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  • × theme_ss:"Benutzerstudien"
  1. Kluck, M.: ¬Die Informationsanalyse im Online-Zeitalter : Befunde der Benutzerforschung zum Informationsverhalten im Internet (2004) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Die Notwendigkeit des professionellen Einsatzes von empirischen Methoden als Grundvoraussetzung für den Entwurf und die Gestaltung von Informationsdiensten, Informationsprodukten und Informationssystemen ist seit den frühen sechzigerfahren in der Informationsarbeit erkannt worden. Anfänglich wurde - ausgedrückt durch die Bezeichnung "Benutzerforschung" oder "fachliche Rezipientenforschung" -versucht, den Informationsbedarfvon unterschiedlichen Benutzergruppen (im Rahmen einer Typologie der Benutzer von Informationssystemen) zu messen und aufgrund dieser Daten zu Einschätzungen von Art, Menge, Umfang und Tiefe von Informationsbedürfnissen zu gelangen. "Benutzerforschung sollte den Lebensweg von Informationsprodukten beziehungsweise Informationsdiensten begleiten. Sie kann erste Anregungen geben, sie liefert Entscheidungshilfen im Planungsstadium und kontrolliert dann, ob, wo und wie sich der geplante Erfolg tatsächlich eingestellt hat." In den siebziger und achtziger Jahren traten dann Fragestellungen in den Vordergrund, die den allgemeinen Nutzen der Information und besonders der Strukturen und Prozesse der Informationsvermittlung empirisch zu beschreiben versuchten. Darüber hinaus wurden mit dem in den siebziger Jahren dann vollzogenen Einsatz der Informationsund Kommunikationstechnologien in den Bibliotheken und Informationsstellen Fragestellungen wichtig, die unter dem Begriff "Kommunikationsanalysen" etwa die Ansätze der Informationsbedarfsmessung mit der empirischen Analyse des Einsatzes von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien verbanden. Ein weiteres Einsatzfeld empirischer Untersuchungen ergab sich aus dem langsamen Entstehen eines Marktes für elektronische Informationsprodukte, wodurch sowohl empirische Marktforschungsstrategien als auch empirische Marketingansätze in die Informationsarbeit hineingetragen wurden. Schließlich traten Untersuchungen der Benutzerfreundlichkeit von Informationssystemen und ihrer Bedienbarkeit sowie dann die allgemeinen Kriterien der Softwareergonomie hinzu. Ferner werden seit den 90er Jahren durch die Nutzung des Internets als Angebotsmedium Aspekte der Kundenorientierung und Fragen der empirischen Nutzungsforschung und der Bedienungsfreundlichkeit (Usability) zunehmend wichtiger. Dementsprechend haben sich auch die Begrifflichkeiten für die Benutzerforschung in Bibliotheken gewandelt: Von Benutzung, Benutzerbedürfnisse, Benutzerforschung, Benutzerfreundlichkeit über Benutzerorientierung, Benutzerzufriedenheit, Benchmarking, Qualitätsmanagement, Bibliotheksmarketing hin zu Kundenorientierung, Kundenzufriedenheit, Service. Hinsichtlich der Internet-Angebote kamen dann Aspekte des Benutzerverhaltens und der Bedienungsfreundlichkeit der Software bzw der Benutzerschnittstellen hinzu. Allen Konzepten ist gemeinsam, dass sie im weitesten Sinne den Prozess der gesellschaftlichen Informationsvermittlung auf einer übergreifenden Ebene verstehbar machen: Aus der Sicht des Nutzers von Information, aus der Sicht manifester und latenter Informationsbedürfnisse, aus der Sicht technisch unterstützter fachlicher Informationsund Kommunikationsprozesse der Information und Dokumentation oder aus der Sicht technischer und ästhetischer Gestaltung. Diese hier grob unterschiedenen Ansätze werden nun unter dem Begriff Informationsanalyse zusammengefasst.
