-
Laaff, M.: Googles genialer Urahn (2011)
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- Content
- Karteikästen, Telefone, Multimedia-Möbel 1934 entwickelte Otlet die Idee eines weltweiten Wissens-"Netzes". Er versuchte, kaum dass Radio und Fernsehen erfunden waren, Multimedia-Konzepte zu entwickeln, um die Kooperationsmöglichkeiten für Forscher zu verbessern. Otlet zerbrach sich den Kopf darüber, wie Wissen über große Distanzen zugänglich gemacht werden kann. Er entwickelte Multimedia-Arbeitsmöbel, die mit Karteikästen, Telefonen und anderen Features das versuchten, was heute an jedem Rechner möglich ist. Auch ohne die Hilfe elektronischer Datenverarbeitung entwickelte er Ideen, deren Umsetzung wir heute unter Begriffen wie Web 2.0 oder Wikipedia kennen. Trotzdem sind sein Name und seine Arbeit heute weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten. Als Vordenker von Hypertext und Internet gelten die US-Amerikaner Vannevar Bush, Ted Nelson und Douglas Engelbart. Die Überbleibsel der Mundaneum-Sammlung vermoderten jahrzehntelang auf halb verfallenen Dachböden.
Der Traum vom dynamischen, ständig wachsenden Wissensnetz Auch, weil Otlet bereits darüber nachdachte, wie in seinem vernetzten Wissenskatalog Anmerkungen einfließen könnten, die Fehler korrigieren oder Widerspruch abbilden. Vor dieser Analogie warnt jedoch Charles van den Heuvel von der Königlichen Niederländischen Akademie der Künste und Wissenschaften: Seiner Interpretation zufolge schwebte Otlet ein System vor, in dem Wissen hierarchisch geordnet ist: Nur eine kleine Gruppe von Wissenschaftlern sollte an der Einordnung von Wissen arbeiten; Bearbeitungen und Anmerkungen sollten, anders etwa als bei der Wikipedia, nicht mit der Information verschmelzen, sondern sie lediglich ergänzen. Das Netz, das Otlet sich ausmalte, ging weit über das World Wide Web mit seiner Hypertext-Struktur hinaus. Otlet wollte nicht nur Informationen miteinander verbunden werden - die Links sollten noch zusätzlich mit Bedeutung aufgeladen werden. Viele Experten sind sich einig, dass diese Idee von Otlet viele Parallelen zu dem Konzept des "semantischen Netz" aufweist. Dessen Ziel ist es, die Bedeutung von Informationen für Rechner verwertbar zu machen - so dass Informationen von ihnen interpretiert werden und maschinell weiterverarbeitet werden können. Projekte, die sich an einer Verwirklichung des semantischen Netzes versuchen, könnten von einem Blick auf Otlets Konzepte profitieren, so van den Heuvel, von dessen Überlegungen zu Hierarchie und Zentralisierung in dieser Frage. Im Mundaneum in Mons arbeitet man derzeit daran, Otlets Arbeiten zu digitalisieren, um sie ins Netz zu stellen. Das dürfte zwar noch ziemlich lange dauern, warnt Archivar Gillen. Aber wenn es soweit ist, wird sich endlich Otlets Vision erfüllen: Seine Sammlung des Wissens wird der Welt zugänglich sein. Papierlos, für jeden abrufbar."
- Date
- 24.10.2008 14:19:22
- Footnote
- Vgl. unter: http://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/web/0,1518,768312,00.html.
- Source
- Spiegel online, vom 20.07.2011
-
Gartner, R.: Metadata : shaping knowledge from antiquity to the semantic web (2016)
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- Abstract
- This book offers a comprehensive guide to the world of metadata, from its origins in the ancient cities of the Middle East, to the Semantic Web of today. The author takes us on a journey through the centuries-old history of metadata up to the modern world of crowdsourcing and Google, showing how metadata works and what it is made of. The author explores how it has been used ideologically and how it can never be objective. He argues how central it is to human cultures and the way they develop. Metadata: Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web is for all readers with an interest in how we humans organize our knowledge and why this is important. It is suitable for those new to the subject as well as those know its basics. It also makes an excellent introduction for students of information science and librarianship.
