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  • × theme_ss:"Biographische Darstellungen"
  1. Knowledge organization, information systems and other essays : professor A. Neelameghan Festschrift (2006) 0.05 
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    BK
    05.38 Neue elektronische Medien <Kommunikationswissenschaft>
    Classification
    05.38 Neue elektronische Medien <Kommunikationswissenschaft>
    Content
    Inhalt: KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION Towards a Future for Knowledge Organization Ingetraut Dahlberg Professor Neelameghan's Contribution to the Advancement and Development of Classification in the Context of Knowledge Organization Nancy J. Williamson Knowledge Orgnization System Over Time S. Seetharama The Facet Concept as a Universal Principle of Subdivisio Clare Beghtol Facet Analysis as a Knowledge Management Tool on the Internet Kathryn La Barre and Pauline Atherton Cochrane The Universal Decimal Classification: A Response to a Challenge I. C. Mellwaine Controlled Vocabularies as a Sphere of Influence Anita S. Coleman and Paul Bracke Aligning Systems of Relationship Rebecca Green and Carol A. Bean Terminologies, Ontologies and Information Access Widad Mustafa El Hadi SATSAN AUTOMATRIX Version 1 : A Computer Programme for Synthesis of Colon Class Number According to the Postulational Approach B. G. Satyapal and N. Sanjivini Satyapal. INTEROPERABILITY, DIGITAL LIBRARY AND INFORMATION RETRIEVAL Interoperable Institutional Digital Research Repositories and Their Potential for Open Access Research Knowledge Management T. B. Rajashekar Boundary Objects and the Digital Library Michael Shepherd and Corolyn Watters A PFT-based Approach to Make CDS/ISIS Data based OAI-Compliant Francis Jayakanth and L. Aswath The changing Language Technology and CDS/ ISIS: UNICODE and the Emergence of OTF K. H. Hussain and J. S. Rajeev Text Mining in Biomedicine: Challenges and Opportunities Padmini Srinivasan Determining Authorship of Web Pages Timothy C. Craven
    KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN SPECIALIZED AREAS Information System for Knowledge Management in the Specialized Division of a Hospital M. C. Vasudevan; Murali Mohan and Amit Kapoor Five Laws of Information Service and Architecting Knowledge Infrastructure for Education and Development k. R. Srivathsan Documentation of Compositions in Carnatic Music: Need for and Utility of a Computerized Database K. S. Nagarajan Saint Tyagaraja CD: A Model for Knowledge Organization and Presentation of Classical Carnatic Music---T. N. Rajan The National Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore; Recent Development in Library and Information Services Sudha S. Murthy Sri Ramakrishna Math Libraries: Computer Applications D.N. Nagaraja Rao Save the Time of the Godly: Information Mediator's Role in Promoting Spiritual and Religious Accommodation Mohamed Taher INFORMATION SOCIETY Information Society, Information Networks and National Development : An Overview P. B. Mangla Digital Divide in India-Narrowing the Gap: An Appraisal with Special Reference to Karnataka K. N. Prasad Future of the Book: Will the Printed Book Survive the Digital Age? K. A. Isaac Role of Traditional Librarianship in the Internet/Digital Era a. Ratnakar A New Paradigm of Education System for Reaching the Unreached Through Open and Distance Education with Special Reference to the Indian Initiative S. B. Ghosh Knowledge Workers of the New Millennium: An Instance of Interdisciplinary Exchange and Discovery Michael Medland
    RSWK
    Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation / Elektronische Bibliothek / Informationsgesellschaft / Information Retrieval (GBV)
    Bibliothek / Indien <Motiv> (GBV)
    Subject
    Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation / Elektronische Bibliothek / Informationsgesellschaft / Information Retrieval (GBV)
    Bibliothek / Indien <Motiv> (GBV)
  2. Melvil Dewey: the man and the classification : a seminar / sponsored by the New York State Library, and the Forest Press Division of the Lake Placid Education Foundation, and the School of Library and Information Science, State University of New York at Albany, held December 10-11, 1981, The New York State Library, Cultural Education Center, Albany, New York (1983) 0.03 
