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  • × year_i:[1990 TO 2000}
  1. Rolland-Thomas, P.: Thesaural codes : an appraisal of their use in the Library of Congress Subject Headings (1993) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    LCSH is known as such since 1975. It always has created headings to serve the LC collections instead of a theoretical basis. It started to replace cross reference codes by thesaural codes in 1986, in a mechanical fashion. It was in no way transformed into a thesaurus. Its encyclopedic coverage, its pre-coordinate concepts make it substantially distinct, considering that thesauri usually map a restricted field of knowledge and use uniterms. The questions raised are whether the new symbols comply with thesaurus standards and if they are true to one or to several models. Explanations and definitions from other lists of subject headings and thesauri, literature in the field of classification and subject indexing will provide some answers. For instance, see refers from a subject heading not used to another or others used. Exceptionally it will lead from a specific term to a more general one. Some equate a see reference with the equivalence relationship. Such relationships are pointed by USE in LCSH. See also references are made from the broader subject to narrower parts of it and also between associated subjects. They suggest lateral or vertical connexions as well as reciprocal relationships. They serve a coordination purpose for some, lay down a methodical search itinerary for others. Since their inception in the 1950's thesauri have been devised for indexing and retrieving information in the fields of science and technology. Eventually they attended to a number of social sciences and humanities. Research derived from thesauri was voluminous. Numerous guidelines are designed. They did not discriminate between the "hard" sciences and the social sciences. RT relationships are widely but diversely used in numerous controlled vocabularies. LCSH's aim is to achieve a list almost free of RT and SA references. It thus restricts relationships to BT/NT, USE and UF. This raises the question as to whether all fields of knowledge can "fit" in the Procrustean bed of RT/NT, i.e., genus/species relationships. Standard codes were devised. It was soon realized that BT/NT, well suited to the genus/species couple could not signal a whole-part relationship. In LCSH, BT and NT function as reciprocals, the whole-part relationship is taken into account by ISO. It is amply elaborated upon by authors. The part-whole connexion is sometimes studied apart. The decision to replace cross reference codes was an improvement. Relations can now be distinguished through the distinct needs of numerous fields of knowledge are not attended to. Topic inclusion, and topic-subtopic, could provide the missing link where genus/species or whole/part are inadequate. Distinct codes, BT/NT and whole/part, should be provided. Sorting relationships with mechanical means can only lead to confusion.
  2. Steiner, G.: Von realer Gegenwart : hat unser Sprechen Inhalt? (1990) 0.00 
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  3. Linke, D.B.: Hirnverpflanzung : die erste Unsterblichkeit auf Erden (1993) 0.00 
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  4. Winograd, T.; Flores, F.: Erkenntnis, Maschinen, Verstehen : zur Neugestaltung von Computersystemen (1992) 0.00 
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  5. Haken, H.; Haken-Krell, M.: Erfolgsgeheimnisse der Wahrnehmung : Synergetik als Schlüssel zum Gehirn (1992) 0.00 
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  6. Postman, N.: ¬Das Technolpol : die Macht der Technologien und die Entmündigung der Gesellschaft (1992) 0.00 
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  7. Klix, F.: ¬Die Natur des Verstandes (1992) 0.00 
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  8. Rojas, R.: Theorie der neuronalen Netze : eine systematische Einführung (1993) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Rez. in: Knowledge organization 21(1994) no.1, S.42-43 (E. Oeser): "Therefore, over and beyond its intrinsic didactic function, this book can be recommended to all those seriously interested in the theoretical foundations of an information processing technology which has already succeeded in closing major gaps which conventional methods have so far been unable to fill"