- LCSH
- Information storage and retrieval
Application software
- Subject
- Information storage and retrieval
Application software
- Theme
- Semantic Web
-
Online Publikumskatalog auf CD-ROM der Universitätsbibliothek Bielefeld : Benutzer-Dokumentation (1991)
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-
Zerbst, H.-J.; Kaptein, O.: Gegenwärtiger Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen der Sacherschließung : Auswertung einer Umfrage an deutschen wissenschaftlichen und Öffentlichen Bibliotheken (1993)
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- Abstract
- Ergebnis einer Umfrage aus dem Frühjahr 1993. A. Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken: Versandt wurde der Fragebogen an die Mitglieder der Sektion IV des DBV. Fragen: (1a) Um welchen Bestand handelt es sich, der sachlich erschlossen wird? (1b) Wie groß ist dieser Bestand? (1c) Wird dieser Bestand vollständig oder nur in Auswahl (einzelne Fächer, Lehrbücher, Dissertationen o.ä.) sachlich erschlossen? (1d) Seit wann bestehen die jetzigen Sachkataloge? (2) Auf welche Art wird der Bestand zur Zeit sachlich erschlossen? (3a) Welche Klassifikation wird angewendet? (3b) Gibt es alphabetisches SyK-Register bzw. einen Zugriff auf die Klassenbeschreibungen? (3c) Gibt es ergänzende Schlüssel für die Aspekte Ort, Zeit, Form? (4) Falls Sie einen SWK führen (a) nach welchem Regelwerk? (b) Gibt es ein genormtes Vokabular oder einen Thesaurus (ggf. nur für bestimmte Fächer)? (5) In welcher Form existieren die Sachkataloge? (6) Ist die Bibliothek an einer kooperativen Sacherschließung, z.B. in einem Verbund beteiligt? [Nein: 79%] (7) Nutzen Sie Fremdleistungen bei der Sacherschließung? [Ja: 46%] (8) Welche sachlichen Suchmöglichkeiten gibt es für Benutzer? (9) Sind zukünftige Veränderungen bei der Sacherschließung geplant? [Ja: 73%]. - B. Öffentliche Bibliotheken: Die Umfrage richtete sich an alle ÖBs der Sektionen I, II und III des DBV. Fragen: (1) Welche Sachkataloge führen Sie? (2) Welche Klassifikationen (Systematiken) liegen dem SyK zugrunde? [ASB: 242; KAB: 333; SfB: 4 (???); SSD: 11; Berliner: 18] (3) Führen Sie ein eigenes Schlagwort-Register zum SyK bzw. zur Klassifikation (Systematik)? (4) Führen Sie den SWK nach ...? [RSWK: 132 (= ca. 60%) anderen Regeln: 93] (5) Seit wann bestehen die jetzigen Sachkataloge? (6) In welcher Form existiern die Sachkataloge? (7) In welchem Umfang wird der Bestand erschlossen? (8) Welche Signaturen verwenden Sie? (9) Ist die Bibliothek an einer kooperativen Sacherschließung, z.B. einem Verbund, beteiligt? [Nein: 96%] (10) Nutzen Sie Fremdleistungen bei der Sacherschließung? [Ja: 70%] (11) Woher beziehen Sie diese Fremdleistungen? (12) Verfügen Sie über ein Online-Katalogsystem mit OPAC? [Ja: 78; Nein: 614] (13) Sind zukünftig Veränderungen bei der Sacherschließung geplant? [Nein: 458; Ja: 237]; RESÜMEE für ÖB: "(i) Einführung von EDV-Katalogen bleibt auch in den 90er Jahren ein Thema, (ii) Der Aufbau von SWK wird in vielen Bibliotheken in Angriff genommen, dabei spielt die Fremddatenübernahme eine entscheidende Rolle, (iii) RSWK werden zunehmend angewandt, Nutzung der SWD auch für andere Regeln wirkt normierend, (iv) Große Bewegung auf dem 'Systematik-Markt' ist in absehbarer Zeit nicht zu erwarten, (v) Für kleinere Bibliotheken wird der Zettelkatalog auf absehbare Zeit noch die herrschende Katalogform sein, (vi) Der erhebliche Nachholbedarf in den neuen Bundesländern wird nur in einem größeren Zeitraum zu leisten sein. ??? SPEZIALBIBIOTHEKEN ???
