Search (178 results, page 1 of 9)

  • × theme_ss:"Computerlinguistik"
  • × year_i:[2000 TO 2010}
  1. Hotho, A.; Bloehdorn, S.: Data Mining 2004 : Text classification by boosting weak learners based on terms and concepts (2004) 0.32 
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    Content
    Vgl.: http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CEAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.91.4940%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&ei=dOXrUMeIDYHDtQahsIGACg&usg=AFQjCNHFWVh6gNPvnOrOS9R3rkrXCNVD-A&sig2=5I2F5evRfMnsttSgFF9g7Q&bvm=bv.1357316858,d.Yms.
    Date
    8. 1.2013 10:22:32
  2. Yang, C.C.; Luk, J.: Automatic generation of English/Chinese thesaurus based on a parallel corpus in laws (2003) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    The information available in languages other than English in the World Wide Web is increasing significantly. According to a report from Computer Economics in 1999, 54% of Internet users are English speakers ("English Will Dominate Web for Only Three More Years," Computer Economics, July 9, 1999, http://www.computereconomics. com/new4/pr/pr990610.html). However, it is predicted that there will be only 60% increase in Internet users among English speakers verses a 150% growth among nonEnglish speakers for the next five years. By 2005, 57% of Internet users will be non-English speakers. A report by CNN.com in 2000 showed that the number of Internet users in China had been increased from 8.9 million to 16.9 million from January to June in 2000 ("Report: China Internet users double to 17 million," CNN.com, July, 2000, http://cnn.org/2000/TECH/computing/07/27/ china.internet.reut/index.html). According to Nielsen/ NetRatings, there was a dramatic leap from 22.5 millions to 56.6 millions Internet users from 2001 to 2002. China had become the second largest global at-home Internet population in 2002 (US's Internet population was 166 millions) (Robyn Greenspan, "China Pulls Ahead of Japan," Internet.com, April 22, 2002, http://cyberatias.internet.com/big-picture/geographics/article/0,,5911_1013841,00. html). All of the evidences reveal the importance of crosslingual research to satisfy the needs in the near future. Digital library research has been focusing in structural and semantic interoperability in the past. Searching and retrieving objects across variations in protocols, formats and disciplines are widely explored (Schatz, B., & Chen, H. (1999). Digital libraries: technological advances and social impacts. IEEE Computer, Special Issue an Digital Libraries, February, 32(2), 45-50.; Chen, H., Yen, J., & Yang, C.C. (1999). International activities: development of Asian digital libraries. IEEE Computer, Special Issue an Digital Libraries, 32(2), 48-49.). However, research in crossing language boundaries, especially across European languages and Oriental languages, is still in the initial stage. In this proposal, we put our focus an cross-lingual semantic interoperability by developing automatic generation of a cross-lingual thesaurus based an English/Chinese parallel corpus. When the searchers encounter retrieval problems, Professional librarians usually consult the thesaurus to identify other relevant vocabularies. In the problem of searching across language boundaries, a cross-lingual thesaurus, which is generated by co-occurrence analysis and Hopfield network, can be used to generate additional semantically relevant terms that cannot be obtained from dictionary. In particular, the automatically generated cross-lingual thesaurus is able to capture the unknown words that do not exist in a dictionary, such as names of persons, organizations, and events. Due to Hong Kong's unique history background, both English and Chinese are used as official languages in all legal documents. Therefore, English/Chinese cross-lingual information retrieval is critical for applications in courts and the government. In this paper, we develop an automatic thesaurus by the Hopfield network based an a parallel corpus collected from the Web site of the Department of Justice of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) Government. Experiments are conducted to measure the precision and recall of the automatic generated English/Chinese thesaurus. The result Shows that such thesaurus is a promising tool to retrieve relevant terms, especially in the language that is not the same as the input term. The direct translation of the input term can also be retrieved in most of the cases.
    Footnote
    Teil eines Themenheftes: "Web retrieval and mining: A machine learning perspective"
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.7, S.671-682
  3. Chowdhury, G.G.: Natural language processing (2002) 0.03 
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    Abstract
    Natural Language Processing (NLP) is an area of research and application that explores how computers can be used to understand and manipulate natural language text or speech to do useful things. NLP researchers aim to gather knowledge an how human beings understand and use language so that appropriate tools and techniques can be developed to make computer systems understand and manipulate natural languages to perform desired tasks. The foundations of NLP lie in a number of disciplines, namely, computer and information sciences, linguistics, mathematics, electrical and electronic engineering, artificial intelligence and robotics, and psychology. Applications of NLP include a number of fields of study, such as machine translation, natural language text processing and summarization, user interfaces, multilingual and cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), speech recognition, artificial intelligence, and expert systems. One important application area that is relatively new and has not been covered in previous ARIST chapters an NLP relates to the proliferation of the World Wide Web and digital libraries.
