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Abstract

Looking at knowledge as a shared resource: experts discuss how to define, protect, and build the knowledge commons in the digital age. Knowledge in digital form offers unprecedented access to information through the Internet but, at the same time, is subject to ever-greater restrictions through intellectual property legislation, overpatenting, licensing, overpricing, and lack of preservation. Looking at knowledge as a commons - as a shared resource - allows us to understand both its limitless possibilities and what threatens it. In "Understanding Knowledge as a Commons", experts from a range of disciplines discuss the knowledge commons in the digital era - how to conceptualize it, protect it, and build it. Contributors consider the concept of the commons historically and offer an analytical framework for understanding knowledge as a shared social-ecological system. They look at ways to guard against enclosure of the knowledge commons, considering, among other topics, the role of research libraries, the advantages of making scholarly material available outside the academy, and the problem of disappearing Web pages. They discuss the role of intellectual property in a new knowledge commons, the open access movement (including possible funding models for scholarly publications), the development of associational commons, the application of a free/open source framework to scientific knowledge, and the effect on scholarly communication of collaborative communities within academia, and offer a case study of EconPort, an open access, open source digital library for students and researchers in microeconomics. The essays clarify critical issues that arise within these new types of commons - and offer guideposts for future theory and practice.

Content

Inhalt: Introduction : an overview of the knowledge commons / Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom The growth of the commons paradigm / David Bollier A framework for analyzing the knowledge commons / Elinor Ostrom and Charlotte Hess Countering enclosure : reclaiming the knowledge commons / Nancy Kranich Mertonianism unbound? : imagining free, decentralized access to most cultural and scientific material / James Boyle Preserving the knowledge commons / Donald J. Waters Creating an intellectual commons through open access / Peter Suber How to build a commons : is intellectual property constrictive, facilitating, or irrelevant? / Shubha Ghosh Collective action, civic engagement, and the knowledge commons / Peter Levine Free/open-source software as a framework for establishing commons in science / Charles M. Schweik Scholarly communication and libraries unbound : the opportunity of the commons / Wendy Pradt Lougee EconPort : creating and maintaining a knowledge commons / James C. Cox and J. Todd Swarthout

RSWK

Wissensorganisation / Open Access / Kongress 2004 (SWB)

Subject

Wissensorganisation / Open Access / Kongress 2004 (SWB)

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Footnote

Rez. in: JASIST 58(2007) no.4, S.607-608 (A.D. Petrou): "One small example of a tension in the book's chapters can be expressed as: What exactly falls under information management (IM) as a domain of study? Is it content and research about a traditional life cycle of information, or is it the latter and also any other important issue in information research, such as culture, virtual reality, and online behavior, and communities of practice? In chapter 13, T.D. Wilson states, "Information management is the management of the life cycle to the point of delivery to the information user" (p. 164), yet as he also recognizes, other aspects of information are now included as IM's study matter. On p. 163 of the same chapter, Wilson offers Figure 12.2, titled "The extended life cycle of information." The life cycle in this case includes the following information stages: acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, access and lending, and dissemination. All of these six stages Wilson labels, inside the circle, as IM. The rest of the extended information life cycle is information use, which includes use, sharing, and application. Chapter 3's author, Gunilla Widen-Wulff, quoting Davenport (1994), states "effective IM is about helping people make effective use of the information, rather than the machines" (p. 31). Widen-Wulff, however, addresses IM from an information culture perspective. To review the book's critical content, IM definitions and research methodology and methods reported in chapters are critically summarized next. This will provide basic information for anyone interested in using the book as an information research reader.
The chapter by Wilson and Maceviciûtè should have been the first in the book, as it offers an informative, clearly laid out, research-based picture for IM. The chapter offers IM definitions, as mentioned earlier, and also covers a couple of major studies concerned with mapping diversity of content and topics studied in the IM field. RefViz, a visualization tool and an addition to EndNote, was used to map 462 articles published between 1999 and 2004 that had the term information management in their title. Figure 2.1 (Visualization of the IM literature), presents the map's 18 groups or clusters of documents. Two studies by Wilson also are presented. A study completed in 2004 covered the years 2000 to 2004 and reviewed five journals with articles about information activities. The 2004 study analyzed 190 articles from 383 authors. Wilson developed a number of categories about information activities as part of the 2000 and 2004 studies that indicate the scope of the articles analyzed and IM's diversity of subject matter. The remainder of the chapter presents comparative data between the 2000 and 2004 research studies. Joyce Kirk provides a hierarchy of five IM definitions. "IM as IT systems" and "information resource management" are two of these definitions. While it is difficult to clearly recognize any of the hierarchy statements as a definition for IM, what can be had from this hierarchy is the realization, as cviu te' and Wilson state in chapter 2, that IM "is used as an abbreviation for the management of IT, information systems management, management information systems, etc." (p. 20). Perhaps, the critical usefulness of the chapter resides not so much in that it offers any ready to apply definitions for IM but rather in that it provides an overall review about information. The latter can be helpful for a book intended as an information research reader and as an introduction to IM. WidenWulff examined 15 Finnish insurance businesses and developed scales for the measurement of open and closed organizations, and also presented learning organization attributes in different information environments. A 1999 study by Aiki Tibar about critical success factors (CSF) and information needs of successful Estonian companies is the centerpiece of the chapter. The study's findings are presented in relation to previous and more recent research on CSF. The study's methodology was qualitative in nature, involving semistructured interviews with managers and engineers from 25 of the most successful companies in Estonia; these companies were selected in a contest in 1998 as being included in the top 50 most successful companies. In terms of findings, IM was a CFS that was mentioned the most frequently.