    Theme
    Internet
  2. Yao, M.Z.; Rice, R.E.; Wallis, K.: Predicting user concerns about online privacy (2007) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    With the rapid diffusion of the Internet, researchers, policy makers, and users have raised concerns about online privacy, although few studies have integrated aspects of usage with psychological and attitudinal aspects of privacy. This study develops a model involving gender, generalized self-efficacy, psychological need for privacy, Internet use experience, Internet use fluency, and beliefs in privacy rights as potential influences on online privacy concerns. Survey responses from 413 college students were analyzed by bivariate correlations, hierarchical regression, and structural equation modeling. Regression results showed that beliefs in privacy rights and a psychological need for privacy were the main influences on online privacy concerns. The proposed structural model was not well supported by the data, but a revised model, linking self-efficacy with psychological need for privacy and indicating indirect influences of Internet experience and fluency on online privacy concerns about privacy through beliefs in privacy rights, was supported by the data.
    Date
    29. 4.2007 19:59:00
    Theme
    Internet
  3. Jacquin, A.: Endnutzerrecherchen in der regionalen Verbunddatenbank des Südwestdeutschen Bibliotheksverbundes (SWB) (1995) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Anfang 1994 eröffnete die SWB-Verbundzentrale einen TELNET-Recherchezugang für Endnutzer zur SWB-Datenbank. Damit bot sich zugleich die Möglichkeit, ein Feedback über die Recherchebedürfnisse und -strategien von Endnutzern zu erhalten: zum einen durch eine statistische Erfassung der Nutzerrecherchen über einen Zeitraum von 7 Monaten, zum anderen durch auswertung von E-Mail- Nachrichten der Endnutzer mit Stellungnahmen zur angebotenen Rechercheschnittstelle. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung werden unter dem Gesichtspunkt vorgestellt, welche Vorgaben sich aus ihnen für die Gestaltung einer geplanten WWW-Recherche-Oberfläche für die SWB-Verbunddatenbank ableiten lassen
  4. Kaminer, N.: Scholars and the use of the Internet (1997) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Faculty members from a major university were surveyed to explore the possible relationship between Internet usage and the following dependent variables: computer usage (length of time and perceived expertise), length of time of Internet use, perceived expertise of Internet use, and perceived utility of the Internet. 97% have an Internet account. Furthermore, computer literacy and length of computer experience are correlated with early adoption of the Internet, perceived utility of the Internet is correlated with computer literacy and with Internet usage, and usage is correlated with perceived expertise, but not with the length of time of Internet experience. Highly skilled computer users are more likely to use the network in a more intensive way and have higher appreciation of the network's potential
    Theme
    Internet
  5. 8,8 Millionen Deutsche nutzen das Internet (1998) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Ergebnis einer Umfrage zur Internet-Nutzung 1998 von Infratest Burke (1.183 Interviews mit KMUs; 5.537 Telefoninterviews mit privaten Haushalten)
    Theme
    Internet
  6. Vigue-Camus, A.: Des usagers et des écrans à la Bibliothèque Publique d'Informations (1996) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Account of a limited experimental study at the Bibliothèque Publique d'Informations (BPI), the Paris multimedia public library, to establish a methodology for investigating user interactions with new technology. A wide range of materials are available at the BPI, including CD-ROMs and the Internet. Preliminary observations indicate that users do not follow the pattern dictated by the machine, but take approaches based on their own experience and skills. Setbacks are generally interpreted as defects in the software, not personla failure to master the system. Large scale qualitative abservation, using research methods from the social sciences, would establish a knowledge base for developing user skills to exploit multimedia resources more fully
    Date
    29. 1.1996 16:50:24
  7. Cooper, M.D.: Usage patterns of a Web-based library catalog (2001) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This article reports on a model and patterns of use of a library catalog that can be accessed through the Internet. Three categories of users are identified. individuals who perform a search of the catalog, tourists who look only at opening pages of the library catalog's site, and Web spiders that come to the site to obtain pages for indexing the Web. A number of types of use activities are also identified, and can be grouped with the presearch phase (which takes place before any searching begins): the search phase, the display phase (in which users display the results of their search), and phases in which users make errors, ask the system for help or assistance, and take other actions. An empirical investigation of patterns of use of a university Web-based library catalog was conducted for 479 days. During that period, the characteristics of about 2.5 million sessions were recorded and analyzed, and usage trends were identified. Of the total, 62% of the sessions were for users who performed a search, 27% were from spiders, and 11% were for tourists. During the study period, the average search session lasted about 5 minutes when the study began and had increased to about 10 minutes 16 months later. An average search consisted of about 1.5 presearch actions lasting about 25 seconds, about 5.3 display actions, and 2.5 searches per session. The latter two categories are in the range of 35-37 seconds per session each. There were major differences in usage (number of searches, search time, number of display actions, and display time), depending upon the database accessed