    Source
    Annual review of information science and technology. 37(2003), S.51-90
  4. Egger, W.: Helferlein für jedermann : Elektronische Wörterbücher (2004) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Zahllose online-dictionaries und einzelne, teilweise ausgezeichnete elektronische Wörterbücher wollen hier nicht erwähnt werden, da ihre Vorzüge teilweise folgenden Nachteilen gegenüber stehen: Internet-Verbindung, CD-Rom, bzw. zeitaufwändiges Aufrufen der Wörterbücher oder Wechsel der Sprachrichtung sind erforderlich.
    Object
    PC-Bibliothek
  5. Kreymer, O.: ¬An evaluation of help mechanisms in natural language information retrieval systems (2002) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    The field of natural language processing (NLP) demonstrates rapid changes in the design of information retrieval systems and human-computer interaction. While natural language is being looked on as the most effective tool for information retrieval in a contemporary information environment, the systems using it are only beginning to emerge. This study attempts to evaluate the current state of NLP information retrieval systems from the user's point of view: what techniques are used by these systems to guide their users through the search process? The analysis focused on the structure and components of the systems' help mechanisms. Results of the study demonstrated that systems which claimed to be using natural language searching in fact used a wide range of information retrieval techniques from real natural language processing to Boolean searching. As a result, the user assistance mechanisms of these systems also varied. While pseudo-NLP systems would suit a more traditional method of instruction, real NLP systems primarily utilised the methods of explanation and user-system dialogue.
    Source
    Online information review. 26(2002) no.1, S.30-39
  6. Doszkocs, T.E.; Zamora, A.: Dictionary services and spelling aids for Web searching (2004) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    The Specialized Information Services Division (SIS) of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) provides Web access to more than a dozen scientific databases on toxicology and the environment on TOXNET . Search queries on TOXNET often include misspelled or variant English words, medical and scientific jargon and chemical names. Following the example of search engines like Google and ClinicalTrials.gov, we set out to develop a spelling "suggestion" system for increased recall and precision in TOXNET searching. This paper describes development of dictionary technology that can be used in a variety of applications such as orthographic verification, writing aid, natural language processing, and information storage and retrieval. The design of the technology allows building complex applications using the components developed in the earlier phases of the work in a modular fashion without extensive rewriting of computer code. Since many of the potential applications envisioned for this work have on-line or web-based interfaces, the dictionaries and other computer components must have fast response, and must be adaptable to open-ended database vocabularies, including chemical nomenclature. The dictionary vocabulary for this work was derived from SIS and other databases and specialized resources, such as NLM's Unified Medical Language Systems (UMLS) . The resulting technology, A-Z Dictionary (AZdict), has three major constituents: 1) the vocabulary list, 2) the word attributes that define part of speech and morphological relationships between words in the list, and 3) a set of programs that implements the retrieval of words and their attributes, and determines similarity between words (ChemSpell). These three components can be used in various applications such as spelling verification, spelling aid, part-of-speech tagging, paraphrasing, and many other natural language processing functions.