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    RSWK
    Dewey, Melvil / Kongress / Albany <NY, 1981> (BVB)
    Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation / Kongress / Albany <NY, 1981> (BVB)
    Subject
    Dewey, Melvil / Kongress / Albany <NY, 1981> (BVB)
    Dewey-Dezimalklassifikation / Kongress / Albany <NY, 1981> (BVB)
  3. Saving the time of the library user through subject access innovation : Papers in honor of Pauline Atherton Cochrane (2000) 0.02 
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    Abstract
    Pauline Atherton Cochrane has been contributing to library and information science for fifty years. Think of it-from mid-century to the millennium, from ENIAC (practically) to Internet 11 (almost here). What a time to be in our field! Her work an indexing, subject access, and the user-oriented approach had immediate and sustained impact, and she continues to be one of our most heavily cited authors (see, JASIS, 49[4], 327-55) and most beloved personages. This introduction includes a few words about my own experiences with Pauline as well as a short summary of the contributions that make up this tribute. A review of the curriculum vita provided at the end of this publication Shows that Pauline Cochrane has been involved in a wide variety of work. As Marcia Bates points out in her note (See below), Pauline was (and is) a role model, but I will always think of her as simply the best teacher 1 ever had. In 1997, I entered the University of Illinois Graduate School of Library and Information Science as a returning mid-life student; my previous doctorate had not led to a full-time job and I was re-tooling. I was not sure what 1 would find in library school, and the introductory course attended by more than 100 students from widely varied backgrounds had not yet convinced me I was in the right place. Then, one day, Pauline gave a guest lecture an the digital library in my introductory class. I still remember it. She put up some notes-a few words clustered an the blackboard with some circles and directional arrows-and then she gave a free, seemingly extemporaneous, but riveting narrative. She set out a vision for ideal information exchange in the digital environment but noted a host of practical concerns, issues, and potential problems that required (demanded!) continued human intervention. The lecture brought that class and the entire semester's work into focus; it created tremendous excitement for the future of librarianship. 1 saw that librarians and libraries would play an active role. I was in the right place.
    Content
    Enthält Beiträge von: FUGMANN, R.: Obstacles to progress in mechanized subject access and the necessity of a paradigm change; TELL, B.: On MARC and natural text searching: a review of Pauline Cochrane's inspirational thinking grafted onto a Swedish spy on library matters; KING, D.W.: Blazing new trails: in celebration of an audacious career; FIDEL, R.: The user-centered approach; SMITH, L.: Subject access in interdisciplinary research; DRABENSTOTT, K.M.: Web search strategies; LAM, V.-T.: Enhancing subject access to monographs in Online Public Access Catalogs: table of contents added to bibliographic records; JOHNSON, E.H.: Objects for distributed heterogeneous information retrieval
    Date
    22. 9.1997 19:16:05
    Footnote
    Rez. in: KO 28(2001) no.2, S.97-100 (S. Betrand-Gastaldy); Information processing and management 37(2001) no.5, S.766-767 (H. Borko); JASIST 23(2002) no.1, S.58-60 (A.T.D. Petrou); Library and information science research 23(2001) S.200-202 (D.J. Karpuk)
    Imprint
    Urbana-Champaign, IL : Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign, Graduate School of Library and Information Science
  4. Sandner, M.: " ohne sie hätte es DDC-Deutsch nicht gegeben!" (2007) 0.01 
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    Content
