emphasis on low lewel structural aspects of these media. Image and language understanding should be approaches with the intent of facilitating the performance of a task. Under this view research in image and language understanding must confront common issues that arise as a task is pursued. Languages and images are both input that can be used to maintain a model of a task. A model may by maintained by incorporating changes in the scene that can be characterizes at a high level of analysis. Existing task rlevant models and the associated domain knowledge are used to expect specific changes and disambiguate the interpretation of these changes, thereby allowing them to modify the existing model. From this perspective, understanding input is largely independent of the modality of the input
  12. Brier, S.: ¬The usefulness of cybersemiotics in dealing with problems of knowledge organization and document mediating systems (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    This article develops a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human knowing in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organizing, self-creating) system. Another key idea comes from the semiotics of Peirce: the understanding of signs as a triatic relation between an object, a representation, and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, aelf-organizing, biological and social systems. As a concrete example we attempt to describe Library and Information Science (LIS) - especially Information Retrieval (IR) - in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The mn problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and language does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for LIS to organize and retrieve documents. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulate signs and how meaning is generated in autopoietic systems, and thereby the difference between physical and intellectual access
  13. Gomez, M.N.G. de: ¬Las acciones de tranferencia de informacion y la communicacion (1997) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Contemporary studies of information and documentation focus on 3 dimensions: the theoretical, i.e. the sciences of interpretation of text; the practical, i.e. the impact of new technology on systems of inscription; and the political, i.e. the consequent proceses of social identification and cultural autonomy. Documentation languages provide rules for transforming items of information into documentation products, and the process of information analysis fixes meaning by applying such rules in the context of collective experience. Information transfer and communication thus depends on a communicational contract setting out the parameters for negotiating meaning. This requires the information analyst and other professionals to discuss the rules of the information game openly with external participants, as the necessary condition for a democratic and equitable science of information
  14. Frohmann, B.: ¬The power of images : a discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint (1992) 0.01
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    Abstract
    A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science identifies seven discourse strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are: (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internalisation of representations (d) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, (e) insistence upon knowledge, (f) constitution of the information scientist as an expert in image negotiation, and (g) instrumental reason, ruled by efficiency, standardisation, predictibility, and determination of effects. The discourse is guided throughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitive viewpoint's discursive strategy is to enable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural-scientific entities, and ti disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets
  15. Brier, S.: Cybersemiotics : a new interdisciplinary development applied to the problems of knowledge organisation and document retrieval in information science (1996) 0.01
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    Abstract
    This article is a contribution to the development of a comprehensive interdisciplinary theory of LIS in the hope of giving a more precise evaluation of its current problems. The article describes an interdisciplinary framework for LIS, especially information retrieval (IR), in a way that goes beyond the cognitivist 'information processing paradigm'. The main problem of this paradigm is that its concept of information and laguage does not deal in a systematic way with how social and cultural dynamics set the contexts that determine the meaning of those signs and words that are the basic tools for the organisation and retrieving of documents in LIS. The paradigm does not distinguish clearly enough between how the computer manipulates signs and how librarians work with meaning in practice when they design and run document mediating systems. The 'cognitive viewpoint' of Ingwersen and Belkin makes clear that information is not objective, but rather only potential, until it is interpreted by an individual mind with its own internal mental world view and purposes. It facilitates futher study of the social pragmatic conditions for the interpretation of concepts. This approach is not yet fully developed. The domain analytic paradigm of Hjoerland and Albrechtsen is a conceptual realisiation of an important aspect of this area. In the present paper we make a further development of a non-reductionistic and interdisciplinary view of information and human social communication by texts in the light of second-order cybernetics, where information is seen as 'a difference which makes a difference' for a living autopoietic (self-organised, self-creating) system. Other key ideas are from the semiotics of Peirce and also Warner. This is the understanding of signs as a triadic relation between an object, a representation and an interpretant. Information is the interpretation of signs by living, feeling, self-organising biological, psychological and social systems. Signification is created and controlled in an cybernetic way within social systems and is communicated through what Luhman calls generalised media, such as science and art. The modern socio-linguistic concept 'discourse communities' and Wittgenstein's 'language gane' concept give a further pragmatic description of the self-organising system's dynamic that determines the meaning of words in a social context. As Blair and Liebenau and Backhouse point out in their work it is these semantic fields of significance that are the true pragmatic tools of knowledge organisation and document retrieval. Methodologically they are the first systems to be analysed when designing document mediating systems as they set the context for the meaning of concepts. Several practical and analytical methods from linguistics and the sociology of knowledge can be used in combination with standard methodology to reveal the significant language games behind document mediation