    Date
    14. 8.2004 17:22:56
    Source
    Online. 28(2004) no.3, S.22-29
  7. Bian, G.-W.; Chen, H.-H.: Cross-language information access to multilingual collections on the Internet (2000) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Language barrier is the major problem that people face in searching for, retrieving, and understanding multilingual collections on the Internet. This paper deals with query translation and document translation in a Chinese-English information retrieval system called MTIR. Bilingual dictionary and monolingual corpus-based approaches are adopted to select suitable tranlated query terms. A machine transliteration algorithm is introduced to resolve proper name searching. We consider several design issues for document translation, including which material is translated, what roles the HTML tags play in translation, what the tradeoff is between the speed performance and the translation performance, and what from the translated result is presented in. About 100.000 Web pages translated in the last 4 months of 1997 are used for quantitative study of online and real-time Web page translation
    Date
    16. 2.2000 14:22:39
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science. 51(2000) no.3, S.281-296
  8. Yang, C.C.; Li, K.W.: Automatic construction of English/Chinese parallel corpora (2003) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    As the demand for global information increases significantly, multilingual corpora has become a valuable linguistic resource for applications to cross-lingual information retrieval and natural language processing. In order to cross the boundaries that exist between different languages, dictionaries are the most typical tools. However, the general-purpose dictionary is less sensitive in both genre and domain. It is also impractical to manually construct tailored bilingual dictionaries or sophisticated multilingual thesauri for large applications. Corpusbased approaches, which do not have the limitation of dictionaries, provide a statistical translation model with which to cross the language boundary. There are many domain-specific parallel or comparable corpora that are employed in machine translation and cross-lingual information retrieval. Most of these are corpora between Indo-European languages, such as English/French and English/Spanish. The Asian/Indo-European corpus, especially English/Chinese corpus, is relatively sparse. The objective of the present research is to construct English/ Chinese parallel corpus automatically from the World Wide Web. In this paper, an alignment method is presented which is based an dynamic programming to identify the one-to-one Chinese and English title pairs. The method includes alignment at title level, word level and character level. The longest common subsequence (LCS) is applied to find the most reliabie Chinese translation of an English word. As one word for a language may translate into two or more words repetitively in another language, the edit operation, deletion, is used to resolve redundancy. A score function is then proposed to determine the optimal title pairs. Experiments have been conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method using the daily press release articles by the Hong Kong SAR government as the test bed. The precision of the result is 0.998 while the recall is 0.806. The release articles and speech articles, published by Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, are also used to test our method, the precision is 1.00, and the recall is 0.948.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.8, S.730-742
  9. Li, Q.; Chen, Y.P.; Myaeng, S.-H.; Jin, Y.; Kang, B.-Y.: Concept unification of terms in different languages via web mining for Information Retrieval (2009) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    For historical and cultural reasons, English phrases, especially proper nouns and new words, frequently appear in Web pages written primarily in East Asian languages such as Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. Although such English terms and their equivalences in these East Asian languages refer to the same concept, they are often erroneously treated as independent index units in traditional Information Retrieval (IR). This paper describes the degree to which the problem arises in IR and proposes a novel technique to solve it. Our method first extracts English terms from native Web documents in an East Asian language, and then unifies the extracted terms and their equivalences in the native language as one index unit. For Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR), one of the major hindrances to achieving retrieval performance at the level of Mono-Lingual Information Retrieval (MLIR) is the translation of terms in search queries which can not be found in a bilingual dictionary. The Web mining approach proposed in this paper for concept unification of terms in different languages can also be applied to solve this well-known challenge in CLIR. Experimental results based on NTCIR and KT-Set test collections show that the high translation precision of our approach greatly improves performance of both Mono-Lingual and Cross-Language Information Retrieval.
    Source
    Information processing and management. 45(2009) no.2, S.246-262
  10. Rahmstorf, G.: Rückkehr von Ordnung in die Informationstechnik? (2000) 0.02 
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    Series
    Gemeinsamer Kongress der Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände e.V. (BDB) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI); Bd.1)(Tagungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V.; Bd.3
    Source
    Information und Öffentlichkeit: 1. Gemeinsamer Kongress der Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände e.V. (BDB) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI), Leipzig, 20.-23.3.2000. Zugleich 90. Deutscher Bibliothekartag, 52. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Informationswissenschaft und Informationspraxis e.V. (DGI). Hrsg.: G. Ruppelt u. H. Neißer
  11. Thelwall, M.; Price, L.: Language evolution and the spread of ideas on the Web : a procedure for identifying emergent hybrid word (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Word usage is of interest to linguists for its own sake as well as to social scientists and others who seek to track the spread of ideas, for example, in public debates over political decisions. The historical evolution of language can be analyzed with the tools of corpus linguistics through evolving corpora and the Web. But word usage statistics can only be gathered for known words. In this article, techniques are described and tested for identifying new words from the Web, focusing on the case when the words are related to a topic and have a hybrid form with a common sequence of letters. The results highlight the need to employ a combination of search techniques and show the wide potential of hybrid word family investigations in linguistics and social science.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.10, S.1326-1337
  12. Airio, E.: Who benefits from CLIR in web retrieval? (2008) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - The aim of the current paper is to test whether query translation is beneficial in web retrieval. Design/methodology/approach - The language pairs were Finnish-Swedish, English-German and Finnish-French. A total of 12-18 participants were recruited for each language pair. Each participant performed four retrieval tasks. The author's aim was to compare the performance of the translated queries with that of the target language queries. Thus, the author asked participants to formulate a source language query and a target language query for each task. The source language queries were translated into the target language utilizing a dictionary-based system. In English-German, also machine translation was utilized. The author used Google as the search engine. Findings - The results differed depending on the language pair. The author concluded that the dictionary coverage had an effect on the results. On average, the results of query-translation were better than in the traditional laboratory tests. Originality/value - This research shows that query translation in web is beneficial especially for users with moderate and non-active language skills. This is valuable information for developers of cross-language information retrieval systems.