    "Eben erreicht uns eine traurige Nachricht aus der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek in Frankfurt am Main: "Magda Heiner-Freiling, die Leiterin der Sacherschließungsabteilung der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek am Standort Frankfurt am Main, ist am 22. Juli 2007 im Alter von 57 Jahren während ihres Urlaubs tödlich verunglückt. Nach ihrem 1. Staatsexamen in den Fächern Deutsch, Englisch und Erziehungswissenschaften sowie weiteren Studien in den Fächern neuere deutsche Literaturwissenschaft, wissenschaftliche Politik und europäische Ethnologie begann 1974 ihr bibliothekarischer Werdegang als Bibliotheksreferendarin bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek in Frankfurt am Main. Dort übernahm sie vor zwei Jahren die Leitung der Abteilung Sacherschließung. Im nationalen und im internationalen Bibliothekswesen war Magda Heiner-Freiling als exzellente Expertin bekannt und geschätzt. Schon die RSWK-Einführung in den achtziger Jahren hatte sie mit großem Engagement begleitet, die Übersetzung und Einführung der DDC im deutschsprachigen Bibliothekswesen wäre ohne Magda Heiner-Freiling nicht möglich gewesen. Sie wird uns als Expertin, Kollegin und als Mensch sehr fehlen." Frau Heiner-Freiling habe ich persönlich nicht nur als engagierte und umsichtige Leiterin der "Expertengruppe DDC" während des gesamten Übersetzungsprojekts DDC Deutsch und der Einführung der DDC im deutschsprachigen Raum kennen gelernt. Wie alle anderen EG-Mitglieder habe ich ihre überaus wohltuende Art, unsere Sitzungen vorzubereiten und zu leiten immer geschätzt und ihr diplomatisches Geschick, gepaart mit großer Professionalität und mit charmantem Durchsetzungsvermögen, bewundert. Damit vermochte sie mit uns auch die ärgsten Klippen zu umschiffen und hat alle Beteiligten immer wieder von neuem motiviert.
    Ich kannte sie außerdem als hoch intelligente, nie überhebliche Führungspersönlichkeit, als weltoffene, herzliche, humorvolle Frau, die oft unbeschwerte Fröhlichkeit ausstrahlte. Zu unserem Land hatte sie eine sehr persönliche Beziehung: als Kind besuchte sie manchmal Verwandte in Wien und verbrachte einige Male die Sommerferien im Salzkammergut. Ihr Bonmot von der "österreichischen Grazie", sie meinte damit ein Problemlösungspotenzial, das eher tänzelnd statt schnurstracks zum Ziel führen kann, wird mir mit Schmunzeln in lieber Erinnerung bleiben. Gerne kam sie während des Österreichischen Bibliothekartages im Millenniumsjahr 2000 für einen Gastvortrag zur Kommission für Sacherschließung nach Wien. Später ließ sie ebenso gerne ihren jüngeren Mitarbeitern/-innen den Vortritt dafür. Sie hatte uns heuer im Mai schon ein wenig in ihre beruflichen Pläne für die nächsten Jahre eingeweiht und wollte sich nach der schwierigen aber gelungenen Pionierphase des Klassifizierens mit DDC und mit Melvil in der DNB nun wieder vermehrt in die verbale Sacherschließung einbringen und ihre Erfahrung und Energie für die Überarbeitung des Regelwerks RSWK und die Optimierung der SWD zur Verfügung stellen."
  5. ¬The Web of knowledge : Festschrift in honor of Eugene Garfield (2000) 0.01 
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    Imprint
    Medford, NJ : Information Today
  6. Harmon, G.: Remembering William Goffman : mathematical information science pioneer (2008) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    This paper reviews the career and legacy of William (Bill) Goffman, who served as a researcher, Professor, Dean and Emeritus at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, from 1959 to 2000. Goffman pioneered mathematical information science broadly and in several key areas. First, he applied disease epidemiology concepts to model accurately the spread of knowledge and the formation of knowledge systems and their ecologies, including the dynamics of scientific discovery. Second, he proposed significant improvements in information retrieval through the deployment of multi-valued logic, appropriate file ordering, effective and efficient retrieval measures, and simplified retrieval approaches, including early work in citation-based searching. Third, Goffman applied Bradford-like distributions to model effective core research literature collection development and usage. Fourth, he developed original epidemiology models, and was an early contributor in biomedical informatics. His mathematical contributions have stood the test of time and will continue to be applicable indefinitely.