    Date
    29. 9.2001 13:59:04
    Theme
    Internet
  8. Large, A.; Beheshti, J.; Moukdad, H.: Information seeking on the Web : navigational skills of grade-six primary school students (1999) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Reports on research into the information-seeking habits of primary schoolchildren conducted under operational conditions. Three workstations with Internet access were installed in a grade-six classroom in suburban Montreal. After a short introductory training session for the entire group followed by short individual sessions for each student, 53 students, working in small groups, used these workstations over a six-week period to seek information on the Web of relevance to a class project assigned by their teacher. The project dealt with the Winter Olympic Games (recently completed at that time). The student objective was to locate relevant information for a poster and an oral presentation on one of the sports represented at the Games. All screen activity was directly captured on videotape and group conversations at the workstation were audiotaped. Demographic and computer literacy information was gathered in a questionnaire. This paper presents a map of the information-seeking landscape based upon an analysis of the descriptive statistics gathered from the Web searches. It reveals that the novice users favored browsing over analytic search strategies, although they did show some sophistication in the construction of the latter. Online help was ignored. The children demonstrated a very high level of interactivity with the interface at the expense of thinking, planning and evaluating. This is a preliminary analysis of data which will subsequently be expanded by the inclusion of qualitative data
    Date
    29. 9.2001 20:35:09
    Theme
    Internet
  9. Kantor, P.B.; Nordlie, R.: Models of the behavior of people searching the Internet : a Petri net approach (1999) 0.01 
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    Date
    10.10.2001 17:29:47
    Theme
    Internet
  10. Vaughan, L.; Thelwall, M.: Scholarly use of the Web : what are the key inducers of links to journal Web sites? (2003) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Web links have been studied by information scientists for at least six years but it is only in the past two that clear evidence has emerged to show that counts of links to scholarly Web spaces (universities and departments) can correlate significantly with research measures, giving some credence to their use for the investigation of scholarly communication. This paper reports an a study to investigate the factors that influence the creation of links to journal Web sites. An empirical approach is used: collecting data and testing for significant patterns. The specific questions addressed are whether site age and site content are inducers of links to a journal's Web site as measured by the ratio of link counts to Journal Impact Factors, two variables previously discovered to be related. A new methodology for data collection is also introduced that uses the Internet Archive to obtain an earliest known creation date for Web sites. The results show that both site age and site content are significant factors for the disciplines studied: library and information science, and law. Comparisons between the two fields also show disciplinary differences in Web site characteristics. Scholars and publishers should be particularly aware that richer content an a journal's Web site tends to generate links and thus the traffic to the site.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.1, S.29-38
    Theme
    Internet
  11. Yitzhaki, M.; Hammershlag, G.: Accessibility and use of information sources among computer scientists and software engineers in Israel : academy versus industry (2004) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Hypothesizing that workplace significantly affects information-seeking patterns, this study compared accessibility and use of information sources among 233 Israeli computer scientists and software engineers, employed in industry and academy, using a mail questionnaire, which yielded a usable reply rate of 33%. The two groups were found to differ significantly in age, education, seniority, and type of research they performed (basic vs. applied). Printed textbooks, professional journals, and oral discussions with colleagues or experts in the organization were common to both groups, topping almost all lists of accessibility and use. For most information sources, however, the two groups differed significantly and consistently. Printed professional journals as weIl as printed and electronic conference or meeting papers were consistently more accessible and more often used by the academy group, while the industry group reported greater access to and more frequent use of electronic textbooks and trade or promotional literature. In regard to handbooks and standards, in-house technical reports (printed), government technical reports (Internet), librarians and technical specialists (Internet), and oral discussions with supervisors, no significant differences in accessibility were found, but their use by the industry group was much higher. In both groups, accessibility was only partly related to use, and more so among the academy than the industry group.
