-
Faaborg, A.; Lagoze, C.: Semantic browsing (2003)
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- Abstract
- We have created software applications that allow users to both author and use Semantic Web metadata. To create and use a layer of semantic content on top of the existing Web, we have (1) implemented a user interface that expedites the task of attributing metadata to resources on the Web, and (2) augmented a Web browser to leverage this semantic metadata to provide relevant information and tasks to the user. This project provides a framework for annotating and reorganizing existing files, pages, and sites on the Web that is similar to Vannevar Bushrsquos original concepts of trail blazing and associative indexing.
- Source
- Research and advanced technology for digital libraries : 7th European Conference, proceedings / ECDL 2003, Trondheim, Norway, August 17-22, 2003
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
Semantic Web
-
Context: nature, impact, and role : 5th International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science, CoLIS 2005, Glasgow 2005; Proceedings (2005)
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- Content
- Das Buch ist in die Abschnitte Invited Papers (1 Beitrag, 1 Abstract), Representing Context (3 Beiträge), Context and Relevance in Information Seeking (3), Context and Information (3), Contextualised Information Seeking (3), Agendas for Context (3), Context and Documents (2) und Workshops (2 Ankündigungstexte) gegliedert und enthält ein simples Autoren-, jedoch kein Sachregister. Die Autoren der Beiträge stammen mit einigen Ausnahmen (Italien, Frankreich, Russland) aus den angelsächsischen und skandinavischen Ländern.
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.3, S.100-103 (O. Oberhauser): "Dieses als Band 3507 der bekannten, seit 1973 erscheinenden Springer-Serie Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) publizierte Buch versammelt die Vorträge der 5. Tagung "Conceptions of Library and Information Science". CoLIS hat sich in den letzten anderthalb Jahrzehnten als internationales Forum für die Präsentation und Rezeption von Forschung auf den Fachgebieten Informatik und Informationswissenschaft etabliert. Auf die 1992 in Tampere (Finnland) anlässlich des damals 20jährigen Bestehens des dortigen Instituts für Informationswissenschaft abgehaltene erste Tagung folgten weitere in Kopenhagen (1996), Dubrovnik (1999) und Seattle, WA (2002). Die zuletzt an der Strathclyde University in Glasgow (2005) veranstaltete Konferenz war dem Thema "Context" im Rahmen der informationsbezogenen Forschung gewidmet, einem komplexen, dynamischen und multidimensionalen Begriff von grosser Bedeutung für das Verhalten und die Interaktion von Mensch und Maschine. . . .
Am interessantesten und wichtigsten erschien mir der Grundsatzartikel von Peter Ingwersen und Kalervo Järvelin (Kopenhagen/Tampere), The sense of information: Understanding the cognitive conditional information concept in relation to information acquisition (S. 7-19). Hier versuchen die Autoren, den ursprünglich von Ingwersen1 vorgeschlagenen und damals ausschliesslich im Zusammenhang mit dem interaktiven Information Retrieval verwendeten Begriff "conditional cognitive information" anhand eines erweiterten Modells nicht nur auf das Gesamtgebiet von "information seeking and retrieval" (IS&R) auszuweiten, sondern auch auf den menschlichen Informationserwerb aus der Sinneswahrnehmung, wie z.B. im Alltag oder im Rahmen der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnistätigkeit. Dabei werden auch alternative Informationsbegriffe sowie die Beziehung von Information und Bedeutung diskutiert. Einen ebenfalls auf Ingwersen zurückgehenden Ansatz thematisiert der Beitrag von Birger Larsen (Kopenhagen), indem er sich mit dessen vor über 10 Jahren veröffentlichten2 Principle of Polyrepresentation befasst. Dieses beruht auf der Hypothese, wonach die Überlappung zwischen unterschiedlichen kognitiven Repräsentationen - nämlich jenen der Situation des Informationssuchenden und der Dokumente - zur Reduktion der einer Retrievalsituation anhaftenden Unsicherheit und damit zur Verbesserung der Performance des IR-Systems genutzt werden könne. Das Prinzip stellt die Dokumente, ihre Autoren und Indexierer, aber auch die sie zugänglich machende IT-Lösung in einen umfassenden und kohärenten theoretischen Bezugsrahmen, der die benutzerorientierte Forschungsrichtung "Information-Seeking" mit der systemorientierten IR-Forschung zu integrieren trachtet. Auf der Basis theoretischer Überlegungen sowie der (wenigen) dazu vorliegenden empirischen Studien hält Larsen das Model, das von Ingwersen sowohl für "exact match-IR" als auch für "best match-IR" intendiert war, allerdings schon in seinen Grundzügen für "Boolean" (d.h. "exact match"-orientiert) und schlägt ein "polyrepresentation continuum" als Verbesserungsmöglichkeit vor.