-
Lambe, P.: From cataloguers to designers : Paul Otlet, social Impact and a more proactive role for knowledge organisation professionals (2015)
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- Abstract
- In the early 20th century, Paul Otlet carved out a role for bibliography and documentation as a force for positive social change. While his ideals appeared to be utopian to many of his contemporaries, his activism and vision foreshadowed the potential of the World Wide Web. This paper discusses the role that KO professionals could play in enhancing the positive social impact of the web of knowledge, and how our roles are shifting from the more passive role of descriptive cataloguers, to proactive designers of positive and productive knowledge environments.
-
Buizza, P.: Bibliographic control and authority control from Paris principles to the present (2004)
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- Abstract
- Forty years ago the ICCP in Paris laid the foundations of international co-operation in descriptive cataloging without explicitly speaking of authority control. Some of the factors in the evolution of authority control are the development of catalogs (from card catalog to local automation, to today's OPAC on the Web) and services provided by libraries (from individual service to local users to system networks, to the World Wide Web), as well as international agreements on cataloging (from Paris Principles to the UBC programme, to the report on Mandatory data elements for internationally shared resource authority records). This evolution progressed from the principle of uniform heading to the definition of authority entries and records, and from the responsibility of national bibliographic agencies for the form of the names of their own authors to be shared internationally to the concept of authorized equivalent heading. Some issues of the present state are the persisting differences among national rules and the aim of respecting both local culture and language and international readability.
-
Smiraglia, R.P.: ¬The history of "The Work" in the modern catalog (2003)
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- Abstract
- From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.
- Imprint
- New York : Haworth Information Press
-
Smiraglia, R.P.: ¬The history of "The Work" in the modern catalog (2003)
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- Abstract
- From a historical perspective, one could consider the modern library catalog to be that bibliographical apparatus that stretches at least from Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library at Oxford to the near present. Mai and other recent authors have suggested postmodern approaches to knowledge organization. In these, we realize that there is no single and unique order of knowledge or documents but rather there are many appropriate orders, all of them contextually dependent. Works (oeuvres, opera, Werke, etc.), as are musical works, literary works, works of art, etc., are and always have been key entities for information retrieval. Yet catalogs in the modern era were designed to inventory (first) and retrieve (second) specific documents. From Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian until the late twentieth century, developments are epistemologically pragmatic--reflected in the structure of catalog records, in the rules for main entry headings, and in the rules for filing in card catalogs. After 1980 developments become empirical-reflected in research conducted by Tillett, Yee, Smiraglia, Leazer, Carlyle, and Vellucci. The influence of empiricism on the pragmatic notion of "the work" has led to increased focus on the concept of the work. The challenge for the postmodern online catalog is to fully embrace the concept of "the work," finally to facilitate it as a prime objective for information retrieval.
-
Schmidt, G.: Panizzis Regeln für den alphabetischen Katalog : zur Entstehungsgeschichte der 91 'Rules for the compilation of the catalogue' (1982)
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- Source
- Bibliothekswissenschaft, Musikbibliothek, soziale Bibliotheksarbeit: Hermann Waßner zum 60 Geb. Hrsg.: P. Vodosek u.a
-
Hoffmann, H.W.: Vom Bandkatalog zum OPAC (1995)
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- Abstract
- Catalogue compilation and maintenance are time consuming. Developments from the mechanically produced guard catalogue to the OPAC have taken a course different from that which early pioineers might have predicted. Technical developments do not always match librarians' needs. The OPAC provides many retrieval possibilities, assists interlibrary cooperation and is available worldwide but cannot yet completely replace older catalogue forms. Only in the future will librarians realize whether online catalogues are the ideal system
-
Understanding FRBR : what it is and how it will affect our retrieval tools (2007)
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- Abstract
- An overview of the FRBR model, and how it can improve access to information through the helpful organization of metadata records. What is FRBR, and why is everyone talking about it? Is it really going to revolutionize cataloguing? And if so, what form will it take? This book is written for librarians, bibliographic systems designers, library and information science faculty and students, and anyone else who is interested in learning about the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and how following the FRBR model can improve access to information through helpful organization of the metadata records that are surrogates for information resources. Serials, art, music, moving images, maps, and archival materials are just a few of the formats covered. Not for catalogers only!