    Date
    3. 7.2004 15:28:29
  12. Slone, D.J.: ¬The influence of mental models and goals on search patterns during Web interaction (2002) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Thirty-one patrons, who were selected by Slone to provide a range of age and experience, agreed when approached while using the catalog of the Wake County library system to try searching via the Internet. Fifteen searched the Wake County online catalog in this manner and 16 searched the World Wide Web, including that catalog. They were subjected to brief pre-structured taped interviews before and after their searches and observed during the searching process resulting in a log of behaviors, comments, pages accessed, and time spent. Data were analyzed across participants and categories. Web searches were characterized as linking, URL, search engine, within a site domain, and searching a web catalog; and participants by the number of these techniques used. Four used only one, 13 used two, 11 used three, two used four, and one all five. Participant experience was characterized as never used, used search engines, browsing experience, email experience, URL experience, catalog experience, and finally chat room/newsgroup experience. Sixteen percent of the participants had never used the Internet, 71% had used search engines, 65% had browsed, 58% had used email, 39% had used URLs, 39% had used online catalogs, and 32% had used chat rooms. The catalog was normally consulted before the web, where both were used, and experience with an online catalog assists in web use. Scrolling was found to be unpopular and practiced halfheartedly.
    Date
    21. 7.2006 11:26:29
  13. D'Elia, G.; Abbas, J.; Bishop, K.; Jacobs, D.; Rodger, E.J.: ¬The impact of youth's use of the internet on their use of the public library (2007) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    A survey of 4,032 youth in grades 5 through 12 was conducted to determine the impact youth's use of the Internet was having on their use of the public library. Results indicated that 100% of the youth had access to the Internet from one or more locations, and that although one quarter of the youth accessed the Internet at the public library, the public library was the least frequently used source of Internet access. For youth without Internet access at home, the public library was also the least used alternate source of access. Approximately 69% of the youth reported that they had visited a public library during the school year. Having Internet access at home did not affect whether or not youth visited the library however, Internet access at home appears to have affected the frequency with which youth visit the library. Youth without Internet access at home visited the library more frequently, whereas youth with Internet access at home visited the library less frequently. Use of the Internet also appeared to have diminished youth's need to use the public library as a source of personal information however, use of the Internet appeared not to have affected their use of the public library for school work or for recreation. Among youth, use of both the Internet and the public library appear to be complementary activities.