  13. Strötgen, R.; Mandl, T.; Schneider, R.: Entwicklung und Evaluierung eines Question Answering Systems im Rahmen des Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Question Answering Systeme versuchen, zu konkreten Fragen eine korrekte Antwort zu liefern. Dazu durchsuchen sie einen Dokumentenbestand und extrahieren einen Bruchteil eines Dokuments. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung eines modularen Systems zum multilingualen Question Answering. Die Strategie bei der Entwicklung zielte auf eine schnellstmögliche Verwendbarkeit eines modularen Systems, das auf viele frei verfügbare Ressourcen zugreift. Das System integriert Module zur Erkennung von Eigennamen, zu Indexierung und Retrieval, elektronische Wörterbücher, Online-Übersetzungswerkzeuge sowie Textkorpora zu Trainings- und Testzwecken und implementiert eigene Ansätze zu den Bereichen der Frage- und AntwortTaxonomien, zum Passagenretrieval und zum Ranking alternativer Antworten.
    Source
    Effektive Information Retrieval Verfahren in Theorie und Praxis: ausgewählte und erweiterte Beiträge des Vierten Hildesheimer Evaluierungs- und Retrievalworkshop (HIER 2005), Hildesheim, 20.7.2005. Hrsg.: T. Mandl u. C. Womser-Hacker
  14. Jensen, N.: Evaluierung von mehrsprachigem Web-Retrieval : Experimente mit dem EuroGOV-Korpus im Rahmen des Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF) (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt die Experimente der Universität Hildesheim im Rahmen des ersten Web Track der CLEF-Initiative (WebCLEF) im Jahr 2005. Bei der Teilnahme konnten Erfahrungen mit einem multilingualen Web-Korpus (EuroGOV) bei der Vorverarbeitung, der Topic- bzw. Query-Entwicklung, bei sprachunabhängigen Indexierungsmethoden und multilingualen Retrieval-Strategien gesammelt werden. Aufgrund des großen Um-fangs des Korpus und der zeitlichen Einschränkungen wurden multilinguale Indizes aufgebaut. Der Artikel beschreibt die Vorgehensweise bei der Teilnahme der Universität Hildesheim und die Ergebnisse der offiziell eingereichten sowie weiterer Experimente. Für den Multilingual Task konnte das beste Ergebnis in CLEF erzielt werden.
    Source
    Effektive Information Retrieval Verfahren in Theorie und Praxis: ausgewählte und erweiterte Beiträge des Vierten Hildesheimer Evaluierungs- und Retrievalworkshop (HIER 2005), Hildesheim, 20.7.2005. Hrsg.: T. Mandl u. C. Womser-Hacker
  15. Information und Sprache : Beiträge zu Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Festschrift für Harald H. Zimmermann. Herausgegeben von Ilse Harms, Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt und Hans W. Giessen (2006) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Der vorliegende Band enthält Beiträge namhafter Autoren aus den Bereichen Informationswissenschaft, Computerlinguistik, Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bibliothekswesen und verwandten Fächern. Es werden sowohl aktuelle theoretische Themen behandelt, etwa zu Medientheorie und Internet, zum Verhältnis von Information und kulturellem Gedächtnis oder über Information im Museum, als auch praktische Anwendungen und Vorschläge gegeben, wie z.B. zur Automatischen Indexierung und zur Wissensrepräsentation.
    Content
    Inhalt: Information und Sprache und mehr - eine Einleitung - Information und Kommunikation Wolf Rauch: Auch Information ist eine Tochter der Zeit Winfried Lenders: Information und kulturelles Gedächtnis Rainer Hammwöhner: Anmerkungen zur Grundlegung der Informationsethik Hans W. Giessen: Ehrwürdig stille Informationen Gernot Wersig: Vereinheitlichte Medientheorie und ihre Sicht auf das Internet Johann Haller, Anja Rütten: Informationswissenschaft und Translationswissenschaft: Spielarten oder Schwestern? Rainer Kuhlen: In Richtung Summarizing für Diskurse in K3 Werner Schweibenz: Sprache, Information und Bedeutung im Museum. Narrative Vermittlung durch Storytelling - Sprache und Computer, insbesondere Information Retrieval und Automatische Indexierung Manfred Thiel: Bedingt wahrscheinliche Syntaxbäume Jürgen Krause: Shell Model, Semantic Web and Web Information Retrieval Elisabeth Niggemann: Wer suchet, der findet? Verbesserung der inhaltlichen Suchmöglichkeiten im Informationssystem Der Deutschen Bibliothek Christa Womser-Hacker: Zur Rolle von Eigennamen im Cross-Language Information Retrieval Klaus-Dirk Schmitz: Wörterbuch, Thesaurus, Terminologie, Ontologie. Was tragen Terminologiewissenschaft und Informationswissenschaft zur Wissensordnung bei?
