Search (27 results, page 1 of 2)

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Footnote

Rez. in: Philosophisch-ethische Rezensionen vom 09.11.2019 (Jürgen Czogalla), Unter: https://philosophisch-ethische-rezensionen.de/rezension/Goedert1.html. In: B.I.T. online 23(2020) H.3, S.345-347 (W. Sühl-Strohmenger) [Unter: https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-t-online.de%2Fheft%2F2020-03-rezensionen.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0iY3f_zNcvEjeZ6inHVnOK]. In: Open Password Nr. 805 vom 14.08.2020 (H.-C. Hobohm) [Unter: https://www.password-online.de/?mailpoet_router&endpoint=view_in_browser&action=view&data=WzE0MywiOGI3NjZkZmNkZjQ1IiwwLDAsMTMxLDFd].

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Content

"Es gibt Daten, Informationen und Fakten. Wenn man mir eine Zahlenreihe vorsetzt, dann handelt es sich um Daten: unterscheidbare Einheiten, im Fachjargon: Items. Wenn man mir sagt, dass diese Items stündliche Temperaturangaben der Aare im Berner Marzilibad bedeuten, dann verfüge ich über Information - über interpretierte Daten. Wenn man mir sagt, dies seien die gemessenen Aaretemperaturen am 22. August 2016 im Marzili, dann ist das ein Faktum: empirisch geprüfte interpretierte Daten. Dieser Dreischritt - Unterscheiden, Interpretieren, Prüfen - bildet quasi das Bindemittel des Faktischen, «the matter of fact». Wir alle führen den Dreischritt ständig aus und gelangen so zu einem relativ verlässlichen Wissen und Urteilsvermögen betreffend die Dinge des Alltags. Aber wie schon die Kurzcharakterisierung durchblicken lässt, bilden Fakten nicht den Felsengrund der Realität. Sie sind kritikanfällig, sowohl von der Interpretation wie auch von der Prüfung her gesehen. Um bei unserem Beispiel zu bleiben: Es kann durchaus sein, dass man uns zwei unterschiedliche «faktische» Temperaturverläufe der Aare am 22. August 2016 vorsetzt.
- Das Amen des postmodernen Denkens Was nun? Wir führen den Unterschied zum Beispiel auf Ablesefehler (also auf falsche Interpretation) zurück oder aber auf verschiedene Messmethoden. Sofort ist ein Deutungsspielraum offen. Nietzsches berühmtes Wort hallt wider, dass es nur Interpretationen, keine Fakten gebe. Oder wie es im Englischen heisst: «Facts are factitious» - Fakten sind Artefakte, sie sind künstlich. Diese Ansicht ist quasi das Amen des postmodernen Denkens. Und als besonders tückisch an ihr entpuppt sich ihre Halbwahrheit. Es stimmt, dass Fakten oft das Ergebnis eines langwierigen Erkenntnisprozesses sind, vor allem heute, wo wir es immer mehr mit Aussagen über komplexe Systeme wie Migrationsdynamik, Meteorologie oder Märkte zu tun bekommen. Der Interpretationsdissens unter Experten ist ja schon fast sprichwörtlich.

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Abstract

The study of interhuman communication requires a more complex framework than Claude E. Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication because "information" is defined in the latter case as meaningless uncertainty. Assuming that meaning cannot be communicated, we extend Shannon's theory by defining mutual redundancy as a positional counterpart of the relational communication of information. Mutual redundancy indicates the surplus of meanings that can be provided to the exchanges in reflexive communications. The information is redundant because it is based on "pure sets" (i.e., without subtraction of mutual information in the overlaps). We show that in the three-dimensional case (e.g., of a triple helix of university-industry-government relations), mutual redundancy is equal to mutual information (Rxyz = Txyz); but when the dimensionality is even, the sign is different. We generalize to the measurement in N dimensions and proceed to the interpretation. Using Niklas Luhmann's (1984-1995) social systems theory and/or Anthony Giddens's (1979, 1984) structuration theory, mutual redundancy can be provided with an interpretation in the sociological case: Different meaning-processing structures code and decode with other algorithms. A surplus of ("absent") options can then be generated that add to the redundancy. Luhmann's "functional (sub)systems" of expectations or Giddens's "rule-resource sets" are positioned mutually, but coupled operationally in events or "instantiated" in actions. Shannon-type information is generated by the mediation, but the "structures" are (re-)positioned toward one another as sets of (potentially counterfactual) expectations. The structural differences among the coding and decoding algorithms provide a source of additional options in reflexive and anticipatory communications.