  16. Umstätter, W.: ¬Die Skalierung von Information, Wissen und Literatur (1992) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Daß Bits die kleinste Einheit der Information sind, kann als allgemein bekannt vorausgesetzt werden, daß man aber damit nicht unbedingt die Speicherform der Computer verwechseln darf, ist schon weniger bekannt. So kann man immer wieder den Trugschluß beobachten, daß Bits lediglich die Informationsmenge in elektronischen Systemen beschreiben, aber beispielsweise nicht in geistigen Werken oder die des Wissens. Dies wäre jedoch ebenso, als wenn man behaupten würde, daß sich zwar die Länge zwischen zwei Punkten in Metern bestimmen ließe, nicht aber die eines Menschen. Es ist daher wichtig, deutlich zu machen, daß wissenschaftliche Literatur über weite Strecken Wissen als eine Form kompakter, also begründeter Information enthält und daß der Mensch in Poppers Welt 3 damit ein Optimum im Verhältnis von Information und Redundanz anstrebt. Redundanz ist nicht nur für die Sicherung der Information von bedeutung, sondern ist auch für die Entstehung neuer Information unabdingbar. Wir müssen auch klarer zwischen Information und Interpretation unterscheiden. Die Interpretationstheorie kann bekanntlich in der Semiotik auf eine lange Entstehungsgeschichte zurückblicken. Informationswissenschaft stellt sich bei näherer Betrachtung als das bislang fehlende, allumfassende Bindeglied zwischen Geistes- und Naturwissenschaften heraus und das Bit als Grundeinheit der Veränderlichkeit an sich. Informationswissenschaft benötigt mehr denn je eine solide Grundlage in der Ausbildung
  17. Frohmann, B.: Knowledge and power in information science : toward a discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    A discourse analysis of the cognitive viewpoint in library and information science (LIS) identifies seven discursive strategies which constitute information as a commodity, and persons as surveyable information consumers, within market economy conditions. These strategies are (a) universality of theory, (b) referentiality and reification of 'images', (c) internationalization of representation, (d) insistence upon knowledge, (e) constitution of the information scientists as an expert in image negotiation, (f) radical individualism and erasure of the social dimension of theory, and (g) instrumental reasons, rules by efficiency, standardization, predictibility,a nd determination of effects. The discourse is guided troughout by a yearning for natural-scientific theory. The effect of the cognitiv viewpoint's discoursive strategy is to anable knowledge acquisition of information processes only when users' and generators 'images' are constituted as objectively given natural scientif entites, and to disable knowledge of the same processes when considered as products of social practices. By its constitution of users as free creators of images, of the information scientist as an expert in image interpretation and delivery, and of databases as repositories of unmediated models of the world, the cognitive viewpoint performs ideological labour for modern capitalist image markets
  18. Naumann, E.; Bartussek, D.; Diedrich, O.; Laufer, M.E.: Assessing cognitive and affective information processing functions of the brain by means of the late positive complex of the event-related potential (1992) 0.01
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    Abstract
    The influence of cognitive and affective information processing on the late positive complex of the event-related potential was studied by means of structural or affective processing of adjectives categorized as emotionally negative, neutral or positive. An extensive replication study tested 2 research hypotheses derived from a pilot study with 14 subjects. The first hypothesis stated that the active, conscious evaluation of the affective meaning of the adjectives should lead to a long lasting positive shift, which is maximal over the frontal scalp. This shift should be independent of the emotional content of the adjectives and should not be observed during structural processing. Second, the emotionally negative and emotionally positive adjectives should elicit a more positive P3-component compared to neutral adjectives. This effect should be independent of the type of task (structural or affective). Because the hypotheses are in part related to the interpretation of the null hypotheses of the statistical tests, an a priori control of both alpha- and beta-error probability is necessary. - From the results, it is concluded that affect and cognition are separate information processing functions of the brain and are mediated by different brain systems
  19. fwt: Wie das Gehirn Bilder 'liest' (1999) 0.01
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    Date
    22. 7.2000 19:01:22
  20. Arning, M.: Wenn Philosophen die Welt von den Füßen auf den Kopf stellen : bei den 22. Römerberggesprächen sorgt Hermann Lübbe für eine erstaunliche Provokation (1995) 0.01
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    Abstract
    Der Sozialphilosoph Hermann Lübbe ist überzeugt davon, daß die Massenmedien nicht 'vermassend', sondern vielmehr 'pluralistisch' wirken. - Bericht zu den 22. Frankfurter Römerberggesprächen zum Thema: Kommt eine neue Kultur? Auf der Suche nach Wirklichkeit im Medienzeitalter

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