    Jiri Panyr: Thesauri, Semantische Netze, Frames, Topic Maps, Taxonomien, Ontologien - begriffliche Verwirrung oder konzeptionelle Vielfalt? Heinz-Dieter Maas: Indexieren mit AUTINDEX Wilhelm Gaus, Rainer Kaluscha: Maschinelle inhaltliche Erschließung von Arztbriefen und Auswertung von Reha-Entlassungsberichten Klaus Lepsky: Automatische Indexierung des Reallexikons zur Deutschen Kunstgeschichte - Analysen und Entwicklungen Ilse Harms: Die computervermittelte Kommunikation als ein Instrument des Wissensmanagements in Organisationen August- Wilhelm Scheer, Dirk Werth: Geschäftsregel-basiertes Geschäftsprozessmanagement Thomas Seeger: Akkreditierung und Evaluierung von Hochschullehre und -forschung in Großbritannien. Hinweise für die Situation in Deutschland Bernd Hagenau: Gehabte Sorgen hab' ich gern? Ein Blick zurück auf die Deutschen Bibliothekartage 1975 bis 1980 - Persönliches Jorgo Chatzimarkakis: Sprache und Information in Europa Alfred Gulden: 7 Briefe und eine Anmerkung Günter Scholdt: Der Weg nach Europa im Spiegel von Mundartgedichten Alfred Guldens Wolfgang Müller: Prof. Dr. Harald H. Zimmermann - Seit 45 Jahren der Universität des Saarlandes verbunden Heinz-Dirk Luckhardt: Computerlinguistik und Informationswissenschaft: Facetten des wissenschaftlichen Wirkens von Harald H. Zimmermann Schriftenverzeichnis Harald H. Zimmermanns 1967-2005 - Projekte in Verantwortung von Harald H. Zimmermann - Adressen der Beiträgerinnen und Beiträger
    Footnote
    Rez. in Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) Nr.3, S.75-78 (O. Oberhauser): "Beim vorliegenden Buch handelt es sich um die Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag des mit Ende des Sommersemesters 2006 in den Ruhestand getretenen Universitätsprofessors für Informationswissenschaft, Harald H. Zimmermann, jenes 1941 in Völklingen geborenen Computerlinguisten, der die Informationswissenschaft als akademische Disziplin in Deutschland mitbegründet und seit 1980 an der Universität des Saarlandes vertreten hat. Die insgesamt 26 Beiträge des von Professor Zimmermanns Mitarbeitern betreuten, optisch gediegen anmutenden Saur-Bandes gliedern sich - so das Inhaltsverzeichnis - in vier Themenschwerpunkte: - Information und Kommunikation - Sprache und Computer, insbesondere Information Retrieval und Automatische Indexierung - Analysen und Entwicklungen - Persönliches Die Aufsätze selbst variieren, wie bei Festschriften üblich bzw. unvermeidbar, hinsichtlich Länge, Stil, thematischem Detail und Anspruchsniveau. Neben wissenschaftlichen Beiträgen findet man hier auch Reminiszenzen und Literarisches. Die nachfolgende Auswahl zeigt, was mich selbst an diesem Buch interessiert hat:
    In Information und kulturelles Gedächtnis (S. 7-15) plädiert der Kommunikationswissenschaftler Winfried Lenders (Bonn) dafür, Information nicht mit dem zu identifizieren, was heute als (kulturelles) Gedächtnis bezeichnet wird. Information ist ein Prozess bzw. Vorgang und kein manifestes Substrat; sie setzt aber ein solches Substrat, nämlich das im (kulturellen) Gedächtnis abgespeicherte Wissen, voraus. Allerdings führt nicht jedes Informieren zu einer Vermehrung des kulturellen Gedächtnisses - das notwendige Auswahlkriterium liegt jedoch nicht in der grundsätzliche Möglichkeit zum Speichern von Inhalten. Es liegt auch nicht ausschliesslich in formalisierten Aussonderungsmechanismen wie Skartieren, Zitationsindizes und Relevanzrangreihen, sondern in der gesellschaftlichen Kommunikation schlechthin. Auch an die Verfügbarkeit des Schriftlichen ist das kulturelle Gedächtnis nicht gebunden, zumal ja auch in Kulturen der Oralität gesellschaftlich Wichtiges aufbewahrt wird. Rainer Hammwöhner (Regensburg) geht in Anmerkungen zur Grundlegung der Informationsethik (S. 17-27) zunächst auf die "Überversorgung" des Informationssektors mit Spezialethiken ein, wobei er neben der (als