    Theme
    Internet
  14. Agosto, D.E.: Bounded rationality and satisficing in young people's Web-based decision making (2002) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This study investigated Simon's behavioral decisionmaking theories of bounded rationality and satisficing in relation to young people's decision making in the World Wide Web, and considered the role of personal preferences in Web-based decisions. It employed a qualitative research methodology involving group interviews with 22 adolescent females. Data analysis took the form of iterative pattern coding using QSR NUD*IST Vivo qualitative data analysis software. Data analysis revealed that the study participants did operate within the limits of bounded rationality. These limits took the form of time constraints, information overload, and physical constraints. Data analysis also uncovered two major satisficing behaviors-reduction and termination. Personal preference was found to play a major role in Web site evaluation in the areas of graphic/multimedia and subject content preferences. This study has related implications for Web site designers and for adult intermediaries who work with young people and the Web
    Theme
    Internet
  15. Okoli, C.; Mehdi, M.; Mesgari, M.; Nielsen, F.A.; Lanamäki, A.: Wikipedia in the eyes of its beholders : a systematic review of scholarly research on Wikipedia readers and readership (2014) 0.01 
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    Date
    18.11.2014 13:22:03
    Theme
    Internet
  16. He, P.W.; Jacobson, T.E.: What are they doing with the Internet? : A study of user information seeking behaviors (1996) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Reports results of a survey, conducted by the State University of New York and Albany Library, to investigate the effects of gender, college status and prior Internet experience on the use of Internet resources. The subjects were 96 randomly selected users using the library's Internet terminals during the first 2 months of 1995. The majority of users were found to share the following characteristics: male undergraduates affiliated with the social sciences; and novice users who have less than 6 months experience. Respondents felt strongly that the Internet is useful, and has been an important resource for their research and assignment. Users have high expectations of searching capabilities, while they feel neutral or disappointed with browsing. Results indicate that libraries should provide access to the Internet and suggest that libraries should take the lead in developing searchable indexes and making databases better organized for the ease and effectiveness of browsing
    Source
    Internet reference services quarterly. 1(1996) no.1, S.31-51
    Theme
    Internet
  17. Slone, D.J.: ¬The impact of time constraints on Internet and Web use (2007) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This study examines the influence of time constraints on Internet and Web search goals and search behavior. Specifically, it looks at the searching behavior of public library Internet users who, previously limited to 30 minutes per Internet session, are given an unlimited amount of time for use. Interviews and observations were conducted with 34 participants searching on their own queries. Despite an increase in the time allowed for searching, most people spent less than 30 minutes on the Internet, carrying out tasks like paying bills, shopping, browsing, and making reservations. Those who took more than 30 minutes were looking for jobs or browsing. E-mail use was universal. In this context, influences like time-dependent and time-independent tasks, use of search hubs to perform more efficient searches, and search diversity were recorded. Though there are a number of large and small studies of Internet and Web use, few of them focus on temporal influences. This study extends knowledge in this area of inquiry.
    Theme
    Internet
  18. Lazinger, S.S.; Bar-Ilan, J.; Peritz, B.C.: Internet use by faculty members in various disciplines : a comparative case study (1997) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Examines and compares the use of the Internet among various sectors of the faculty at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, in order to verify the influence of a number of parameters on this use. Questionnaires were sent to faculty members in all departments and professional schools of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a total population of 918 for both the pilot project and the main study. Results indicated that Internet use is consistently higher among faculty members in the sciences and agriculture than among those in the humanities or social sciences. Makes suggestions for training the level of Internet use among the various disciplines of the faculty
    Theme
    Internet
