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RSWK

Informationsqualität (maschinell ermittelt)

Subject

Informationsqualität (maschinell ermittelt)

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Abstract

"How to Build a Digital Library" is the only book that offers all the knowledge and tools needed to construct and maintain a digital library, regardless of the size or purpose. It is the perfectly self-contained resource for individuals, agencies, and institutions wishing to put this powerful tool to work in their burgeoning information treasuries. The second edition reflects new developments in the field as well as in the Greenstone Digital Library open source software. In Part I, the authors have added an entire new chapter on user groups, user support, collaborative browsing, user contributions, and so on. There is also new material on content-based queries, map-based queries, cross-media queries. There is an increased emphasis placed on multimedia by adding a 'digitizing' section to each major media type. A new chapter has also been added on 'internationalization', which will address Unicode standards, multi-language interfaces and collections, and issues with non-European languages (Chinese, Hindi, etc.). Part II, the software tools section, has been completely rewritten to reflect the new developments in Greenstone Digital Library Software, an internationally popular open source software tool with a comprehensive graphical facility for creating and maintaining digital libraries. As with the First Edition, a web site, implemented as a digital library, will accompany the book and provide access to color versions of all figures, two online appendices, a full-text sentence-level index, and an automatically generated glossary of acronyms and their definitions. In addition, demonstration digital library collections will be included to demonstrate particular points in the book. To access the online content please visit our associated website. This title outlines the history of libraries - both traditional and digital - and their impact on present practices and future directions. It is written for both technical and non-technical audiences and covers the entire spectrum of media, including text, images, audio, video, and related XML standards. It is web-enhanced with software documentation, color illustrations, full-text index, source code, and more.

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Abstract

Information is essential to all human activity, and information in electronic form both amplifies and augments human information interactions. This lecture surveys some of the different classical meanings of information, focuses on the ways that electronic technologies are affecting how we think about these senses of information, and introduces an emerging sense of information that has implications for how we work, play, and interact with others. The evolutions of computers and electronic networks and people's uses and adaptations of these tools manifesting a dynamic space called cyberspace. Our traces of activity in cyberspace give rise to a new sense of information as instantaneous identity states that I term proflection of self. Proflections of self influence how others act toward us. Four classical senses of information are described as context for this new form of information. The four senses selected for inclusion here are the following: thought and memory, communication process, artifact, and energy. Human mental activity and state (thought and memory) have neurological, cognitive, and affective facets.The act of informing (communication process) is considered from the perspective of human intentionality and technical developments that have dramatically amplified human communication capabilities. Information artifacts comprise a common sense of information that gives rise to a variety of information industries. Energy is the most general sense of information and is considered from the point of view of physical, mental, and social state change. This sense includes information theory as a measurable reduction in uncertainty. This lecture emphasizes how electronic representations have blurred media boundaries and added computational behaviors that yield new forms of information interaction, which, in turn, are stored, aggregated, and mined to create profiles that represent our cyber identities.

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Abstract

In this title, a leading philosopher of the internet explains how knowledge and expertise can still work - and even grow stronger - in an age when the internet has made topics simply Too Big to Know. Knowing used to be so straightforward. If we wanted to know something we looked it up, asked an expert, gathered the facts, weighted the possibilities, and honed in on the best answer ourselves. But, ironically, with the advent of the internet and the limitless information it contains, we're less sure about what we know, who knows what, or even what it means to know at all. Knowledge, it would appear, is in crisis. And yet, while its very foundations seem to be collapsing, human knowledge has grown in previously unimaginable ways, and in inconceivable directions, in the Internet age. We fact-check the news media more closely and publicly than ever before. Science is advancing at an unheard of pace thanks to new collaborative techniques and new ways to find patterns in vast amounts of data. Businesses are finding expertise in every corner of their organization, and across the broad swath of their stakeholders. We are in a crisis of knowledge at the same time that we are in an epochal exaltation of knowledge. In "Too Big to Know", Internet philosopher David Weinberger explains that, rather than a systemic collapse, the Internet era represents a fundamental change in the methods we have for understanding the world around us. Weinberger argues that our notions of expertise - what it is, how it works, and how it is cultivated - are out of date, rooted in our pre-networked culture and assumptions. For thousands of years, we've relied upon a reductionist process of filtering, winnowing, and otherwise reducing the complex world to something more manageable in order to understand it. Back then, an expert was someone who had mastered a particular, well-defined domain. Now, we live in an age when topics are blown apart and stitched together by momentary interests, diverse points of view, and connections ranging from the insightful to the perverse. Weinberger shows that, while the limits of our own paper-based tools have historically prevented us from achieving our full capacity of knowledge, we can now be as smart as our new medium allows - but we will be smart differently. For the new medium is a network, and that network changes our oldest, most basic strategy of knowing. Rather than knowing-by-reducing, we are now knowing-by-including. Indeed, knowledge now is best thought of not as the content of books or even of minds, but as the way the network works. Knowledge will never be the same - not for science, not for business, not for education, not for government, not for any of us. As Weinberger makes clear, to make sense of this new system of knowledge, we need - and smart companies are developing - networks that are themselves experts. Full of rich and sometimes surprising examples from history, politics, business, philosophy, and science, "Too Big to Know" describes how the very foundations of knowledge have been overturned, and what this revolution means for our future.

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Date

30. 8.2011 19:28:45

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Footnote

Rez. in IWP 58(2007) H.5/6, S.382 (W. Ratzek): "Bereits im Vorwort betont Thorsten Spitta - mit Bezug auf Heinen: "Es scheint an der Zeit, den Produktionsfaktor Information als Grundlage wieder in die Betriebswirtschaftslehre aufzunehmen (...)". Dieser Bezug, so Spitta, fehle in fast allen betrieblichen Einführungen. Die Konsequenz darauf sei, dass "Information" keine Basis mehr habe. Dieses Vorhaben weckt natürlich auch das Interesse von BID-Studierenden und -Professional, da offenbar beide Professionen (BID und BWL) das Arbeitsgebiet "Informationswirtschaft" bearbeiten. Ebenfalls im Vorwort stellt Spitta die Rolle von Software und Daten heraus: "Während Software sich mit der Zeit verändert oder ausgetauscht wird, sind die Daten eine langfristig zu pflegende Ressource jedes Unternehmens." Die Qualität der Datenbasis ist, nach Spitta, ein wichtiger Baustein, um ein Unternehmen erfolgreich zu führen. Somit wird das Qualitätsniveau dieser Ressource - ob nun Daten oder Information genannt - zu einem Produktionsfaktor. Etwas, so Spitta, was man nicht kaufen könne wie z.B. Software. Für den BID-Interessierten sollte nun die Frage nach dem Unterschied von Daten und Information folgen. In den Kapiteln 3 "Daten" und 4 "Kommunikation, Information und Wissen" geht Spitta dieser Frage nach. "Daten" werden, wie in der Informatik üblich und durchaus sinnvoll, als Alphabet definiert, das heißt als ein Zeichenvorrat, für den eine Verarbeitungsvorschrift definiert ist. (S. 25-28) Kommunikation ist, vereinfacht dargestellt, dann das Senden und Empfangen von Nachrichten (basierend auf einem mehr oder weniger deckungsgleichen Zeichenvorrat). Die in der betriebswirtschaftlichen Praxis gängige Definition von W. Wittmann, dass Information "zweckorientiertes Wissen" sei, lehnt Spitta ab, "da sie einen unscharfen Begriff durch einen anderen erklärt, der noch unschärfer ist" (S. 45).