breiter angesehenen) Informationsethik konkurrierende Bereichsethiken wie Medienethik, Computerethik und Netzethik/Cyberethik thematisiert und Überlappungen, Abgrenzung, Hierarchisierung etc. diskutiert. Versuche einer diskursethischen wie einer normenethischen Begründung der Informationsethik sind nach Hammwöhner zum Scheitern verurteilt, sodass er einen pragmatistischen Standpunkt einnimmt, wonach Informationsethik ganz einfach "die Analyse und Systematisierung der im Zusammenhang der digitalen Kommunikation etablierten normativen Handlungsmuster" zu leisten habe. In diesem Konnex werden Fragen wie jene nach dem Guten, aber auch Aspekte wie die Bewahrung des kulturellen Erbes für spätere Generationen und der Erhalt der kulturellen Mannigfaltigkeit angesprochen. Der Beitrag des vor kurzem verstorbenen Gründungsvaters der deutschen Informationswissenschaft, Gernot Wersig (Berlin), ist mit Vereinheitlichte Medientheorie und ihre Sicht auf das Internet (S. 35-46) überschrieben. Der Autor gibt darin einen kurzen Überblick über bisherige medientheoretische Ansätze und versucht sodann - ausgehend von den Werken Niklas Luhmanns und Herbert Stachowiaks - eine "vereinheitlichte Medientheorie" zu entwickeln. Dabei werden die Faktoren Kommunikation, Medien, Medienplattformen und -typologien, Medienevolution und schließlich die digitale Revolution diskutiert. Das Internet, so folgert Wersig, sei eine Medienplattform mit dem Potential, eine ganze Epoche zu gestalten. In Anlehnung an den bekannten Begriff "Gutenberg-Galaxis" spricht er hier auch von einer "Internet-Galaxie". Obwohl dieser Artikel viele interessante Gedanken enthält, erschließt er sich dem Leser leider nur schwer, da vieles vorausgesetzt wird und auch der gewählte Soziologenjargon nicht jedermanns Sache ist.
    In Thesauri, Semantische Netze, Frames, Topic Maps, Taxonomien, Ontologien - begriffliche Verwirrung oder konzeptionelle Vielfalt? (S. 139-151) gibt Jiri Panyr (München/Saarbrücken) eine gut lesbare und nützliche Übersicht über die im Titel des Beitrags genannten semantischen Repräsentationsformen, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Internet und insbesondere mit dem vorgeschlagenen Semantic Web immer wieder - und zwar häufig unpräzise oder gar unrichtig - Anwendung finden. Insbesondere die Ausführungen zum Modebegriff Ontologie zeigen, dass dieser nicht leichtfertig als Quasi-Synonym zu Thesaurus oder Klassifikation verwendet werden darf. Panyrs Beitrag ist übrigens thematisch verwandt mit jenem von K.-D. Schmitz (Köln), Wörterbuch, Thesaurus, Terminologie, Ontologie (S. 129-137). Abgesehen von dem einfallslosen Titel Wer suchet, der findet? (S. 107- 118) - zum Glück mit dem Untertitel Verbesserung der inhaltlichen Suchmöglichkeiten im Informationssystem Der Deutschen Bibliothek versehen - handelt es sich bei diesem Artikel von Elisabeth Niggemann (Frankfurt am Main) zwar um keinen wissenschaftlichen, doch sicherlich den praktischsten, lesbarsten und aus bibliothekarischer Sicht interessantesten des Buches. Niggemann gibt einen Überblick über die bisherige sachliche Erschliessung der bibliographischen Daten der inzwischen zur Deutschen Nationalbibliothek mutierten DDB, sowie einen Statusbericht nebst Ausblick über gegenwärtige bzw. geplante Verbesserungen der inhaltlichen Suche. Dazu zählen der breite Einsatz eines automatischen Indexierungsverfahrens (MILOS/IDX) ebenso wie Aktivitäten im klassifikatorischen Bereich (DDC), die Vernetzung nationaler Schlagwortsysteme (Projekt MACS) sowie die Beschäftigung mit Crosskonkordanzen (CARMEN) und Ansätzen zur Heterogenitätsbehandlung. Das hier von zentraler Stelle deklarierte "commitment" hinsichtlich der Verbesserung der sachlichen Erschließung des nationalen Online-Informationssystems erfüllt den eher nur Kleinmut und Gleichgültigkeit gewohnten phäakischen Beobachter mit Respekt und wehmutsvollem Neid.