    Source
    Information processing and management. 44(2008) no.4, S.1634-1647
  7. McIlwaine, I.C.: Brian Vickery : 11th September 1918-17 th October 2009 (2010) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The death of Brian Vickery sees a great era of classification research coming towards an end. Born in Australia, he completed his schooling in England, before going up to Brasenose to read Chemistry just before the outbreak of the Second World War. Brian was never in the services, but after Oxford he worked as a chemist in the Royal Ordnance Factory from 1941-45. After the War he became a librarian at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). He was a delegate at the Royal Society Scientific Information Conference held in 1948. One of the offshoots of that conference was the formation of a small committee of scientists under the leadership of Professor J.D. Bernal, to make a study of library classification. After two years of discussions, they elicited the assistance of Jack Wells, then editor of the British National Bibliography, and Brian. They circularized a group of colleagues and convened a meeting in February 1952 which led to the formation of the Classification Research Group. As is well known, this Group, all practising librarians, were to exert a groundbreaking influence on the organization and retrieval of information.
    Date
    22. 7.2010 19:32:06
  8. Dubin, D.: ¬The most influential paper Gerard Salton never wrote (2004) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    Gerard Salton is often credited with developing the vector space model (VSM) for information retrieval (IR). Citations to Salton give the impression that the VSM must have been articulated as an IR model sometime between 1970 and 1975. However, the VSM as it is understood today evolved over a longer time period than is usually acknowledged, and an articulation of the model and its assumptions did not appear in print until several years after those assumptions had been criticized and alternative models proposed. An often cited overview paper titled "A Vector Space Model for Information Retrieval" (alleged to have been published in 1975) does not exist, and citations to it represent a confusion of two 1975 articles, neither of which were overviews of the VSM as a model of information retrieval. Until the late 1970s, Salton did not present vector spaces as models of IR generally but rather as models of specific computations. Citations to the phantom paper reflect an apparently widely held misconception that the operational features and explanatory devices now associated with the VSM must have been introduced at the same time it was first proposed as an IR model.
    Footnote
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science
  9. Broughton, V.: Brian Vickery, September 11, 1918-October 17, 2009 (2011) 0.01 
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    Abstract
    The article reviews the life and work of Brian Campbell Vickery, one of the major figures of British classification and information retrieval, and a scholar of international reputation. His career as librarian, researcher, and academic is described, as is the part he played in the development of information science theory in the twentieth century. Some of his most significant publications are listed, with reference to the scale and breadth of his published work overall.
  10. Robertson, S.; Tait, J.: In Memoriam Karen Sparck Jones (2007) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    This note is also appearing in the Journal of the American Society for Information Systems and Technology.