Mehrere Beiträge befassen sich mit dem Problem der Relevanz. Erica Cosijn und Theo Bothma (Pretoria) argumentieren, dass für das Benutzerverhalten neben der thematischen Relevanz auch verschiedene andere Relevanzdimensionen eine Rolle spielen und schlagen auf der Basis eines (abermals auf Ingwersen zurückgehenden) erweiterten Relevanzmodells vor, dass IR-Systeme die Möglichkeit zur Abgabe auch kognitiver, situativer und sozio-kognitiver Relevanzurteile bieten sollten. Elaine Toms et al. (Kanada) berichten von einer Studie, in der versucht wurde, die schon vor 30 Jahren von Tefko Saracevic3 erstellten fünf Relevanzdimensionen (kognitiv, motivational, situativ, thematisch und algorithmisch) zu operationalisieren und anhand von Recherchen mit einer Web-Suchmaschine zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich diese fünf Dimensionen in drei Typen vereinen lassen, die Benutzer, System und Aufgabe repräsentieren. Von einer völlig anderen Seite nähern sich Olof Sundin und Jenny Johannison (Boras, Schweden) der Relevanzthematik, indem sie einen kommunikationsorientierten, neo-pragmatistischen Ansatz (nach Richard Rorty) wählen, um Informationssuche und Relevanz zu analysieren, und dabei auch auf das Werk von Michel Foucault zurückgreifen. Weitere interessante Artikel befassen sich mit Bradford's Law of Scattering (Hjørland & Nicolaisen), Information Sharing and Timing (Widén-Wulff & Davenport), Annotations as Context for Searching Documents (Agosti & Ferro), sowie dem Nutzen von neuen Informationsquellen wie Web Links, Newsgroups und Blogs für die sozial- und informationswissenschaftliche Forschung (Thelwall & Wouters). In Summe liegt hier ein interessantes und anspruchsvolles Buch vor - inhaltlich natürlich nicht gerade einheitlich und geschlossen, doch dies darf man bei einem Konferenzband ohnedies nicht erwarten. Manche der abgedruckten Beiträge sind sicher nicht einfach zu lesen, lohnen aber die Mühe. Auch für Praktiker aus Bibliothek und Information ist einiges dabei, sofern sie sich für die wissenschaftliche Basis ihrer Tätigkeit interessieren. Fachlich einschlägige Spezial- und grössere Allgemeinbibliotheken sollten das Werk daher unbedingt führen.
- RSWK
- Informationssystem / Navigieren / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Information Retrieval / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Information-Retrieval-System / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Relevanz-Feedback / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
- Subject
- Informationssystem / Navigieren / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Information Retrieval / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Information-Retrieval-System / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
Elektronische Bibliothek / Information Retrieval / Relevanz-Feedback / Kontextbezogenes System / Kongress / Glasgow <2005>
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Khan, M.S.; Khor, S.: Enhanced Web document retrieval using automatic query expansion (2004)
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- Abstract
- The ever growing popularity of the Internet as a source of information, coupled with the accompanying growth in the number of documents made available through the World Wide Web, is leading to an increasing demand for more efficient and accurate information retrieval tools. Numerous techniques have been proposed and tried for improving the effectiveness of searching the World Wide Web for documents relevant to a given topic of interest. The specification of appropriate keywords and phrases by the user is crucial for the successful execution of a query as measured by the relevance of documents retrieved. Lack of users' knowledge an the search topic and their changing information needs often make it difficult for them to find suitable keywords or phrases for a query. This results in searches that fail to cover all likely aspects of the topic of interest. We describe a scheme that attempts to remedy this situation by automatically expanding the user query through the analysis of initially retrieved documents. Experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the query expansion scheure are presented.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 55(2004) no.1, S.29-40
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Wolfram, D.; Xie, H.I.: Traditional IR for web users : a context for general audience digital libraries (2002)
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- Abstract
- The emergence of general audience digital libraries (GADLs) defines a context that represents a hybrid of both "traditional" IR, using primarily bibliographic resources provided by database vendors, and "popular" IR, exemplified by public search systems available on the World Wide Web. Findings of a study investigating end-user searching and response to a GADL are reported. Data collected from a Web-based end-user survey and data logs of resource usage for a Web-based GADL were analyzed for user characteristics, patterns of access and use, and user feedback. Cross-tabulations using respondent demographics revealed several key differences in how the system was used and valued by users of different age groups. Older users valued the service more than younger users and engaged in different searching and viewing behaviors. The GADL more closely resembles traditional retrieval systems in terms of content and purpose of use, but is more similar to popular IR systems in terms of user behavior and accessibility. A model that defines the dual context of the GADL environment is derived from the data analysis and existing IR models in general and other specific contexts. The authors demonstrate the distinguishing characteristics of this IR context, and discuss implications for the development and evaluation of future GADLs to accommodate a variety of user needs and expectations.