- Footnote
- Resonanz: "Arlene Taylor and her compadres don't even try to teach you how to construct a hierarchical record. Instead, they direct their efforts toward showcasing what's possible when digital technology and traditional cataloging practice meet. This is the future of cataloging." - Library Media Connection "The emergence of this textbook is testimony to the breadth and depth of work done to date. It documents much of that work, and provides a good basic introduction to FRBR that is broadly understandable... The relational concepts within FRBR are complicated and can be challenging. This book does a good job of illuminating them in a straightforward manner. It also describes how the application of the FRBR concepts could improve our systems of bibliographic access in very specific ways... For those of us that really want or need to be able to predict the impact that FRBR will have on our work, this is an accessible explanation of the current state of the art. As such it is a real contribution to our understanding." - TechKNOW "Understanding FRBR... features chapters contributed by leading authorities in the cataloging field... It offers a basic introduction to FRBR, discussions about FRBR, FRAD (functional requirements for authority data), and RDA (resource description and access), and the issues involved in using FRBR in nontraditional library settings such as with cartographic materials and music. Both books are well illustrated and include numerous bibliographical resources.' [Reviewed in conjuntion with FRBR: A Guide for the Perplexed]." - Library Journal "Taylor and her contributors cover FRBR and introduce the reader to FRAD as well... All chapters conclude with current and useful references to further reading and more information." - Booklist "Understanding FRBR is clearly written, well illustrated (many of the concepts are clarified by very helpful diagrams), and well indexed; additionally, chapters feature extensive bibliographies, many of which provide URLs to the IFLA groups' documents. While it may seem that this book is of interest only to catalogers, the application of FRBR will change the structure of catalog and the systems used to store and display it; therefore, it is an important text for systems librarians, reference librarians, and anybody else interested in the future of the organization and display of bibliographic information." - College & Research Libraries "Understanding FRBR is a useful and timely book that brings together recent developments in FRBR and offers several assessments of it." - Technicalities "No cataloguer, bibliographic systems designer or library and information science lecturers and students should be without this book. It is a useful resource in acquiring an understanding of what FRBR is about and how it will change the way in which cataloguers will think about cataloguing in future." - The Electronic Library
- LCSH
- Online library catalogs
- Subject
- Online library catalogs
-
Blake, V.L.P.: Forging the Anglo-American Cataloging Alliance : descriptive cataloging, 1830-1908 (2003)
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- Imprint
- New York : Haworth Information Press
- Pages
- S.3-22
-
Steinhagen, E.N.: Historical perspective of a union catalog in Chile : authorities and periodicals (2003)
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- Date
- 29. 7.2006 20:06:22
- Imprint
- New York : Haworth Information Press
-
Miksa, S.D.: Cataloging principles and objectives : history and development (2021)
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- Abstract
- Cataloging principles and objectives guide the formation of cataloging rules governing the organization of information within the library catalog, as well as the function of the catalog itself. Changes in technologies wrought by the internet and the web have been the driving forces behind shifting cataloging practice and reconfigurations of cataloging rules. Modern cataloging principles and objectives started in 1841 with the creation of Panizzi's 91 Rules for the British Museum and gained momentum with Charles Cutter's Rules for Descriptive Cataloging (1904). The first Statement of International Cataloguing Principles (ICP) was adopted in 1961, holding their place through such codifications as AACR and AACR2 in the 1970s and 1980s. Revisions accelerated starting in 2003 with the three original FR models. The Library Reference Model (LRM) in 2017 acted as a catalyst for the evolution of principles and objectives culminating in the creation of Resource Description and Access (RDA) in 2013.