    Date
    26.12.2007 14:22:47
    Source
    Information processing and management. 43(2007) no.6, S.1441-1446
  11. Neelameghan, A.: Dynamism and stability in knowledge organization tools : S.R. Ranganathan's contributions (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    The analytico-synthetic facet methodology (ASM) of S.R.Ranganathan (SRR) helps to improve information retrieval online and on the Internet as well. Yahoo has been foreseen in the subject/query structuring based on ASM. Data mining and discovery, the design, development, use and evaluation of object-oriented databases and knowledge organization tools (KOTs) - faceted classification schemes, thesauri, classaurus, and subject indexing languages - are well supported by ASM. The fundamental nature of SRR's contributions attest to their continuing relevance and value in information storage and retrieval in the context of developments in information technology and the Internet. His theories, postulates and normative principles anchored on the Five Laws provide a holistic integrated approach to research, development and practice in knowledge organization in particular and information science in general. These contributions provide a sound foundation and stability to KOTs. SRR had visualized a self-perpetuating classification system. Computer graphics and imaging could help the examination in three or more dimensions the architecture of subject (and the associated Strength of Bond theory) proposed by SRR and the impact of interpolation of new concepts on the structure
  12. Berners-Lee, T.: ¬Das Web ist noch nicht vollendet (2000) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Tim Berners-Lee ist der Erfinder des WWW. Der Brite, der 1989 den ersten Browser entwickelt hat, schildert im Interview seine Vision von der Zukunft des Web
    Theme
    Semantic Web
  13. Coleman, A.S.: William Stetson Merrill and bricolage for information studies (2006) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Purpose - This paper examines William Stetson Merrill, the compiler of A Code for Classifiers and a Newberry Library employee (1889-1930) in an attempt to glean lessons for modern information studies from an early librarian's career. Design/methodology/approach - Merrill's career at the Newberry Library and three editions of the code are briefly examined using historical, bibliographic, and conceptual methods. Primary and secondary sources in archives and libraries are summarized to provide insight into Merrill's attempts to develop or modify tools to solve the knowledge organization problems he faced. The concept of bricolage, developed by Levi-Strauss to explain modalities of thinking, is applied to Merrill's career. Excerpts from his works and reminisces are used to explain Merrill as a bricoleur and highlight the characteristics of bricolage. Findings - Findings show that Merrill worked collaboratively to collocate and integrate a variety of ideas from a diverse group of librarians such as Cutter, Pettee, Poole, Kelley, Rudolph, and Fellows. Bliss and Ranganathan were aware of the code but the extent to which they were influenced by it remains to be explored. Although this is an anachronistic evaluation, Merrill serves as an example of the archetypal information scientist who improvises and integrates methods from bibliography, cataloging, classification, and indexing to solve problems of information retrieval and design usable information products and services for human consumption. Originality/value - Bricolage offers great potential to information practitioners and researchers today as we continue to try and find user-centered solutions to the problems of digital information organization and services.
  14. Melvil Dewey: his enduring presence in librarianship (1978) 0.00 
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    RSWK
    Bibliothek / Aufsatzsammlung (GBV)
    Subject
    Bibliothek / Aufsatzsammlung (GBV)