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Classification

658.4/038 22

Date

22. 3.2009 18:43:51

DDC

658.4/038 22

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Date

22. 5.2007 10:37:38

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Abstract

The Nobel prize-winning author of "A Different Universe" argues that ours is an age of disinformation and ignorance, in which access to knowledge is becoming increasingly restricted and even criminalized. We like to believe that in our modern, technologically advanced world, information is more freely available and flows faster than ever before, and that this free flow of ideas is behind our remarkable creativity. The second part is right: the free flow of ideas is indeed essential to creativity. But according to Nobel Laureate Robert Laughlin, many forces in the modern world conspire to make acquiring information a danger or even a crime. More and more of the really valuable information is private property or a state secret, with the result being that it is now easy for a flash of insight, entirely innocently, to infringe a patent or threaten national security.Within the past ten years it has become illegal to circumvent anti-piracy measures (i.e. to understand encrypted communication) or to distribute code-cracking devices; it is now legal for corporations to monopolize certain forms of communication; and it is possible to patent sales techniques, hiring strategies, and gene sequences. Broad areas of two sciences, physics and biology, are now off limits to public discourse because they are national security risks. Our society is sequestering knowledge more rapidly and thoroughly than any before it.Thus we find ourselves dealing more and more with the bizarre concept of the Crime of Reason, the antisocial and sometimes outright illegal nature of certain intellectual activities. The increasing restrictions on such fertile scientific and technological fields as cryptography, biotechnology, and computer software design are creating a new Dark Age: a time characterized not by light and truth but by disinformation and ignorance. This short, passionately argued book, by a Nobel laureate in physics, offers a stern warning and protest against our apparent collective decision to relinquish our intellectual rights.

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Abstract

There are a myriad of books that have been published on knowledge management. However, very few of these books give the practical know-how of what truly is needed in the information professional/manager's mind, such as: how to make the decision whether knowledge management is right for you; how to explain the pros and cons of the various knowledge management alternatives/solutions; how to determine which knowledge management solution, if any, is the best fit with your organizational culture; how to explain the way to show the expected value-added benefits of using knowledge management; and how to discuss lessons learned in applying knowledge management (i.e. how others have utilized KM techniques for enhanced decision making). This applied and concise guide - based on the author's many years of experience - addresses these areas and includes helpful tools developed by the author, such as knowledge audit instruments, knowledge access and sharing surveys, and techniques for determining knowledge management success.

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Footnote

Rez. in: KO 34(2007) no.4, S.266-267 (E. Quintarelli): "The knowledge and information world we live in can rarely be described from a single coherent and predictable point of view. In the global economy and mass society, an explosion of knowledge sources, different paradigms and information-seeking behaviors, fruition contexts and access devices are overloading our existence with an incredible amount of signals and stimulations, all competing for our limited attention. Taxonomies are often cited as tools to cope with, organize and make sense of this complex and ambiguous environment. Leveraging an extensive review of literature from a variety of disciplines, as well as a wide range of relevant real-life case studies, Organising Knowledge by Patrick Lambe has the great merit of liberating taxonomies from their recurring obscure and limitative definition, making them living, evolving and working tools to manage knowledge within organizations. Primarily written for knowledge and information managers, this book can help a much larger audience of practitioners and students who wish to design, develop and maintain taxonomies for large-scale coordination and organizational effectiveness both within and across societies. Patrick Lambe opens ours eyes to the fact that, far from being just a synonym for pure hierarchical trees to improve navigation, find-ability and information retrieval, taxonomies take multiple forms (from lists, to trees, facets and system maps) and play different roles, ranging from basic information organization to more subtle tasks, such as establishing common ground, overcoming boundaries, discovering new opportunities and helping in sense-making.