  19. Bruce, H.: User satisfaction with information seeking on the Internet (1998) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Focuses on how satisfied Australian academics are when they use the Internet to search for information. Results validated magnitude estimates of user satisfaction with information seeking on the Internet. Testing the validity and reliability magnitude estimation as a technique for gathering and analysing interval data on satisfaction with information seeking was key to the investigation. Data for user satisfaction were then associated with end user characteristics like training, frequency of use and expectation of success. They have a high expectation of success when they engage in information seeking on the Internet and are satisfied with the process regardless of how frequently they use the network or whether or not they have formal training
    Theme
    Internet
  20. Kübler, H.-D.: Aufwachsen mit dem Web : Surfen eher selten: zwei Studien zur Internetnutzung von Kindern (2005) 0.01 
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    Content
    "Als Generation @ werden Kinder und Jugendliche in der Öffentlichkeit bereits gefeiert, insbesondere Marketing und Werbung schwärmen vom geschickten, unermüdlichen Surfen im WWW, von kinderleichter Handhabung des Equipments, spielerischem Edutainment und spannenden Verlockungen des digitalen Lernens, und zwar schon für die Kleinsten ab dem Kindergartenalter. Mehrheit noch offline Imposant sind auch die quantitativen Daten zur Haushaltsausstattung und PC- beziehungsweise Internetnutzung, vor allem ihre Wachstumsraten, die die Studie von Christine Feil und Co-Autoren referiert und miteinander abgleicht. Susanne Richter (S. 18) hingegen weiß nichts von ihrer Existenz, zumal Angaben aus kommerziellen Kontexten meist zu Obertreibungen neigen. Seriöser sind die Angaben des so genannten Medienpädagogischen Forschungsverbundes Südwest, der seit 1999 die Studie »Kinder und Medien« (»KIM-Studie«) durchführt, 2003 zum vierten Mal. Danach hatten 57 Prozent der bundesdeutschen Haushalte mit 6- bis 13-jährigen Kinder Internet zu Hause (Feil S. 15),42 Prozent der 6-bis 13-Jährigen besuchen hin und wieder das Internet, nur etwa gut zwölf Prozent sind täglich oder mehrmals in der Woche nach Schätzungen durchschnittlich zwischen einer halben und einer Stunde im Netz, werden aber von kommerzieller Seite bereits als »Heavy User« apostrophiert (Feil S. 18). Etwa bei zehn, elf Jahren lag 2003/2004 das Einstiegsalter für das Internet, bei Mädchen und bei Kindern aus niedrigeren Einkommens- und Sozialschichten etwas später. Offenbar haben die inzwischen - auch schon im Primarbereich - gut ausgestatten Schulen noch »kaum kompensatorische Wirkung im Sinne gleicher Zugangschancen für alle Kinder« entfaltet, »sondern allenfalls den Anteil der Kinder mit Sowohl-als-auch-Zugang« erhöht (Feil S. 21). So zeichnen sich tendenziell zwar jeweils steigende Beteiligungen ab, aber »die Mehrheit der Kinder« ist noch »offline«. Und der Zugang der Kinder zum Netz allein »gibt weder Aufschluss über ihre Nutzungskompetenzen noch über die Bedeutung der Kommunikationsund Informationsfunktion des Internets für Kinder« (Feil S. 30), so die sicherlich stimmige Ausgangsthese.
    Beobachtungen und Befragungen Da kommen die beiden vorliegenden Studien gerade recht, untersuchen sie doch mit qualitativen Methoden, mit Befragungen und teilnehmenden Beobachtungen, wie Kinder das Internet entdecken beziehungsweise nutzen, welche Kompetenzen sie haben und entwickeln, welche Erwartungen, Interessen und Präferenzen sie für das Netz haben, wie und welche Orientierungen und Suchstrategien sie entfalten und schließlich wodurch und wie sie sich von den Web-Sites ansprechen lassen. Das wird jeweils an einzelnen Beispielen und Szenen anschaulich beschrieben, teils wörtlich dokumentiert, sodass man plastische Eindrücke bekommt, wie Kinder an das Web herangehen, wie sie sich zurechtfinden und was sie darüber denken und wissen. Die eine Studie (Christine Feil et al. 2004) wurde zwischen 2001 und 2003 am Deutschen Jugendinstitut (DJI) München mit Unterstützung des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung durchgeführt; an ihr sind mehrere ForscherInnen beteiligt gewesen. Entsprechend komplexer und differenzierter sind ihre Erhebungsmethoden, entsprechend aufwendiger ist ihr Forschungsdesign, und entsprechend umfassender und dichter sind ihre Ergebnisse. Teilgenommen an der Studie haben elf Mädchen und sieben Jungen zwischen fünf und elf Jahren; sie wurden in zwei bis drei mindestens einstündigen Beobachtungsphasen in ihrem Umgang mit PC und Internet per Video beobachtet, zweimal befragt wurden die Eltern und die Erzieherinnen der Horte, in die die Kinder gehen. Die andere (Susanne Richter 2004) ist eine literaturdidaktische Dissertation an der Universität Lüneburg, deren empirischer Teil schon 1999, also drei Jahre früher als die DJI-Studie, durchgeführt wurde. Beteiligt waren 25 Schüler, darunter nur sechs Mädchen, zwischen zehn und 13 Jahren, die von der Autorin nach ihrer PC-Nutzung befragt und während einer halbstündigen »Surfphase« über vier ausgewählte Web-Sites beobachtet wurden. Mithin sind die Populationen allenfalls für die neun 10- bis 11-Jährigen der DJI-Studie vergleichbar, die andere Hälfte ist jünger.