  15. Edmonds, D.J.; Eidinow, J.A.: Wie Ludwig Wittgenstein Karl Popper mit dem Feuerhaken drohte : Eine Ermittlung (2001) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Zwei der großen Philosophen des 20. Jahrhunderts trafen ein einziges Mal aufeinander - am 25. Oktober 1946, in einem überfüllten, stickigen Seminarraum im King's College, Cambridge. Um diese historische Begegnung zweier Menschen, die gegensätzlicher kaum sein konnten, ranken sich wilde Legenden. Denn angeblich bedrohte Wittgenstein den Gastredner Popper mit einem rotglühenden Feuerhaken. Doch was wirklich geschah, ist bis heute umstritten, gibt es doch ebensoviele verschiedene Aussagen wie Augenzeugen. Die Aufklärung dieses Vorfalls und die Schilderung seiner biographischen, historischen und philosophischen Hintergründe ergeben ein spannendes und unterhaltsames Leseabenteuer. Die Verfasser entführen den Leser auf eine abwechslungsreiche Reise durch das 20. Jahrhundert: Nach Wien, wo beide Streithähne aufwachsen, nach Berlin, wo Wittgenstein mit den Nazis verhandelt, nach Neuseeland, wo Karl Popper während des Krieges unterrichtet und immer wieder nach Cambridge, um endlich das Rätsel aufzuklären, wie Ludwig Wittgenstein Karl Popper mit dem Feuerhaken drohte
  16. Albrecht, C.: ¬Die Entdeckung der Weitschweifigkeit : Über das Glück, mit Markow-Ketten zu rasseln: Die Schriften Claude E. Shannons (2001) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Der Mathematiker und Elektrotechniker Claude Elwood Shannon, der am 24. Februar dieses Jahres starb (F.A.Z. vom 2. März), prägte 1948 den nachrichtentechnischen Begriff der Information. Er vermaß damit das Wahrscheinlichkeitsfeld, auf dem sich unsere elektronische Kultur auf ihrer abstraktesten Ebene abspielt. Soeben erschien ein Band ausgewählter Schriften Shannons über zum Teil skurrile mathematische Gegenstände: Kommunikations- und Nachrichtentheorie, Kryptologie, Schaltkreise, eine Vorhersage in Feuerleitsystemen, eine Schrift über eine Maschine, die in der Lage ist, ein Labyrinth durch Versuch und Irrtum zu lösen, ein Aufsatz zu einem Spiegelsystem, das es amerikanischen Autofahrern erlaubt, sich im antinapoleonischen Linksverkehr Großbritanniens zurechtzufinden. Den Abschluß bildet ein spaßiges Lied über den, Rubik-Würfel, der in den frühen achtziger Jahren bei vielen Spielern die Volkskrankheit des "Würfeldaumens" verursacht hat. Die Auswahl der Texte verdeutlicht bereits eine Philosophie, die alle Äußerungen des Lebens und des Todes auf Gesetze der Wahrscheinlichkeit und Kombinatorik zurückführt: Unterhaltende Spiele oder eine mathematische Theorie der Vererbungsgesetze Mendels (davon handelt die in diesem Band nicht enthaltene Dissertation Shannons) lassen sich spiegelbildlich übersetzen in die Mathematik kriegsentscheidender und,gegebenenfalls todbringender Techniken wie Feuerleitsysteme und Kryptologie. Zu den fundamentalen Entdeckungen Shannons gehörte es etwa, daß sich Nachrichtentechnik und Kryptographie im Begriff der Redundanz aufeinander beziehen und ineinander überführen lassen. In der Nachrichtentechnik erhält man sichere Übertragungssysteme durch Vermehrung der Redundanz, also durch Weitschweifigkeit.
    Die Redundanz technischer Übertragungssysteme schützt Nachrichten vor Verstümmelung, ohne den Informationsgehalt der übertragenen Nachrichten zu erhöhen. Ein weitschweifiger Journalist erleichtert durch Vergleiche und Metaphern das Verständnis: "Anschaulichkeit' stellt sicher, daß eine Nachricht beim Leser "ankommt'; den Informationsgehalt erhöht sie damit nicht. Die Verminderung von Weitschweifigkeit führt dagegen zur Unverständlichkeit: Nachrichtendienste verschlüsseln Nachrichten durch Verminderung von Redundanz und sichern sich so, gegen das Abhören. Ähnlich vermindern Wissenschaftler die Redundanz ihrer Arbeiten, um nicht von Laien verstanden werden zu können. Für den Uneingeweihten klingen solche Kryptogramme wie Rauschen. Redundanz ist das Maß der inneren Regelmäßigkeit einer statistischen Struktur. Nachricht minus Redundanz ist Informationsgehalt. Für den Betrag der Information hat Shannon die Maßeinheit angegeben: das bit - die "basic indissoluble information unit" (nicht zu verwechseln mit der Einheit für die Darstellung von Daten mit Hilfe binärer Zeichen, dem großgeschriebenen "Bit" unserer Computer). Den Informationsgehalt einer Nachricht zu ermitteln ähnelt dem Frage-Antwort-Spiel beim "heiteren Beruferaten": Jede Ja/Nein-Antwort entspricht einem bit Information. Der "lnformationsgehalt' eines Berufs entspricht der Anzahl nötiger Fragen, ihn zu erraten - je exotischer, "interessanter" der Beruf, desto mehr bits oder Fünfmarkstücke.