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Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose an appropriate symbolic representation, as well as its metaphorical interpretation, to illustrate the special role of information in the knowledge acquisition process. Design/methodology/approach Besides the literature review, this is a speculative study based on a symbolic and metaphorical point of view. Findings The proposed symbolic representation was derived from the conceptual designation of information "as a flow" and, accordingly, by the corresponding redrawing of the data-information-knowledge-wisdom (DIKW) pyramid. The knowledge acquisition process is symbolically represented by the growth of a "tree of knowledge" which is planted on a "data earth," filled with "information sap" and lit by the rays of the "sun of the mind," a new symbol of the concept of wisdom in the DIKW model. As indicated, a key concept of this metaphorical interpretation is the role of "information sap" which rises from the roots of the "tree of knowledge" to the top of the tree and it is recognized as an invisible link between "world of data" and "world of knowledge." This concept is also proposed as a new symbolic representation of the DIKW model. Originality/value On the basis of specific symbolic-metaphorical representation, this paper provides a relatively new concept of information which may help bridge observed gaps in the understanding of information in various scientific fields, as well as in its understanding as an objective or subjective phenomenon.

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Abstract

This article addresses the question "what is information?" by comparing the meaning of the term "information" and epistemological assumptions of three theories in library and information science: the "Shannon-Weaver model," Brookes' interpretation of Popper's World 3, and the Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom model. It shows that the term "information" in these theories refers to empirical entities or events and is conceptualized as having causal powers upon human minds. It is argued that the epistemological assumptions have led to the negligence of the cultural and social aspects of the constitution of information (i.e., how something is considered to be and not to be information) and the unquestioned nature of science in research methodologies.

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to explore the flood of information that is inundating us. This flood makes it increasingly difficult to make sense of the world and arrive at the correct interpretation of events. Design/methodology/approach - Classic narrative literature review applying the dosage metaphor to the growing problem of information overload. Findings - The seven elements of dosage - amount, frequency, sequencing, delivery systems, contraindications, interactions, and dysfunctions - are used to discuss four major coping mechanisms - escape, attention, delegation, and creative destruction - for dealing with the flood. Each of the coping mechanisms has different entailments for the dosage elements. Originality/value - This essay develops a guiding principle for thinking about how we should cope with this central problem of the information age: suggesting a minimalist approach that offers the hope of clarity in acting in an age that increasingly overwhelms us.

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Abstract

Why do some nations prosper while others do not? While economists often turn to measures like GDP or per-capita income to answer this question, interdisciplinary theorist Cesar Hidalgo argues that there is a better way to understand economic success. Instead of measuring the money a country makes, he proposes, we can learn more from measuring a country's ability to make complex products--in other words, the ability to turn an idea into an artifact and imagination into capital. In Why Information Grows, Hidalgo combines the seemingly disparate fields of economic development and physics to present this new rubric for economic growth. He argues that viewing development solely in terms of money and politics is too simplistic to provide a true understanding of national wealth. Rather, we should be investigating what makes some countries more capable than others. Complex products--from films to robots, apps to automobiles--are a physical distillation of an economy's knowledge, a measurable embodiment of the education, infrastructure, and capability of an economy. Economic wealth is about applying this knowledge to turn ideas into tangible products, and the more complex these products, the more economic growth a country will experience. Just look at the East Asian countries, he argues, whose rapid rise can be attributed to their ability to manufacture products at all levels of complexity. A radical new interpretation of global economics, Why Information Grows overturns traditional assumptions about wealth and development. In a world where knowledge is quite literally power, Hidalgo shows how we can create societies that are limited by nothing more than their imagination"-- "Why do some nations prosper while others do not? Economists usually turn to measures such as gross domestic product or per capita income to answer this question, but interdisciplinary theorist Cesar Hidalgo argues that we can learn more by measuring a country's ability to make complex products. In Why Information Grows, Hidalgo combines the seemingly disparate fields of economic development and physics to present this new rubric for economic growth. He believes that we should investigate what makes some countries more capable than others. Complex products-from films to robots, apps to automobiles-are a physical distillation of an economy's knowledge, a measurable embodiment of its education, infrastructure, and capability. Economic wealth accrues when applications of this knowledge turn ideas into tangible products; the more complex its products, the more economic growth a country will experience. A radical new interpretation of global economics, Why Information Grows overturns traditional assumptions about the development of economies and the origins of wealth and takes a crucial step toward making economics less the dismal science and more the insightful one."