- Footnote
- Beitrag in einem Themenheft: "Issues of context in information retrieval (IR)"
- Source
- Information processing and management. 38(2002) no.5, S.627-648
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Ingwersen, P.; Järvelin, K.: ¬The turn : integration of information seeking and retrieval in context (2005)
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- Abstract
- The Turn analyzes the research of information seeking and retrieval (IS&R) and proposes a new direction of integrating research in these two areas: the fields should turn off their separate and narrow paths and construct a new avenue of research. An essential direction for this avenue is context as given in the subtitle Integration of Information Seeking and Retrieval in Context. Other essential themes in the book include: IS&R research models, frameworks and theories; search and works tasks and situations in context; interaction between humans and machines; information acquisition, relevance and information use; research design and methodology based on a structured set of explicit variables - all set into the holistic cognitive approach. The present monograph invites the reader into a construction project - there is much research to do for a contextual understanding of IS&R. The Turn represents a wide-ranging perspective of IS&R by providing a novel unique research framework, covering both individual and social aspects of information behavior, including the generation, searching, retrieval and use of information. Regarding traditional laboratory information retrieval research, the monograph proposes the extension of research toward actors, search and work tasks, IR interaction and utility of information. Regarding traditional information seeking research, it proposes the extension toward information access technology and work task contexts. The Turn is the first synthesis of research in the broad area of IS&R ranging from systems oriented laboratory IR research to social science oriented information seeking studies. TOC:Introduction.- The Cognitive Framework for Information.- The Development of Information Seeking Research.- Systems-Oriented Information Retrieval.- Cognitive and User-Oriented Information Retrieval.- The Integrated IS&R Research Framework.- Implications of the Cognitive Framework for IS&R.- Towards a Research Program.- Conclusion.- Definitions.- References.- Index.
- Footnote
- Rez. in: Mitt. VÖB 59(2006) H.2, S.81-83 (O. Oberhauser): "Mit diesem Band haben zwei herausragende Vertreter der europäischen Informationswissenschaft, die Professoren Peter Ingwersen (Kopenhagen) und Kalervo Järvelin (Tampere) ein Werk vorgelegt, das man vielleicht dereinst als ihr opus magnum bezeichnen wird. Mich würde dies nicht überraschen, denn die Autoren unternehmen hier den ambitionierten Versuch, zwei informations wissenschaftliche Forschungstraditionen, die einander bisher in eher geringem Ausmass begegneten, unter einem gesamtheitlichen kognitiven Ansatz zu vereinen - das primär im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich verankerte Forschungsgebiet "Information Seeking and Retrieval" (IS&R) und das vorwiegend im Informatikbereich angesiedelte "Information Retrieval" (IR). Dabei geht es ihnen auch darum, den seit etlichen Jahren zwar dominierenden, aber auch als zu individualistisch kritisierten kognitiven Ansatz so zu erweitern, dass technologische, verhaltensbezogene und kooperative Aspekte in kohärenter Weise berücksichtigt werden. Dies geschieht auf folgende Weise in neun Kapiteln: - Zunächst werden die beiden "Lager" - die an Systemen und Laborexperimenten orientierte IR-Tradition und die an Benutzerfragen orientierte IS&R-Fraktion - einander gegenübergestellt und einige zentrale Begriffe geklärt. - Im zweiten Kapitel erfolgt eine ausführliche Darstellung der kognitiven Richtung der Informationswissenschaft, insbesondere hinsichtlich des Informationsbegriffes. - Daran schliesst sich ein Überblick über die bisherige Forschung zu "Information Seeking" (IS) - eine äusserst brauchbare Einführung in die Forschungsfragen und Modelle, die Forschungsmethodik sowie die in diesem Bereich offenen Fragen, z.B. die aufgrund der einseitigen Ausrichtung des Blickwinkels auf den Benutzer mangelnde Betrachtung der Benutzer-System-Interaktion. - In analoger Weise wird im vierten Kapitel die systemorientierte IRForschung in einem konzentrierten Überblick vorgestellt, in dem es sowohl um das "Labormodell" als auch Ansätze wie die Verarbeitung natürlicher Sprache und Expertensysteme geht. Aspekte wie Relevanz, Anfragemodifikation und Performanzmessung werden ebenso angesprochen wie die Methodik - von den ersten Laborexperimenten bis zu TREC und darüber hinaus.