    Der entscheidende Aspekt in Shannons mathematischer Theorie der Kommunikation ist, "daß die tatsächliche Nachricht aus einem Vorrat von möglichen Nachrichten ausgewählt wurde". Ahnlich in der binären Logik des Fernsehquiz': Hier wählen die Ratenden aus einer endlichen Zahl beruflicher Lebenswelten, die gleichsam durch sogenannte "typische Handbewegungen" in diskrete Einheiten zerhackt werden. Mathematik und Unterhaltung kommen dabei in einem überein: in der Bedeutungslosigkeit. Shannons Modell abstrahiert davon, ob Nachrichten "Bedeutung" haben, also sich "auf bestimmte physikalische oder begriffliche Größen" beziehen. Ihn interessiert nur, ob und wie die Informationen im gegebenen Kanal störungsfrei übertragen werden können. Die Unterhaltungsindustrie wiederum, deren binäre Logik auf der Unterscheidung zwischen dem Interessanten und dem Langweiligen beruht, kümmert sich nicht darum, ob sich die generierte Information auf wirtschaftliche oder politische Größen bezieht. Sie interessiert nur, ob der Fernseher eingeschaltet bleibt. Entscheidend ist für Shannon der Aspekt der Auswahl etwa aus Buchstaben eines Alphabets, weil damit die Statistik zum Zug kommen kann. Damit läßt sich beispielsweise der Informationsgehalt der deutschen Schriftsprache messen. Nimmt man an, daß alle 30 Zeichen (29 Buchstaben plus Leerzeichen) gleich verteilt sind, ergibt sich ein Informationsgehalt von 4,9 bit. In Wirklichkeit ist jedoch die Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Wahl der verschiedenen Buchstaben, Silben und Wörter in einer natürlichen Sprache in jedem Stadium des Prozesses von der vorhergegangenen Auswahl abhängig. Einen solchen Prozeß bezeichnet die Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie als Markow-Prozeß oder Markow-Kette. Berücksichtigt man also die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung von Buchstabenfolgen, so erhält man einen viel kleineren mittleren Informationsgehalt der deutschen Schriftsprache, nämlich 1,6 bit.
    Damit kann man ihre Redundanz errechnen: Sie ist 4,9 bit minus 1,6 bit gleich 3,3 bit. Das bedeutet, daß die Hälfte von dem, was wir schreiben, von vornherein weitschweifig ist; es wäre auch dann noch lesbar, wenn jedes zweite Zeichen fehlen würde. Fehlende Buchstaben von Wörtern zu ergänzen, ist deshalb seit dem "Großen Preis" eine beliebte Übung in QuizShows. Beim Raten der Buchstaben scheinen die Kandidaten mit ihren Markow-Ketten in den Köpfen zu rasseln, bis endlich das Wunder des Sinns aufscheint und dem Zufallsprozeß eine höhere Ordnung entsteigt. Die Kandidaten vermögen diese Glücksgefühle der Transsubstantiation von Unsinn in Sinn innerhalb eines Zeitraums hervorzurufen, der unter der durch-' schnittlichen Schwelle der Langeweile des Publikums liegt. Im Spektrum zwischen dem bedeutungsfreien Materialismus der Shannonschen Kommunikationstheorie, der Fernsehen oder automatische Waffensysteme ermöglicht, und der tatsächlich gesendeten menschenfreundlichen Idiotie liegt der Bereich der technischen und kulturellen Reproduktion der Gesellschaft. Dazwischen gibt es Effekte mehr oder weniger "bedeutsamer" Kommunikation, die mehr dem einen, dann mehr dem anderen Pol angenähert sind. Shannons Formeln nähern sich ihrem unanschaulichen Gegenstand, der Über-' tragung Von Information, den sie (abgesehen von den kurzen erläuternden Texten um die Formeln herum) redundanzfrei darstellen. Damit sind sie für normalgebildete Menschen schon unverständlich. Die Herausgeber seiner Schriften, ernste Archäologen eines digitalen Totenkults, stellen damit so etwas wie den Stein von Rosetta vor uns hin. Sie machen uns damit neugierig auf den Kommentarband, der Essays zu Leben, Werk und Bedeutung Shannons sowie andere Dokumente verspricht. Denn wir ahnen, daß die mathemat sc en Hieroglyphen der vorliegenden Textauswahl die Antwort auf die Preisfrage nach dem Wesen unserer technisch formierten Kultur enthalten. Aber erst eine mediengeschichtliche Kryptanalyse, die sie in kulturgeschichtlichen Sinn übersetzt, wird ihren Inhalt tauglich machen für "Wer wird Millionär?"