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Abstract

The semiotics of C. S. Peirce presents fundamental concepts to discover aspects of the indexing process, including representation and classes of signs. However, we still know little of its theoretical potential for subject indexing. We believe that the main difficulty in the proposals to understand the process of subject indexing based on Peircean semiotics stems from an incomplete interpretation of his semiotic system. This paper attempts to describe the contributions of Peircean semiotics to subject indexing. First, we analyze some of the concepts of the branches of semiotics, after which, we discuss strategies for conceptual approximation. Secondly, and aiming to raise the level of interlocution between the areas, we intend to argue that subject indexing is an inferential process, as explained by the second branch of semiotics. Thus, we seek to go beyond the level of speculative grammar, the first branch of semiotics, to forge a closer link with pure or critical logic, the second branch. We conclude that the indexer's work does not produce a mere reflection of what already exists in documents, but involves an instigating action to discover, through the inferential matrix, the meaning of a text in order to find the subject and the most a ppropriate subject added entry to the information system.

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Abstract

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between information and boundaries. Life depends on boundaries; but in order to survive an organism needs to make decisions based on an interpretation of the environment beyond its boundaries: it therefore needs information. Design/methodology/approach - The paper explores the evolution of physical, social and cultural boundaries and considers how they have shaped ways in which information is gathered and used. Findings - Several evolutionary developments are reviewed. The paper argues that each one has generated an additional boundary and that each new boundary has affected the information needs within it. The paper argues that all living things use information to help address three fundamental concerns: "Where can the energy needed to stay alive be found?", "How can it be stored?", and "How can use of energy be reduced?" Because these questions are fundamental at a biological level they are also fundamental at a societal level. One way to increase energy efficiency was for organisms to grow larger. This brought risks which were alleviated by the evolution of better information gathering and processing tools. Amongst these tools were the means to communicate, which afforded the evolution of social boundaries. Originality/value - This is a new perspective on a topic of growing interest in information science and demonstrates further the significance of information as a factor in the shaping of life.

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Abstract

What we consider to be the influence of philosophy on scientific thinking largely depends on how science perceives itself. The understanding and conscious human-oriented design of the relationship between the computer and the creatively active person - i.e. the design of a formal model and the non-formal, natural and social environment - is always more readily recognized as the fundamental philosophical, theoretical and methodological problem of informatics (computer science and information systems). Informatics/computer science results from the necessity to overcome the tension between technology-based automation, which is based on a purely syntactic interpretation and transformation of information, and creative and active people who carry out semantic information processing based on their knowledge. It is this tension that requires the development and use of user-oriented software and the formal operations to be integrated into complex human work processes. Conceptual strategies that foster the development and integration of modern information technologies into social organization are currently the topic of vivid philosophical and methodological discussions, reflecting the influence of different philosophical schools. The utilization of information technologies has significantly changed both employee working conditions and the relationship between organizations and their environment. The development of humanity-oriented computer science is a necessary condition for integrating computational systems into social contexts and for largely adapting these systems to the users' needs.

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Abstract

A clear line of argument can be set out to link the (passive) intellectual freedom rights offered by Article Nineteen of the United Nations' Universal Declaration on Human Rights, to a consequent responsibility on governments, professionals and civil society activists for the (active) creation of suitable conditions for the effective exercise of intellectual freedom. Commentators on media in society and socially responsible computing are also increasingly drawing conclusions of this kind and stressing the importance of Media Literacy and Computer Literacy. This line of argument naturally directs attention towards the rationale currently offered for Information Literacy as a focus of professional activity. Whilst there are many elaborately worked-out programmes for Information Literacy instruction, these have so far been largely derived from practical perceptions of need. However, broad statements such as the Prague Declaration 'Towards an Information Literate Society' of 2003 and the Alexandria Proclamation of 2005 can be seen as beginning to point towards a rationale for Information Literacy activities rooted in human rights, Article Nineteen in particular. The contention is that starting from a human rights perspective leads towards a strong, inclusive interpretation of Information Literacy. This subsumes Media Literacy, Computer Literacy, Web Literacy and, to a considerable extent, Civic Literacy into a model that serves human needs rather than the established priorities of information professionals. The value of this approach for both practice and research is stressed.

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Abstract

"Haben die "Daten" bzw. die "Datenwissenschaft" (Data Science) die "Information" bzw. die Informationswissenschaft obsolet gemacht? Hat die "Data Science" mit ihren KI-gestützten Instrumenten die ökonomische und technische Herrschaft über die "Daten" und damit auch über die "Informationen" und das "Wissen" übernommen? Die meist in der Informatik/Mathematik beheimatete "Data Science" hat die wissenschaftliche Führungsrolle übernommen, "Daten" in "Informationen" und "Wissen" zu transferieren." "Der Wandel von analoger zu digitaler Informationsverarbeitung hat die Informationswissenschaft im Grunde obsolet gemacht. Heute steht die Befassung mit der Kategorie "Daten" und deren kausaler Zusammenhang mit der "Wissens"-Generierung (Erkennung von Mustern und Zusammenhängen, Prognosefähigkeit usw.) und neuronalen Verarbeitung und Speicherung im Zentrum der Forschung." "Wäre die Wissenstreppe nach North auch für die Informationswissenschaft gültig, würde sie erkennen, dass die Befassung mit "Daten" und die durch Vorwissen ermöglichte Interpretation von "Daten" erst die Voraussetzungen schaffen, "Informationen" als "kontextualisierte Daten" zu verstehen, um "Informationen" strukturieren, darstellen, erzeugen und suchen zu können."