    Mit automatischer Indexierung beschäftigen sich auch zwei weitere Beiträge. Indexieren mit AUTINDEX von H.-D. Mass (Saarbrücken) ist leider knapp und ohne didaktische Ambition verfasst, sodass man sich nicht wirklich vorstellen kann, wie dieses System funktioniert. Übersichtlicher stellt sich der Werkstattbericht Automatische Indexierung des Reallexikons zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte von K. Lepsky (Köln) dar, der zeigt, welche Probleme und Schritte bei der Digitalisierung, Indexierung und Web-Präsentation der Volltexte eines grossen fachlichen Nachschlagewerkes anfallen. Weitere interessante Beiträge befassen sich z.B. mit Summarizing-Leistungen im Rahmen eines e-Learning-Projektes (R. Kuhlen), mit dem Schalenmodell und dem Semantischen Web (J. Krause; aus nicht näher dargelegten Gründen in englischer Sprache) und mit der Akkreditierung/ Evaluierung von Hochschullehre und -forschung in Großbritannien (T. Seeger). In Summe liegt hier eine würdige Festschrift vor, über die sich der Gefeierte sicherlich gefreut haben wird. Für informationswissenschaftliche Spezialsammlungen und größere Bibliotheken ist der Band allemal eine Bereicherung. Ein Wermutstropfen aber doch: Obzwar mit Information und Sprache ein optisch ansprechend gestaltetes Buch produziert wurde, enthüllt eine nähere Betrachtung leider allzu viele Druckfehler, mangelhafte Worttrennungen, unkorrigierte grammatikalische Fehler, sowie auch Inkonsistenzen bei Kursivdruck und Satzzeichen. Lektoren und Korrektoren sind, so muss man wieder einmal schmerzlich zur Kenntnis nehmen, ein aussterbender Berufsstand."
    RSWK
    Information Retrieval / Aufsatzsammlung
    Subject
    Information Retrieval / Aufsatzsammlung
  16. Galvez, C.; Moya-Anegón, F. de; Solana, V.H.: Term conflation methods in information retrieval : non-linguistic and linguistic approaches (2005) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - To propose a categorization of the different conflation procedures at the two basic approaches, non-linguistic and linguistic techniques, and to justify the application of normalization methods within the framework of linguistic techniques. Design/methodology/approach - Presents a range of term conflation methods, that can be used in information retrieval. The uniterm and multiterm variants can be considered equivalent units for the purposes of automatic indexing. Stemming algorithms, segmentation rules, association measures and clustering techniques are well evaluated non-linguistic methods, and experiments with these techniques show a wide variety of results. Alternatively, the lemmatisation and the use of syntactic pattern-matching, through equivalence relations represented in finite-state transducers (FST), are emerging methods for the recognition and standardization of terms. Findings - The survey attempts to point out the positive and negative effects of the linguistic approach and its potential as a term conflation method. Originality/value - Outlines the importance of FSTs for the normalization of term variants.
  17. Artemenko, O.; Shramko, M.: Entwicklung eines Werkzeugs zur Sprachidentifikation in mono- und multilingualen Texten (2005) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Mit der Verbreitung des Internets vermehrt sich die Menge der im World Wide Web verfügbaren Dokumente. Die Gewährleistung eines effizienten Zugangs zu gewünschten Informationen für die Internetbenutzer wird zu einer großen Herausforderung an die moderne Informationsgesellschaft. Eine Vielzahl von Werkzeugen wird bereits eingesetzt, um den Nutzern die Orientierung in der wachsenden Informationsflut zu erleichtern. Allerdings stellt die enorme Menge an unstrukturierten und verteilten Informationen nicht die einzige Schwierigkeit dar, die bei der Entwicklung von Werkzeugen dieser Art zu bewältigen ist. Die zunehmende Vielsprachigkeit von Web-Inhalten resultiert in dem Bedarf an Sprachidentifikations-Software, die Sprache/en von elektronischen Dokumenten zwecks gezielter Weiterverarbeitung identifiziert. Solche Sprachidentifizierer können beispielsweise effektiv im Bereich des Multilingualen Information Retrieval eingesetzt werden, da auf den Sprachidentifikationsergebnissen Prozesse der automatischen Indexbildung wie Stemming, Stoppwörterextraktion etc. aufbauen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das neue System "LangIdent" zur Sprachidentifikation von elektronischen Textdokumenten vorgestellt, das in erster Linie für Lehre und Forschung an der Universität Hildesheim verwendet werden soll. "LangIdent" enthält eine Auswahl von gängigen Algorithmen zu der monolingualen Sprachidentifikation, die durch den Benutzer interaktiv ausgewählt und eingestellt werden können. Zusätzlich wurde im System ein neuer Algorithmus implementiert, der die Identifikation von Sprachen, in denen ein multilinguales Dokument verfasst ist, ermöglicht. Die Identifikation beschränkt sich nicht nur auf eine Aufzählung von gefundenen Sprachen, vielmehr wird der Text in monolinguale Abschnitte aufgeteilt, jeweils mit der Angabe der identifizierten Sprache.