    Theme
    Information
  17. Rayward, W.B.: ¬The origins of information science and the International Institute of Bibliography / International Federation for Information and Documentation (FID) (1997) 0.00 
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    Abstract
    Describes the history and origins of the International Institute of Bibliography, founded in 1895 and which later became the FID. Outlines the work of Paul Otlet and his colleagues in developing the idea of universal bibliographic control through the Répertoire Bibliographique Universel and the emergence of the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as the means of its classifies arrangement. Stresses the key role played by this work in developing the main concepts of information science and documentation
    Source
    International forum on information and documentation. 22(1997) no.2, S.3-15
  18. Garfield, E.: Recollections of Irving H. Sher 1924-1996 : Polymath/information scientist extraordinaire (2001) 0.00 
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    Date
    16.12.2001 14:01:22
    Source
    Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology. 52(2001) no.14, S.1197-1202
  19. Kester, D.D.; Jones, P.A.: Frances Henne and the development of school library standards (2004) 0.00 
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    Date
    15. 2.2007 19:00:22
    Footnote
    Beitrag in einem Themenheft: Pioneers in library and information science
  20. Scientometrics pioneer Eugene Garfield dies : Eugene Garfield, founder of the Institute for Scientific Information and The Scientist, has passed away at age 91 (2017) 0.00 
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    Content
    Vgl. auch Open Password, Nr.167 vom 01.03.2017 :"Eugene Garfield, Begründer und Pionier der Zitationsindexierung und der Ziationsanalyse, ohne den die Informationswissenschaft heute anders aussähe, ist im Alter von 91 Jahren gestorben. Er hinterlässt Frau, drei Söhne, eine Tochter, eine Stieftochter, zwei Enkeltöchter und zwei Großelternkinder. Garfield machte seinen ersten Abschluss als Bachelor in Chemie an der Columbia University in New York City im Jahre 1949. 1954 sattelte er einen Abschluss in Bibliothekswissenschaft drauf. 1961 sollte er im Fach strukturelle Linguistik promovieren. Als Chemie-Student war er nach eigenen Angaben weder besonders gut noch besonders glücklich. Sein "Erweckungserlebnis" hatte er auf einer Tagung der American Chemical Society, als er entdeckte, dass sich mit der Suche nach Literatur womöglich ein Lebensunterhalt bestreiten lasse. "So I went to the Chairman of the meeting and said: "How do you get a job in this racket?" Ab 1955 war Garfield zunächst als Berater für pharmazeutische Unternehmen tätig. Dort spezialisierte er sich auf Fachinformationen, indem er Inhalte relevanter Fachzeitschriften erarbeitete. 1955 schlug er in "Science" seine bahnbrechende Idee vor, Zitationen wissenschaftlicher Veröffentlichungen systematisch zu erfassen und Zusammenhänge zwischen Zitaten deutlich zu machen. 1960 gründete Garfield das Institute für Scientific Informationen, dessen CEO er bis 1992 blieb. 1964 brachte er den Scientific Information Index heraus. Weitere Maßgrößen wie der Social Science Index (ab 1973), der Arts and Humanities Citation Index (ab 1978) und der Journal Citation Index folgten. Diese Verzeichnisse wurden in dem "Web of Science" zusammengefasst und als Datenbank elektronisch zugänglich gemacht. Damit wurde es den Forschern ermöglich, die für sie relevante Literatur "at their fingertips" zu finden und sich in ihr zurechtzufinden. Darüber hinaus wurde es mit Hilfe der Rankings von Garfields Messgrößen möglich, die relative wissenschaftliche Bedeutung wissenschaftlicher Beiträge, Autoren, wissenschaftlicher Einrichtungen, Regionen und Länder zu messen.

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