-
Dobreski, B.; Kwasnik, B.: Changing depictions of persons in library practice : spirits, pseudonyms, and human books (2017)
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- Abstract
- Among knowledge organizing institutions, libraries have a rich history of depicting persons as information. From personal authority records to descriptions of oral history interviews, libraries have amassed data on persons from a variety of perspectives. Within this set of traditions, however, subtle but significant shifts in practice and conception have occurred, particularly concerning how persons are interpreted and depicted and how such depictions are justified. To explore these issues, we looked to four specific library traditions: authority work, community information, oral history, and "human library" events. Within these traditions, we identified six standards guiding the representation of persons. We performed a content analysis of these standards, along with a semantic alignment and comparison of descriptive elements. From this analysis, we reconstructed an historical timeline and a set of narratives capturing changing definitions of people, a shifting focus from names to identities, and an increasing acceptance of varied sources of justification. Findings show not only a number of critical variations within library practices but also practical and ethical issues concerning the responsibility of libraries as well as the redistribution and reuse of library data on the web.
-
Liu, S.; Shen, Z.: ¬The development of cataloging in China (2002)
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- Abstract
- With a long history, cataloging has evolved with changes in society, economy, and technology in China. This paper presents Chinese cataloging history in four parts, with emphasis on the last two parts: the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and the development of cataloging after 1979 when China opened its doors to the world. Particularly important has been the rapid growth of online cataloging in recent years. The China Academic Library and Information System (CALIS), as a successful online cataloging model, is emphasized. Through investigation of the entire history of Chinese cataloging, three distinct features can be stated: (1) Standardization- switching from the Chinese traditional way to aligning with international standards, (2) Cooperation-from decentralized and self-supporting systems to sharing systems, (3) Computerization and networking-from manual operation to computer-based online operation. At the end of this paper, a set of means by which to enhance online cataloging and resource sharing is suggested.
-
Dousa, T.M.: E. Wyndham Hulme's classification of the attributes of books : On an early model of a core bibliographical entity (2017)
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- Abstract
- Modelling bibliographical entities is a prominent activity within knowledge organization today. Current models of bibliographic entities, such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographical Records (FRBR) and the Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME), take inspiration from data - modelling methods developed by computer scientists from the mid - 1970s on. Thus, it would seem that the modelling of bibliographic entities is an activity of very recent vintage. However, it is possible to find examples of bibliographical models from earlier periods of knowledge organization. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to one such model, outlined by the early 20th - century British classification theorist E. Wyndham Hulme in his essay on "Principles of Book Classification" (1911 - 1912). There, Hulme set forth a classification of various attributes by which books can conceivably be classified. These he first divided into accidental and inseparable attributes. Accidental attributes were subdivided into edition - level and copy - level attributes and inseparable attitudes, into physical and non - physical attributes. Comparison of Hulme's classification of attributes with those of FRBR and BIBFRAME 2.0 reveals that the different classes of attributes in Hulme's classification correspond to groups of attributes associated with different bibliographical entities in those models. These later models assume the existence of different bibliographic entities in an abstraction hierarchy among which attributes are distributed, whereas Hulme posited only a single entity - the book - , whose various aspects he clustered into different classes of attributes. Thus, Hulme's model offers an interesting alternative to current assumptions about how to conceptualize the relationship between attributes and entities in the bibliographical universe.