    Tipps von Freunden Beide Studien beschränken sich nicht nur auf die Darstellung der empirischen Befunde: Außer der Aufbereitung der quantitativen Nutzungsdaten findet sich in der DJI-Studie noch ein informativer Abriss über »neuere Entwicklungen im deutschen Kinderweh«. Darin werden die neuen Kinder- und Jugendschutzregelungen abgehandelt sowie jüngste formale und inhaltliche Entwicklungen der Internetseiten für Kinder skizziert. Damit setzt das DJI seine Bestandsaufnahmen und Sichtungen von Kindersoftware und -selten, die es seit 1999 vornimmt, fort.* In einer Datenbank (unter www. kinderseiten.de) sind sie jeweils aktuell abzurufen. Insgesamt wachse die »Ökonomisierung des Kinderweh«; gerade die für Kindermedien symptomatischen Medienverbundstrategien werden durch das Web enorm verstärkt, wie es umgekehrt von ihnen profitiert, sodass sich Werbung und Inhalt immer intensiver vermischen (und kaum das gesetzliche Gebot nach Trennung einhalten). Nicht-kommerzielle Angebote, die es gleichwohl in Fülle im Netz gibt, haben es gegenüber solch geballter Marktmacht zunehmend schwerer, überhaupt die Aufmerksamkeit der Kinder zu finden, das heißt, überhaupt von ihnen entdeckt zu werden. Denn Kinder diesen Alters, darin stimmen beide Studien überein, surfen im eigentlichen Sinne kaum; sie merken sich die Adressen (URLs) aus Zeitschriften, von Fernsehsendungen oder bekommen sie von Freunden. Nur selten suchen sie welche gezielt mittels Suchmaschinen oder Katalogen; und auch spezielle Kindersuchmaschinen wie die viel gelobte Blinde Kuh (www.blindekuh.de) kommen nur selten in ihr Gesichtsfeld. Auch Richter beginnt - wohl typisch Dissertation - recht allgemein, mit der Darstellung (kontroverser) Medienbegriffe, von Web-Geschichte und -funktionalitäten und gängigen Gestaltungskriterien, was für das eigentliche Thema nicht unbedingt erforderlich ist. Aufschlussreich für den bibliothekarischen Kontext sind hingegen ihre Ausführungen zur Lesekompetenz und ihre Relationen zu speziellen Internetkompetenzen, die die Autorin auch empirisch erhärten kann: Denn Kinder, die flüssig, gut und sicher lesen können, erfassen natürlich nicht nur die Web-Inhalte besser, sie finden sich auch schneller auf den Web-Seiten zurecht und erkennen deren Strukturen (Linkpfade, Navigationsleisten, Buttons und so weiter) leichter und genauer als die Leseschwächeren. Ob man solchen Umgang sogleich als kompetentes Informationsverhalten und Surf-Aktivität werten will oder nicht, ist wohl Definitionssache. Denn auch Richter räumt ein, dass die meisten Kinder vornehmlich über das Internet spielen oder aber ihnen schon bekannte Seiten für ihre Hobbys, über Stars, Musik und Chat aufrufen. Dabei ist ihnen vor allem das Design der Seiten wichtig: Bunt, mit Bildern und Fotos sollen sie gestaltet sein, aber nicht überladen und durch Animationen in ihrer Ladezeit zu langwierig. Fachliches Computerwissen haben die Kinder gemeinhin nicht, nur wenige Freaks brillieren mit nicht immer ganz begriffenem Vokabular; und sie brauchen es auch kaum, denn sie lernen den Internetumgang durch Zugucken und kurze Handling-Tipps von Eltern und älteren Kindern. Eine systematische Internetdidaktik, wie sie Richter fordert, wurde vor vier Jahren offenbar noch kaum praktiziert.