- Kapitel fünf enthält einen entsprechenden Überblick über die kognitive und benutzerorientierte IR-Tradition. Es zeigt, welche anderen (als nur die labororientierten) IR-Studien durchgeführt werden können, wobei sich die Betrachtung von frühen Modellen (z.B. Taylor) über Belkins ASK-Konzept bis zu Ingwersens Modell der Polyrepräsentation, und von Bates Berrypicking-Ansatz bis zu Vakkaris "taskbased" IR-Modell erstreckt. Auch Web-IR, OKAPI und Diskussionen zum Relevanzbegriff werden hier thematisiert. - Im folgenden Kapitel schlagen die Autoren ein integriertes IS&R Forschungsmodell vor, bei dem die vielfältigen Beziehungen zwischen Informationssuchenden, Systementwicklern, Oberflächen und anderen beteiligten Aspekten berücksichtigt werden. Ihr Ansatz vereint die traditionelle Laborforschung mit verschiedenen benutzerorientierten Traditionen aus IS&R, insbesondere mit den empirischen Ansätzen zu IS und zum interaktiven IR, in einem holistischen kognitiven Modell. - Kapitel sieben untersucht die Implikationen dieses Modells für IS&R, wobei besonders ins Auge fällt, wie komplex die Anfragen von Informationssuchenden im Vergleich mit der relativen Einfachheit der Algorithmen zum Auffinden relevanter Dokumente sind. Die Abbildung der vielfältig variierenden kognitiven Zustände der Anfragesteller im Rahmen der der Systementwicklung ist sicherlich keine triviale Aufgabe. Wie dabei das Problem der Einbeziehung des zentralen Aspektes der Bedeutung gelöst werden kann, sei dahingestellt. - Im achten Kapitel wird der Versuch unternommen, die zuvor diskutierten Punkte in ein IS&R-Forschungsprogramm (Prozesse - Verhalten - Systemfunktionalität - Performanz) umzusetzen, wobei auch einige kritische Anmerkungen zur bisherigen Forschungspraxis getroffen werden. - Das abschliessende neunte Kapitel fasst das Buch kurz zusammen und kann somit auch als Einstieg in dieThematik gelesen werden. Darauffolgen noch ein sehr nützliches Glossar zu allen wichtigen Begriffen, die in dem Buch Verwendung finden, eine Bibliographie und ein Sachregister. Ingwersen und Järvelin haben hier ein sehr anspruchsvolles und dennoch lesbares Buch vorgelegt. Die gebotenen Übersichtskapitel und Diskussionen sind zwar keine Einführung in die Informationswissenschaft, decken aber einen grossen Teil der heute in dieser Disziplin aktuellen und durch laufende Forschungsaktivitäten und Publikationen berührten Teilbereiche ab. Man könnte es auch - vielleicht ein wenig überspitzt - so formulieren: Was hier thematisiert wird, ist eigentlich die moderne Informationswissenschaft. Der Versuch, die beiden Forschungstraditionen zu vereinen, wird diesem Werk sicherlich einen Platz in der Geschichte der Disziplin sichern. Nicht ganz glücklich erscheint der Titel des Buches. "The Turn" soll eine Wende bedeuten, nämlich jene hin zu einer integrierten Sicht von IS und IR. Das geht vermutlich aus dem Untertitel besser hervor, doch dieser erschien den Autoren wohl zu trocken. Schade, denn "The Turn" gibt es z.B. in unserem Verbundkatalog bereits, allerdings mit dem Zusatz "from the Cold War to a new era; the United States and the Soviet Union 1983-1990". Der Verlag, der abgesehen davon ein gediegenes (wenn auch nicht gerade wohlfeiles) Produkt vorgelegt hat, hätte derlei unscharfe Duplizierend besser verhindert. Ungeachtet dessen empfehle ich dieses wichtige Buch ohne Vorbehalt zur Anschaffung; es sollte in keiner grösseren Bibliothek fehlen."
- Series
- The Kluwer international series on information retrieval ; 18
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
Information
-
Rädler, K.: In Bibliothekskatalogen "googlen" : Integration von Inhaltsverzeichnissen, Volltexten und WEB-Ressourcen in Bibliothekskataloge (2004)
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- Abstract
- Ausgangslage Die Katalog-Recherchen über Internet, also von außerhalb der Bibliothek, nehmen erwartungsgemäß stark zu bzw. sind mittlerweile die Regel. Damit ist natürlich das Bedürfnis und die Notwendigkeit gewachsen, über den Titel hinaus zusätzliche inhaltliche Informationen zu erhalten, die es erlauben, die Zweckmäßigkeit wesentlich besser abschätzen zu können, eine Bestellung vorzunehmen oder vielleicht auch 50 km in die Bibliothek zu fahren, um ein Buch zu entleihen. Dieses Informationsdefizit wird zunehmend als gravierender Mangel erfahren. Inhaltsverzeichnisse referieren den Inhalt kurz und prägnant. Sie sind die erste Stelle, welche zur Relevanz-Beurteilung herangezogen wird. Fast alle relevanten Terme einer Fachbuchpublikation finden sich bereits dort. Andererseits wird immer deutlicher, dass die dem bibliothekarischen Paradigma entsprechende intellektuelle Indexierung der einzelnen dokumentarischen Einheiten mit den engsten umfassenden dokumentationssprachlichen Termen (Schlagwörter, Klassen) zwar eine notwendige, aber keinesfalls hinreichende Methode darstellt, das teuer erworbene Bibliotheksgut Information für den Benutzer in seiner spezifischen Problemstellung zu aktivieren und als Informationsdienstleistung anbieten zu können. Informationen zu sehr speziellen Fragestellungen, die oft nur in kürzeren Abschnitten (Kapitel) erörtert werden, sind derzeit nur indirekt, mit großem Zeitaufwand und oft überhaupt nicht auffindbar. Sie liegen sozusagen brach. Die Tiefe der intellektuellen Indexierung bis in einzelne inhaltliche Details zu erweitern, ist aus personellen und damit auch finanziellen Gesichtspunkten nicht vertretbar. Bibliotheken fallen deshalb in der Wahrnehmung von Informationssuchenden immer mehr zurück. Die enorme Informationsvielfalt liegt hinter dem Informations- bzw. Recherchehorizont der bibliographischen Aufnahmen im Katalog.