-
Dousa, T.M.: E. Wyndham Hulme's classification of the attributes of books : on an early model of a core bibliographical entity (2017)
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- Abstract
- Modelling bibliographical entities is a prominent activity within knowledge organization today. Current models of bibliographic entities, such as Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME), take inspiration from data-modelling methods developed by computer scientists from the mid-1970s on. Thus, it would seem that the modelling of bibliographic entities is an activity of very recent vintage. However, it is possible to find examples of bibliographical models from earlier periods of knowledge organization. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to one such model, outlined by the early twentiethcentury British classification theorist E. Wyndham Hulme in his essay on "Principles of Book Classification" (1911-1912). There, Hulme set forth a classification of various attributes by which books can be classified. These he first divided into "accidental" and "inseparable" attributes. Accidental attributes were subdivided into edition-level and copy-level attributes and inseparable attitudes, into "physical" and "non-physical" attributes. Comparison of Hulme's classification of attributes with those of FRBR and BIBFRAME 2.0 reveals that the different classes of attributes in Hulme's classification correspond to groups of attributes associated with different bibliographical entities in those models. These later models assume the existence of different bibliographic entities in an abstract hierarchy among which attributes are distributed, whereas Hulme posited only a single entity-the book-whose various aspects he clustered into different classes of attributes. Thus, Hulme's model offers an interesting alternative to current assumptions about how to conceptualize the relationship between attributes and entities in the bibliographical universe.
-
Panizzi, A.K.C.B.: Passages in my official life (1871)
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- Date
- 22. 7.2007 12:05:26
22. 7.2007 12:08:24
-
Krajewski, M.: Zettelwirtschaft : Die Geburt der Kartei aus dem Geiste der Bibliothek (2002)
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- Content
- Der erste Hauptteil 'Um 1800' versucht daraufhin, mit einem Bruch in der Anwendungsweise des Gessnerschen Verfahrens dessen erste Diskontinuität nachzuweisen. Nicht zuletzt wegen dieses Einschnitts muß die Art der Verzeichnung bis dato das Attribut vorläufig tragen. Die Verzettelungstechnik gelangt von einem temporären Gebrauch zur dauerhaften Verwendung, was dadurch eine ebenso unbeabsichtigte wie folgenreiche Umstellung markiert. Gleichzeitig entsteht hiermit der bibliothekshistorisch erste Zettelkatalog, dessen unverhoffter Einsatz und Genese in Wien um 1780 eine detaillierte Beschreibung erfährt. Der Zettelkatalog besteht nicht nur als bibliothekarische Antwort auf einen drohenden information overflow, sondern vor allem dank seiner umsichtigen Logistik. Entscheidend dabei sind schriftlich fixierte, genaue Handlungsanweisungen, anhand derer auch unausgebildetes Personal in den arbeitsteiligen Prozeß eingebunden werden kann. Mit Hilfe eines kleinen Exkurses soll zuvor jedoch die Koinzidenz zweier Adressierungslogiken untersucht werden: In einem Jahrzehnt und derselben Stadt fällt die Entstehung des Zettelkatalogs zusammen mit der Erfindung der Hausnummer. Damit etabliert sich eine Möglichkeit zur abstrakteren Repräsentation und zu einem kontrollierenden Zugriff auf Schriften bzw. Hausbewohner. Das anschließende dritte Kapitel verbleibt in der Umbruchphase um 1800, indem es eine notwendige Differenz zieht zwischen der Bibliothekstechnologie von vielen Schreib- für viele Lese-Köpfe und einer eigenwilligen Anordnung von gelehrten Exzerptensammlungen. Die Unterscheidung trennt ein Server-Konzept von einer Workstation-Philosophie. Der erste Zettelkatalog ist nicht nur das Produkt eines kollektiven Arbeitsprozesses, sondern vor allem für eine vielköpfige Benutzung geeignet und konzipiert. Im Gegensatz zu diesem Multi-User-System verwehrt die idiosynkratische Maschine in Form eines Gelehrtenkastens gerade jede fremde Einsichtnahme. Sie besitzt keine Vermittlungsnotwendigkeit, so daß sich das interne System der Verzeichnung durchaus unverständlich für alle Einsichtnehmenden ausnehmen darf. Auch eine Form von Datenschutz, die anhand der eigentümlichen gelehrten Exzerpiertechniken in einer kleinen Genealogie von Johann Jacob Moser bis zu Jean Paul und anderen konturiert wird. Das vierte und letzte Kapitel des ersten Teils widmet sich einer ersten Übertragung alteuropäischer Bibliothekstechnik in die Neue Welt. Das Zettelkastenprinzip erreicht einerseits die amerikanische Ostküste durch Bibliothekare, die in Europa studieren, um die dort etablierte Praxis der Katalogisierung auf ihre im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts schnell anwachsenden Büchersammlungen anzuwenden. Andererseits jedoch besitzen die Vereinigten Staaten auch eine eigene, autochthone Genealogie der Verzettelung. 1817 gelingt William Croswell bei seinem unglücklichen Projekt, der Harvard College Library einen umfassenden Katalog zu verschaffen, die Geburt des amerikanischen Zettelkatalogs aus dem Geiste der Faulheit.