    Trial and Error Aber auch die DJI-Studie konstatiert drei Jahre später, dass gezieltes Anleiten der Kinder noch die ganz seltene Ausnahme ist. Das informelle Lernen, das allmähliche Hinweinwachsen in die erforderlichen Nutzungsweisen überwiegt. Nur wenige Erzieherinnen beschäftigen sich explizit damit, Lehrerinnen wurden aus Zeitgründen nicht befragt. Und für die Eltern wären attraktive Bildungsangebote mit der Intention zu empfehlen, die Medien- und Internetkompetenz ihrer Kinder zu fördern. Bislang sind die meisten Kinder weithin Autodidakten, die durch Trial and Errordas eine oder andere entdecken oder aber sich mit einmal eingeübten Routinen - etwa auf der Ebene der Computerspiele - begnügen. Denn so einfach und kinderleicht, wie auch Richter (S. 155) behauptet, sind die Bedienung der WebSoftware (Browser) und die Nutzung des Netzes nach Ansicht der DJI-ForscherInnen längst noch nicht: Da bedarf es neben technisch-instrumenteller auch noch kognitiv-analytischer Fähigkeiten, um sich zu orientieren, durch die Masse von Informationen, die vielfach belanglos oder irreführend und nur selten erschöpfend sind, sich durchzubeißen und endlich Verlässliches und Brauchbares in ansprechender Weise zu finden. Spätestens, wenn etwas nicht oder schief geht, sind die meisten Kinder- aberwohl nicht nur sie - ratlos und bedürfen der kompetenten Hilfe anderer. Und mit den vielen Tricks, Täuschungen und Manipulationsstrategien kommerzieller Websites-Werbung, Pop-Ups und Dialers - kommen Kinder kaum zurecht. Schon die vielen Anglizismen, vermeintlichen Jugendjargons und Fachtermini überfordern sie ebenso wie die zahlreichen Anmelde- und Registrierungsprozeduren, wo vielfach - wenn nicht gar datenschutzrechtliche - so doch Nützlichkeitsmaximen überschritten werden. Dafür bedürfte es nicht nur mehr und gründlicher pädagogischer Aufklärung; vielmehr könnten verantwortliche Website-Anbieter - gegen die Masse der Kommerzseiten - transparente, interaktive Hilfen, die selbsterklärend oder sogar -steuernd sind, implementieren. So könnten sich Qualitäts- und Kontrollmaßstäbe entwickeln, die die jugendlichen User dann auch an andere Seiten stellen. Denn Verbreitung, Nutzung und Bedeutung des Internet werden im Alltag und in der Kultur der Kinder gewiss wachsen. Bis es so selbstverständlich, vielseitig und problemlos genutzt werden kann, wie heute die nun schon »alten« Medien, ist es nach Einschätzung der DJI-AutorInnen noch ein gehöriges Stück Weges, den man pädagogisch besser und konstruktiver gestalten könnte. In solcher Aufgabenstellung stimmen beide Studien erneut überein."
    Footnote
    Rezensionen zu: Christine Feil, Regine Decker, Christoph Gieger: Wie entdecken Kinder das Internet? Beobachtungen bei 5- bis 12-jährigen Kindern. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004 (Schriften des Deutschen Jugendinstituts: Kinder). 254 Seiten: Illustrationen, grafische Darstellungen. Susanne Richter: Die Nutzung des Internets durch Kinder. Eine qualitative Studie zu internetspezifischen Nutzungsstrategien, Kompetenzen und Präferenzen von Kindern im Alter zwischen 11 und 13 Jahren. Frankfurt (Main) [u.a.]: Lang, 2004 (Kinder- und Jugendkultur, -literatur und -medien; 27). 299 Seiten: Illustrationen, grafische Darstellungen.
    Theme
    Internet

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