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Abstract

This book addresses some of the key questions that scientists have been asking themselves for centuries: what is knowledge? What is information? How do we know that we know something? How do we construct meaning from the perceptions of things? Although no consensus exists on a common definition of the concepts of information and communication, few can reject the hypothesis that information - whether perceived as « object » or as « process » - is a pre-condition for knowledge. Epistemology is the study of how we know things (anglophone meaning) or the study of how scientific knowledge is arrived at and validated (francophone conception). To adopt an epistemological stance is to commit oneself to render an account of what constitutes knowledge or in procedural terms, to render an account of when one can claim to know something. An epistemological theory imposes constraints on the interpretation of human cognitive interaction with the world. It goes without saying that different epistemological theories will have more or less restrictive criteria to distinguish what constitutes knowledge from what is not. If information is a pre-condition for knowledge acquisition, giving an account of how knowledge is acquired should impact our comprehension of information and communication as concepts. While a lot has been written on the definition of these concepts, less research has attempted to establish explicit links between differing theoretical conceptions of these concepts and the underlying epistemological stances. This is what this volume attempts to do. It offers a multidisciplinary exploration of information and communication as perceived in different disciplines and how those perceptions affect theories of knowledge.

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Content

What is the philosophy of information?. Introduction ; Philosophy of artificial intelligence as a premature paradigm of PI ; The historical emergence of PI ; The dialectic of reflection and the emergence of PI ; The definition of PI ; The analytic approach to PI ; The metaphysical approach to PI ; PI as philosophia prima -- Open problems in the philosophy of information. Introduction ; David Hilbert's view ; Analysis ; Semantics ; Intelligence ; Nature ; Values -- The method of levels of abstraction. Introduction Some definitions and preliminary examples ; A classic interpretation of the method of abstraction ; Some philosophical applications ; The philosophy of the method of abstraction --

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Content

Inhalt: Super-Science, Fundamental Dimension, Way of Being: Library and Information Science in an Age of Messages / Bawden, David (et al.) (S.31-43) - The "Naturalization" of the Philosophy of Rafael Capurro: Logic, Information and Ethics / Brenner, Joseph E. (S.45-64) - Turing's Cyberworld / Eldred, Michael (S.65-81) - Hermeneutics and Information Science: The Ongoing Journey From Simple Objective Interpretation to Understanding Data as a Form of Disclosure / Kelly, Matthew (S.83-110) - The Epistemological Maturity of Information Science and the Debate Around Paradigms / Ribeiro, Fernanda (et al.) (S.111-124) - A Methodology for Studying Knowledge Creation in Organizational Settings: A Phenomenological Viewpoint / Suorsa, Anna (et al.) (S.125-142) - The Significance of Digital Hermeneutics for the Philosophy of Technology / Tripathi, Arun Kumar (S.143-157) - Reconciling Social Responsibility and Neutrality in LIS Professional Ethics: A Virtue Ethics Approach / Burgess, John T F (S.161-172) - Information Ethics in the Age of Digital Labour and the Surveillance-Industrial Complex / Fuchs, Christian (S.173-190) - Intercultural Information Ethics: A Pragmatic Consideration / Hongladarom, Soraj (S.191-206) - Ethics of European Institutions as Normative Foundation of Responsible Research and Innovation in ICT / Stahl, Bernd Carsten (S.207-219) - Raphael's / Holgate, John D. (S.223-245) - Understanding the Pulse of Existence: An Examination of Capurro's Angeletics / Morador, Fernando Flores (S.247-252) - The Demon in the Gap of Language: Capurro, Ethics and language in Divided Germany / Saldanha, Gustavo Silva (S.253-268) - General Intellect, Communication and Contemporary Media Theory / Frohmann, Bernd (S.271-286) - "Data": The data / Furner, Jonathan (S.287-306) - On the Pre-History of Library Ethics: Documents and Legitimacy / Hansson, Joacim (S.307-319) -

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Date

22. 7.2004 9:42:33
22. 4.2017 11:58:05

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Date

12. 7.2011 18:22:52

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Date

16. 6.2014 19:22:57

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Date

1. 1.2019 11:22:34

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Date

27.12.2020 16:56:22