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Menczer, F.: Lexical and semantic clustering by Web links (2004)
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- Abstract
- Recent Web-searching and -mining tools are combining text and link analysis to improve ranking and crawling algorithms. The central assumption behind such approaches is that there is a correiation between the graph structure of the Web and the text and meaning of pages. Here I formalize and empirically evaluate two general conjectures drawing connections from link information to lexical and semantic Web content. The link-content conjecture states that a page is similar to the pages that link to it, and the link-cluster conjecture that pages about the same topic are clustered together. These conjectures are offen simply assumed to hold, and Web search tools are built an such assumptions. The present quantitative confirmation sheds light an the connection between the success of the latest Web-mining techniques and the small world topology of the Web, with encouraging implications for the design of better crawling algorithms.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 55(2004) no.14, S.1261-1269
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Prasad, A.R.D.; Madalli, D.P.: Faceted infrastructure for semantic digital libraries (2008)
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- Abstract
- Purpose - The paper aims to argue that digital library retrieval should be based on semantic representations and propose a semantic infrastructure for digital libraries. Design/methodology/approach - The approach taken is formal model based on subject representation for digital libraries. Findings - Search engines and search techniques have fallen short of user expectations as they do not give context based retrieval. Deploying semantic web technologies would lead to efficient and more precise representation of digital library content and hence better retrieval. Though digital libraries often have metadata of information resources which can be accessed through OAI-PMH, much remains to be accomplished in making digital libraries semantic web compliant. This paper presents a semantic infrastructure for digital libraries, that will go a long way in providing them and web based information services with products highly customised to users needs. Research limitations/implications - Here only a model for semantic infrastructure is proposed. This model is proposed after studying current user-centric, top-down models adopted in digital library service architectures. Originality/value - This paper gives a generic model for building semantic infrastructure for digital libraries. Faceted ontologies for digital libraries is just one approach. But the same may be adopted by groups working with different approaches in building ontologies to realise efficient retrieval in digital libraries.
- Footnote
- Beitrag eines Themenheftes "Digital libraries and the semantic web: context, applications and research".
- Theme
- Semantic Web
Information Gateway
Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Pahlevi, S.M.; Kitagawa, H.: Conveying taxonomy context for topic-focused Web search (2005)
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- Abstract
- Introducing context to a user query is effective to improve the search effectiveness. In this article we propose a method employing the taxonomy-based search services such as Web directories to facilitate searches in any Web search interfaces that support Boolean queries. The proposed method enables one to convey current search context an taxonomy of a taxonomy-based search service to the searches conducted with the Web search interfaces. The basic idea is to learn the search context in the form of a Boolean condition that is commonly accepted by many Web search interfaces, and to use the condition to modify the user query before forwarding it to the Web search interfaces. To guarantee that the modified query can always be processed by the Web search interfaces and to make the method adaptive to different user requirements an search result effectiveness, we have developed new fast classification learning algorithms.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 56(2005) no.2, S.173-188
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Zhang, J.; Mostafa, J.; Tripathy, H.: Information retrieval by semantic analysis and visualization of the concept space of D-Lib® magazine (2002)
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- Abstract
- In this article we present a method for retrieving documents from a digital library through a visual interface based on automatically generated concepts. We used a vocabulary generation algorithm to generate a set of concepts for the digital library and a technique called the max-min distance technique to cluster them. Additionally, the concepts were visualized in a spring embedding graph layout to depict the semantic relationship among them. The resulting graph layout serves as an aid to users for retrieving documents. An online archive containing the contents of D-Lib Magazine from July 1995 to May 2002 was used to test the utility of an implemented retrieval and visualization system. We believe that the method developed and tested can be applied to many different domains to help users get a better understanding of online document collections and to minimize users' cognitive load during execution of search tasks. Over the past few years, the volume of information available through the World Wide Web has been expanding exponentially. Never has so much information been so readily available and shared among so many people. Unfortunately, the unstructured nature and huge volume of information accessible over networks have made it hard for users to sift through and find relevant information. To deal with this problem, information retrieval (IR) techniques have gained more intensive attention from both industrial and academic researchers. Numerous IR techniques have been developed to help deal with the information overload problem. These techniques concentrate on mathematical models and algorithms for retrieval. Popular IR models such as the Boolean model, the vector-space model, the probabilistic model and their variants are well established.
From the user's perspective, however, it is still difficult to use current information retrieval systems. Users frequently have problems expressing their information needs and translating those needs into queries. This is partly due to the fact that information needs cannot be expressed appropriately in systems terms. It is not unusual for users to input search terms that are different from the index terms information systems use. Various methods have been proposed to help users choose search terms and articulate queries. One widely used approach is to incorporate into the information system a thesaurus-like component that represents both the important concepts in a particular subject area and the semantic relationships among those concepts. Unfortunately, the development and use of thesauri is not without its own problems. The thesaurus employed in a specific information system has often been developed for a general subject area and needs significant enhancement to be tailored to the information system where it is to be used. This thesaurus development process, if done manually, is both time consuming and labor intensive. Usage of a thesaurus in searching is complex and may raise barriers for the user. For illustration purposes, let us consider two scenarios of thesaurus usage. In the first scenario the user inputs a search term and the thesaurus then displays a matching set of related terms. Without an overview of the thesaurus - and without the ability to see the matching terms in the context of other terms - it may be difficult to assess the quality of the related terms in order to select the correct term. In the second scenario the user browses the whole thesaurus, which is organized as in an alphabetically ordered list. The problem with this approach is that the list may be long, and neither does it show users the global semantic relationship among all the listed terms.