  9. Wiegand, W.A.: Irrepressible reformer : a biography of Melvil Dewey (1996) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Rez.: Journal of librarianship and information science 29(1997) no.3, S.164-165 (J.H. Bowman)
  10. Nagl, L.: Charles Sanders Peirce (1992) 0.00 
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  11. Black, I.B.: Symbole, Synapsen und Systeme : die molekulare Biologie des Geistes (1993) 0.00 
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    Footnote
    Originaltitel: Information in the brain
  12. Roth, G.: ¬Das Gehirn und seine Wirklichkeit : kognitive Neurobiologie und ihre philosophischen Konsequenzen (1994) 0.00 
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  13. Neisser, U.: Kognition und Wirklichkeit : Prinzipien und Implikationen der kognitiven Psychologie (1996) 0.00 
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    Content
    "Was hat uns Ulric NEISSER nach seinem klassischen Forschungsbericht über die Wahrnehmungs- und Kognitionsforschung von 1967 (deutsch 1974) in diesem schmalen Band noch zu sagen? Nachträge? Korrekturen? Wenig oder nichts von alledem! Der Untertitel des neuen Buches sagt es treffend: NEISSER hat über die Prinzipien und Implikationen des Wahrnehmungs- und Erkenntnisgeschehens nachgedacht. "Kognition und Wirklichkeit" ist ein philosophisches Buch. Aber es bewegt sich nicht in der dünnen Luft der Abstraktionen, fliegt nicht rasch vom Boden der Wirklichkeit in verbale Höhen auf, sondern bewegt sich nahe an den Phänomenen - und an den Experimenten. So hatte es Francis BACON im Novum Organum gewünscht! Es geht auch in diesem Buch vor allem um die Wahrnehmung. Aber es ist nicht die Wahrnehmung jener hoch sophistizierten und doch naiven Experimentalpsychologie, die in der Versuchsperson vor dem Tachistoskop nur ein optisches System, eine Netzhaut und ein Sehzentrum sieht: eine camera obscura plus Registratur sozusagen. NEISSER wird nicht müde, die Enge, die Unnatürlichkeit. die mangelnde ökologische Validität und daher die Falschheit dieses Paradigmas zu betonen. Wahrnehmung ist eine Tätigkeit. Der Mensch bemächtigt sich der Gegebenheiten der Wahrnehmung. Die Informationsverarbeitung ist der Wahrnehmung nicht nachgeordnet. Wahrnehmung ist Informationsverarbeitung. Sie hat ihre Werkzeuge. NEISSER nennt sie mit BARTLETT und PIAGET Schemata. Ohne sie sieht der Mensch nichts. Aber sie sind dem Menschen. mit Ausnahme von einigen einfachen Analysatoren und elementaren Strukturen, nicht angeboren. Er haut sie in lebenslangen Lernprozessen auf. Darum sind die Begriffe des Wahrnehmungslernens, der Wahrnehmungserfahrung und - als ihr Ergebnis - derjenige des tüchtigen (skilled) Wahrnehmers zentrale Begriffe in diesem Buch. Der tüchtige Wahrnehmer geht nicht mit leeren Händen an das Geschäft des Erkundens der Welt. Er weiß, was in einer Situation zu erwarten ist. Er antizipiert das kommende Geschehen und die Merkmale, die er noch nicht sieht. Er gleicht einem Handelnden, der einen Plan hat und sich aufgrund einer kognitiven Landkarte bewegt. Was er sieht, hat einen "Rahmen" (frank), der mehr enthält als das unmittelbar Gegebene. Das bedeutet nicht, daß er alles schon weiß. NEISSER vertritt keine Theorie der angeborenen Ideen. Das Schema ist nicht die Sache. Was schematisch ist, bedarf der Spezifikation, der Rahmen muß gefüllt werden. Erwartungen, Antizipationen können auch enttäuscht werden. Die Wahrnehmungsschemata verändern sieh zudem im Zuge des Wahrnehmens. Daher spricht NEISSER von Wahrnehmungszyklen, von einem "zyklischen Fluß zwischen Schema und Informationsaufnahme". In diesem Geschehen spielen die Bewegungen des Wahrnehmen, eine zentrale Rolle. Darum ist es so unnatürlich, ihn vor einem Tachistoskop zu fixieren. Wenn er eine Statue oder ein Motorenmodell betrachtet, geht er um den Gegenstand herum. Ein neues Schmuckstück dreht und wendet er in seinen Händen. Fr tut dies, weil er im Zusammenspiel der Sinne Information gewinnt, die das statische Netzhautbild nie liefern würde.

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