  18. Wang, F.L.; Yang, C.C.: Mining Web data for Chinese segmentation (2007) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Modern information retrieval systems use keywords within documents as indexing terms for search of relevant documents. As Chinese is an ideographic character-based language, the words in the texts are not delimited by white spaces. Indexing of Chinese documents is impossible without a proper segmentation algorithm. Many Chinese segmentation algorithms have been proposed in the past. Traditional segmentation algorithms cannot operate without a large dictionary or a large corpus of training data. Nowadays, the Web has become the largest corpus that is ideal for Chinese segmentation. Although most search engines have problems in segmenting texts into proper words, they maintain huge databases of documents and frequencies of character sequences in the documents. Their databases are important potential resources for segmentation. In this paper, we propose a segmentation algorithm by mining Web data with the help of search engines. On the other hand, the Romanized pinyin of Chinese language indicates boundaries of words in the text. Our algorithm is the first to utilize the Romanized pinyin to segmentation. It is the first unified segmentation algorithm for the Chinese language from different geographical areas, and it is also domain independent because of the nature of the Web. Experiments have been conducted on the datasets of a recent Chinese segmentation competition. The results show that our algorithm outperforms the traditional algorithms in terms of precision and recall. Moreover, our algorithm can effectively deal with the problems of segmentation ambiguity, new word (unknown word) detection, and stop words.
    Footnote
    Beitrag eines Themenschwerpunktes "Mining Web resources for enhancing information retrieval"
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 58(2007) no.12, S.1820-1837
  19. Jacquemin, C.: Spotting and discovering terms through natural language processing (2001) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    In this book Christian Jacquemin shows how the power of natural language processing (NLP) can be used to advance text indexing and information retrieval (IR). Jacquemin's novel tool is FASTR, a parser that normalizes terms and recognizes term variants. Since there are more meanings in a language than there are words, FASTR uses a metagrammar composed of shallow linguistic transformations that describe the morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic variations of words and terms. The acquired parsed terms can then be applied for precise retrieval and assembly of information. The use of a corpus-based unification grammar to define, recognize, and combine term variants from their base forms allows for intelligent information access to, or "linguistic data tuning" of, heterogeneous texts. FASTR can be used to do automatic controlled indexing, to carry out content-based Web searches through conceptually related alternative query formulations, to abstract scientific and technical extracts, and even to translate and collect terms from multilingual material. Jacquemin provides a comprehensive account of the method and implementation of this innovative retrieval technique for text processing.
    RSWK
    Automatische Indexierung  / Computerlinguistik  / Information Retrieval
    Subject
    Automatische Indexierung  / Computerlinguistik  / Information Retrieval
  20. Radev, D.; Fan, W.; Qu, H.; Wu, H.; Grewal, A.: Probabilistic question answering on the Web (2005) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Web-based search engines such as Google and NorthernLight return documents that are relevant to a user query, not answers to user questions. We have developed an architecture that augments existing search engines so that they support natural language question answering. The process entails five steps: query modulation, document retrieval, passage extraction, phrase extraction, and answer ranking. In this article, we describe some probabilistic approaches to the last three of these stages. We show how our techniques apply to a number of existing search engines, and we also present results contrasting three different methods for question answering. Our algorithm, probabilistic phrase reranking (PPR), uses proximity and question type features and achieves a total reciprocal document rank of .20 an the TREC8 corpus. Our techniques have been implemented as a Web-accessible system, called NSIR.
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.6, S.571-583

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