Nevertheless, because thesaurus use has shown to improve retrieval, for our method we integrate functions in the search interface that permit users to explore built-in search vocabularies to improve retrieval from digital libraries. Our method automatically generates the terms and their semantic relationships representing relevant topics covered in a digital library. We call these generated terms the "concepts", and the generated terms and their semantic relationships we call the "concept space". Additionally, we used a visualization technique to display the concept space and allow users to interact with this space. The automatically generated term set is considered to be more representative of subject area in a corpus than an "externally" imposed thesaurus, and our method has the potential of saving a significant amount of time and labor for those who have been manually creating thesauri as well. Information visualization is an emerging discipline and developed very quickly in the last decade. With growing volumes of documents and associated complexities, information visualization has become increasingly important. Researchers have found information visualization to be an effective way to use and understand information while minimizing a user's cognitive load. Our work was based on an algorithmic approach of concept discovery and association. Concepts are discovered using an algorithm based on an automated thesaurus generation procedure. Subsequently, similarities among terms are computed using the cosine measure, and the associations among terms are established using a method known as max-min distance clustering. The concept space is then visualized in a spring embedding graph, which roughly shows the semantic relationships among concepts in a 2-D visual representation. The semantic space of the visualization is used as a medium for users to retrieve the desired documents. In the remainder of this article, we present our algorithmic approach of concept generation and clustering, followed by description of the visualization technique and interactive interface. The paper ends with key conclusions and discussions on future work.
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
BOND: Assoziativ-OPAC SpiderSearch (2003)
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- Abstract
- Der Hersteller von Bibliothekssoftware BOND erweitert sein Produktangebot um eine innovative Neuheit, den Assoziativ-OPAC SpiderSearch. Dieser graphische Web-OPAC sucht zu einem Stichwort Assoziative, d.h. sinn- oder sprachwissenschaftlich verwandte Begriffe. Diese baut er spinnennetzartig um den zentralen Suchbegriff herum auf. Anhand der ihm angebotenen Assoziative kann sich der Leser sehr einfach und anschaulich durch den Medienbestand der Bibliothek klicken. So findet er schnell und komfortabel relevante Medien, die mit herkömmlichen Suchverfahren nur schwer recherchierbar wären. Mühsame Überlegungen über verwandte Suchbegriffe und angrenzende Themengebiete bleiben dem Benutzer erspart. Dies übernimmt SpiderSearch und navigiert den Benutzer ähnlich wie beim Surfen durch Webseiten durch sämtliche Themen, die mit dem Suchbegriff in Zusammenhang stehen. Auch aufwändiges Durchblättern einer riesigen Suchergebnisliste ist nicht nötig. Durch die im semantischen Netz vorgeschlagenen Begriffe, kann der Benutzer sein Thema genau eingrenzen und erhält in seiner Trefferliste nur passende Medien. Diese ordnet SpiderSearch nach ihrer Relevanz, so dass der Leser die benötigte Literatur einfach und komfortabel findet. Wie auch im normalen Web-OPAC enthält die Trefferliste Angaben zu Titel, Standort und Verfügbarkeit des Mediums. Zur einfachen Zuordnung der Medienart ist jedem Medium ein entsprechendes Symbol zugewiesen. Per Mausklick erhält der Benutzer Detailangaben zum Medium und optional eine Ansicht des Buchcovers. SpiderSearch ist ein Zusatzmodul zur Software BIBLIOTHECA2000 von BOND und setzt auf den Web-OPAL auf. Vor allem bei Öffentlichen Bibliotheken stößt SpiderSearch auf großes Interesse. Erste Anwender bieten Ihren Lesern bereits dieses neue Sucherlebnis.
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
AssoziativOPAC : SpiderSearch von BOND (2003)
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- Content
- "Der Hersteller von Bibliothekssoftware BOND erweitert sein Produktangebot um den Assoziativ-OPAC SpiderSearch. Dieser graphische Web-OPAC sucht zu einem Stichwort Assoziative, d.h. sinnoder sprachwissenschaftlich verwandte Begriffe. Diese baut er spinnennetzartig um den zentralen Suchbegriff herum auf. Anhand der ihm angebotenen Assoziative kann sich der Leser sehr einfach und anschaulich durch den Medienbestand der Bibliothek klicken. So findet er schnell und komfortabel relevante Medien, die mit herkömmlichen Suchverfahren nur schwer recherchierbar wären. Überlegungen über verwandte Suchbegriffe und angrenzende Themengebiete bleiben dem Benutzer erspart: SpiderSearch navigiert den Benutzer ähnlich wie beim Surfen durch Webseiten durch sämtliche Themen, die mit dem Suchbegriff in Zusammenhang stehen. Auch aufwändiges Durchblättern einer riesigen Suchergebnisliste ist nicht nötig. Durch die im semantischen Netz vorgeschlagenen Begriffe kann der Benutzer sein Thema genau eingrenzen und erhält in seiner Trefferliste nur passende Medien. Diese ordnet SpiderSearch nach ihrer Relevanz, so dass der Leser die benötigte Literatur einfach und komfortabel findet. Wie auch im normalen Web-OPAC enthält die Trefferliste Angaben zu Titel, Standort und Verfügbarkeit des Mediums. Zur einfachen Zuordnung der Medienart ist jedem Medium ein entsprechendes Symbol zugewiesen. Per Mausklick erhält der Benutzer Detailangaben zum Medium und optional eine Ansicht des Buchcovers. SpiderSearch ist ein Zusatzmodul zur Software BIBLIOTHECA2000 von BOND und setzt auf den Web-OPAC auf."