Manches hat der Zettelkasten verschwiegen, um seine eigene Ökonomie und die des notwendigerweise beschränkten Umfangs dieser Studie nicht allzu sehr zu beanspruchen - manches schlechterdings aus Mangel an Information. Allererstes Manko ist die Verlegenheit, keine Universalgeschichten mehr schreiben zu können. So beginnt diese Geschichte nicht mit dem Anfang von Geschichte und beschreibt demzufolge keine mesopotamischen, ägyptischen, griechischen oder römischen Register als Verzeichnisse der gespeicherten Schriften. Auch die berühmte Bibliothek von Alexandria samt ihrem ebenso berühmten Bibliothekar Kallimachos, der die Inventare der Schriften auf tönernen Pinakes an den Regalen fixierte, bleibt außen vor. Statt dessen steht am Beginn der Karteigeschichte eine (vermeintliche) Urszene des 16. Jahrhunderts, die vielleicht auch anders, d.h. früher, hätte gesetzt sein können. Des weiteren vermag diese Studie nicht, einem ausgelobten Desiderat abzuhelfen, eine schlichte Fußnote bei Foucault: »Aufkommen der Karteikarte und Konstituierung der Humanwissenschaften: noch eine Erfindung, die von den Historikern wenig gefeiert wird.« Wenngleich die eine Entwicklung, die »Konstitution der Humanwissenschaften«, dieser Studie als methodisches Leitbild dient, konnte die direkte Verbindung zum Erscheinen der Karteikarte nicht eindeutig geknüpft werden. Geplant war, ein Desiderat der Fußnote zur Entfaltung zu bringen, d.h. einem Exkurs zur Evolution der Karteikarte die letztendliche Übertragungs-Leistung zwischen Bibliothekaren und Kaufleuten ab 1890 anzufügen. Der Exkurs mußte gleichwohl einer anderen, bereits erwähnten Ökonomie, der Raumnot, zum Opfer fallen. In diesem Kapitel, das im Anschluß an das zweite gefolgt wäre, hätte nicht nur die verfestigende Entwicklung einer Materialität der Karteikarte vom Papierschnipsel bis zu ihrer Aufrechtigkeit als Leit-Karton Platz gefunden. (Diese Episode zieht sich nun implizit durch die Beschreibung einer fortschreitenden Standardisierung.) Foucaults beunruhigende Bemerkung stellt des weiteren, Bonneville zitierend, bereits für das Jahr 1833 einen direkten Zusammenhang her zwischen der Karteikarte und einer kaufmännischen Verzeichnungstechnik. Die Monographie zu den technischen Medien der Kaufleute ist leider noch ungeschrieben oder dem hier ins Spiel geratenen Zettelkasten bislang zumindest unbekannt. Darüber hinaus wäre der Versuch unternommen worden, die isomorphe Logik der Repräsentation von Zetteln und Banknoten sowie ihren Zusammenfall in den Zettel/Daten/Banken zu schildern. So muß die Episode über die Zirkulation von Geld und Ideen ihrerseits auf eine Fußnote zur Bank of England beschränkt bleiben und auf diese Anmerkung.
- Footnote
- Auf der Webseite wird auch eine Software namens Synapsen zum Erstellen eines Zettelkastens mit Hyperlink-Funktionen angeboten