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Vallet, D.; Fernández, M.; Castells, P.: ¬An ontology-based information retrieval model (2005)
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- Abstract
- Semantic search has been one of the motivations of the Semantic Web since it was envisioned. We propose a model for the exploitation of ontologybased KBs to improve search over large document repositories. Our approach includes an ontology-based scheme for the semi-automatic annotation of documents, and a retrieval system. The retrieval model is based on an adaptation of the classic vector-space model, including an annotation weighting algorithm, and a ranking algorithm. Semantic search is combined with keyword-based search to achieve tolerance to KB incompleteness. Our proposal is illustrated with sample experiments showing improvements with respect to keyword-based search, and providing ground for further research and discussion.
- Source
- The Semantic Web: research and applications ; second European Semantic WebConference, ESWC 2005, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 29 - June 1, 2005 ; proceedings. Eds.: A. Gómez-Pérez u. J. Euzenat
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Chen, H.; Lally, A.M.; Zhu, B.; Chau, M.: HelpfulMed : Intelligent searching for medical information over the Internet (2003)
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- Abstract
- The Medical professionals and researchers need information from reputable sources to accomplish their work. Unfortunately, the Web has a large number of documents that are irrelevant to their work, even those documents that purport to be "medically-related." This paper describes an architecture designed to integrate advanced searching and indexing algorithms, an automatic thesaurus, or "concept space," and Kohonen-based Self-Organizing Map (SOM) technologies to provide searchers with finegrained results. Initial results indicate that these systems provide complementary retrieval functionalities. HelpfulMed not only allows users to search Web pages and other online databases, but also allows them to build searches through the use of an automatic thesaurus and browse a graphical display of medical-related topics. Evaluation results for each of the different components are included. Our spidering algorithm outperformed both breadth-first search and PageRank spiders an a test collection of 100,000 Web pages. The automatically generated thesaurus performed as well as both MeSH and UMLS-systems which require human mediation for currency. Lastly, a variant of the Kohonen SOM was comparable to MeSH terms in perceived cluster precision and significantly better at perceived cluster recall.
- Footnote
- Teil eines Themenheftes: "Web retrieval and mining: A machine learning perspective"
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 54(2003) no.7, S.683-694
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Bilal, D.; Kirby, J.: Differences and similarities in information seeking : children and adults as Web users (2002)
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- Abstract
- This study examined the success and information seeking behaviors of seventh-grade science students and graduate students in information science in using Yahooligans! Web search engine/directory. It investigated these users' cognitive, affective, and physical behaviors as they sought the answer for a fact-finding task. It analyzed and compared the overall patterns of children's and graduate students' Web activities, including searching moves, browsing moves, backtracking moves, looping moves, screen scrolling, target location and deviation moves, and the time they took to complete the task. The authors applied Bilal's Web Traversal Measure to quantify these users' effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of moves they made. Results were based on 14 children's Web sessions and nine graduate students' sessions. Both groups' Web activities were captured online using Lotus ScreenCam, a software package that records and replays online activities in Web browsers. Children's affective states were captured via exit interviews. Graduate students' affective states were extracted from the journal writings they kept during the traversal process. The study findings reveal that 89% of the graduate students found the correct answer to the search task as opposed to 50% of the children. Based on the Measure, graduate students' weighted effectiveness, efficiency, and quality of the Web moves they made were much higher than those of the children. Regardless of success and weighted scores, however, similarities and differences in information seeking were found between the two groups. Yahooligans! poor structure of keyword searching was a major factor that contributed to the "breakdowns" children and graduate students experienced. Unlike children, graduate students were able to recover from "breakdowns" quickly and effectively. Three main factors influenced these users' performance: ability to recover from "breakdowns", navigational style, and focus on task. Children and graduate students made recommendations for improving Yahooligans! interface design. Implications for Web user training and system design improvements are made.
- Footnote
- Beitrag in einem Themenheft: "Issues of context in information retrieval (IR)"
- Source
- Information processing and management. 38(2002) no.5, S.649-670
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Scholer, F.; Williams, H.E.; Turpin, A.: Query association surrogates for Web search (2004)
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- Abstract
- Collection sizes, query rates, and the number of users of Web search engines are increasing. Therefore, there is continued demand for innovation in providing search services that meet user information needs. In this article, we propose new techniques to add additional terms to documents with the goal of providing more accurate searches. Our techniques are based an query association, where queries are stored with documents that are highly similar statistically. We show that adding query associations to documents improves the accuracy of Web topic finding searches by up to 7%, and provides an excellent complement to existing supplement techniques for site finding. We conclude that using document surrogates derived from query association is a valuable new technique for accurate Web searching.
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 55(2004) no.7, S.637-650
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Hauer, M: Silicon Valley Vorarlberg : Maschinelle Indexierung und semantisches Retrieval verbessert den Katalog der Vorarlberger Landesbibliothek (2004)
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- Abstract
- 10 Jahre Internet haben die WeIt um die Bibliotheken herum stark geändert. Der Web-OPAC war eine Antwort der Bibliotheken. Doch reicht ein Web-OPAC im Zeitalter des Internets noch aus? Außer Web ist es doch der alte Katalog. Ca. 90% aller Bibliotheksrecherchen durch Benutzer sind Themenrecherchen. Ein Anteil dieser Recherchen bringt kein Ergebnis. Es kann leicht gemessen werden, dass null Medien gefunden wurden. Die Gründe hierfür wurden auch immer wieder untersucht: Plural- anstelle Singularformen, zu spezifische Suchbegriffe, Schreib- oder Bedienungsfehler. Zu wenig untersucht sind aber die Recherchen, die nicht mit einer Ausleihe enden, denn auch dann kann man in vielen Fällen von einem Retrieval-Mangel ausgehen. Schließlich: Von den ausgeliehenen Büchern werden nach Einschätzung vieler Bibliothekare 80% nicht weiter als bis zum Inhaltsverzeichnis gelesen (außer in Präsenzbibliotheken) - und erst nach Wochen zurückgegeben. Ein Politiker würde dies neudeutsch als "ein Vermittlungsproblem" bezeichnen. Ein Controller als nicht hinreichende Kapitalnutzung. Einfacher machen es sich immer mehr Studenten und Wissenschaftler, ihr Wissensaustausch vollzieht sich zunehmend an anderen Orten. Bibliotheken (als Funktion) sind unverzichtbar für die wissenschaftliche Kommunikation. Deshalb geht es darum, Wege zu finden und auch zu beschreiten, welche die Schätze von Bibliotheken (als Institution) effizienter an die Zielgruppe bringen. Der Einsatz von Information Retrieval-Technologie, neue Erschließungsmethoden und neuer Content sind Ansätze dazu. Doch die bisherigen Verbundstrukturen und Abhängigkeit haben das hier vorgestellte innovative Projekt keineswegs gefördert. Innovation entsteht wie die Innvoationsforschung zeigt eigentlich immer an der Peripherie: in Bregenz fing es an.
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Boyack, K.W.; Wylie,B.N.; Davidson, G.S.: Information Visualization, Human-Computer Interaction, and Cognitive Psychology : Domain Visualizations (2002)
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- Date
- 22. 2.2003 17:25:39
22. 2.2003 18:17:40
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Shiri, A.A.; Revie, C.: Query expansion behavior within a thesaurus-enhanced search environment : a user-centered evaluation (2006)
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- Abstract
- The study reported here investigated the query expansion behavior of end-users interacting with a thesaurus-enhanced search system on the Web. Two groups, namely academic staff and postgraduate students, were recruited into this study. Data were collected from 90 searches performed by 30 users using the OVID interface to the CAB abstracts database. Data-gathering techniques included questionnaires, screen capturing software, and interviews. The results presented here relate to issues of search-topic and search-term characteristics, number and types of expanded queries, usefulness of thesaurus terms, and behavioral differences between academic staff and postgraduate students in their interaction. The key conclusions drawn were that (a) academic staff chose more narrow and synonymous terms than did postgraduate students, who generally selected broader and related terms; (b) topic complexity affected users' interaction with the thesaurus in that complex topics required more query expansion and search term selection; (c) users' prior topic-search experience appeared to have a significant effect on their selection and evaluation of thesaurus terms; (d) in 50% of the searches where additional terms were suggested from the thesaurus, users stated that they had not been aware of the terms at the beginning of the search; this observation was particularly noticeable in the case of postgraduate students.
- Date
- 22. 7.2006 16:32:43
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.4, S.462-478
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
-
Sacco, G.M.: Dynamic taxonomies and guided searches (2006)
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- Abstract
- A new search paradigm, in which the primary user activity is the guided exploration of a complex information space rather than the retrieval of items based on precise specifications, is proposed. The author claims that this paradigm is the norm in most practical applications, and that solutions based on traditional search methods are not effective in this context. He then presents a solution based on dynamic taxonomies, a knowledge management model that effectively guides users to reach their goal while giving them total freedom in exploring the information base. Applications, benefits, and current research are discussed.
- Date
- 22. 7.2006 17:56:22
- Source
- Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. 57(2006) no.6, S.792-796
- Theme
- Semantisches Umfeld in Indexierung u. Retrieval
