-
Jansen, U.: ¬Die Herren der Striche sitzen in Köln : Seit 1974 vergibt GS 1 Kodes zur Erleichterung des Warenverkehrs (2005)
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- Content
- "Ein kleines Stück von GS 1 Germany fällt Verbrauchern eigentlich jeden Tag in die Hände. Auf Wasserflaschen, Gurkengläsern, Müsliriegeln oder Ringbüchern ist das Kölner Unternehmen schwarz auf weiß vertreten, weil es Herr über die Vergabe des Strichcodes ist. "Seit 30 Jahren verteilt GS 1 Germany an anfragende Unternehmen so genannte Internationale Lokationsnummern (ILN)" sagt Geschäftsführer Jörg Pretzel. Bis zu 300 dieser Lizenzen mit den Anfangsziffern 400 bis 440 vergibt GS 1 Germany pro Monat, insgesamt sind 125.000 auf dem Markt. Große Konzerne wie Henkel oder Metro lassen sich ebenso eine Nummer zuteilen wie kleine regionale Betriebe. Denn an einer ILN können bis zu 10 000 Strichcodes (EAN-Nummern) hängen, die das Unternehmen auf ein Produkt aufdrucken und auf den Markt bringen kann. Doch auch eine kleinere Bürogemeinschaft kann sich eine Nummer sichern, um beispielsweise ihr Inventar mit den acht- bis 13-stelligen Strichcodes zu sichern. Dabei richtet sich die Lizenzgebühr für eine ILN-Nummer nach dem Umsatz des Unternehmens. Die Spannen liegt zwischen 65 Euro und 15 000 Euro", erläutert Referent Thomas Rosenstein. Die zu gleichen Teilen von Handel und Industrie getragene Firma war bislang unter dem Namen Centrale für Coorganisation (CCG) bekannt. Wie die Partner in den Nachbarländern firmiert sie künftig unter GS 1 und dem jeweiligen Ländernamen, um die Internationalität der Initiative herauszustellen.
"Ein Kaugummi von Wrigley's war das erste Produkt mit einem Strichcode", erzählt Rosenstein. Von den USA schwappte die Kennzeichnungs-Welle nach Deutschland. Das ist allerdings lange her: Seit 1974 erleichtert das inzwischen vom Bundeskartellamt als neutral anerkannte Unternehmen den Waren- und Rechnungsverkehr zwischen Firmen. Denn durch die gesetzlich nicht vorgeschriebenen EAN-Nummern sind eindeutige, überschneidungsfreie Warenkennzeichnungen möglich. Seit fast 30 Jahren sind laut Rosenstein auch die ersten Scannerkassenin Betrieb. Gerade beim Kassieren ist der Strichcode, eine enorme Erleichterung. Allerdings ist es Sache der Supermarktketten, den Computer beispielsweise mit den Preisen oder anderen Produktinformationen zu füttern. Die Stammdaten - also welcher Code für Coca-Cola oder Labello steht - werden bei der Kölner Sinfos GmbH hinterlegt. So kommt-der Handel auch Missbrauchsfällen auf die Spur. Denn laut Rosenstein drucken manche Unternehmen einfach eine Nummer auf, um im internationalen Warenverkehr mitzumischen. "Das fliegt dann schnell auf" so Rosenstein. Eine Weiterentwicklung des Strichcodes ist die Radiofrequenztechnik zur Identifikation (RFID). Damit soll in der Zukunft nicht nur das Produkt Spreewalder Dillgurken der jeweiligen Firma als solches gekennzeichnet werden, sondern auch die Herkunft jedes einzelnen Glases bis zu seiner Abfüllung nachzuvollziehen sein. "Das erleichtert Rückrufaktionen ungemein", meint Rosenstein. Erste Tests laufen schon bei der Metro-Kette: Sie hat in ihrem Rheinberger Supermarkt der Zukunft" bereits den Chip auf einigen Waren. So"braucht der Kunde irgendwann seinen Einkaufswagen vielleicht nur noch durch eine Schleuse zu schieben und bekommt danach den Gesamtpreis genannt."
- Date
- 3. 5.1997 8:44:22
-
Gunzenhäuser, M.: "Optimale Signatur" und zweckmäßige Aufstellung der Bestände : eine Kritik und ein neuer Vorschlag (1955)
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- Footnote
- Erwiderung auf: Fuchs, W. in: ZfB 67(1953) S.438-458.
-
Frodl, H.: Bibliothekssignaturen der österreichischen Bibliotheken : Arten, Aufbau, Funktion und die Möglichkeit einer einheitlichen Gestaltung (1973)
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-
Leyh, G.: Aufstellung und Signaturen (1961)
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- Source
- Handbuch der Bibliothekswissenschaft. 2., verb. Aufl. Hrsg.: G. Leyh. Bd.2
- Theme
- Geschichte der Sacherschließung
-
Beck, H.: ¬Die Notation im systematischen Katalog (1970)
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- Footnote
- Gute Zusammenfassung der Eigenschaften verschiedener Notationsformen für Buchaufstellung und Kataloge; zwangsläufig aber vor Einführung von Online-Katalogen
-
Körner, H.G.: Notationssysteme für Dokumentationssprachen und Klassifikationssysteme (1980)
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- Abstract
- Klassifikationen haben i.a. bei jeder Systemstelle eine Notation, die den Platz im System festlegt und als Kurzbezeichnung dient. Dokumentationssprachen verwenden häufig einen hierarchisch strukturierten Thesaurus, bei dem ebenfalls Notationen eingesetzt werden können. Beim Entwurf von Notationen sollten computer-interne und computer-externe Aspekte berücksichtigt werden. Es wird systematisch dargestellt, welche grundsätzlichen Typen von Notationssysstemen entworfen werden können, u.a. auch die vom Verfasser entwickelten durchgehenden oder sequentiellen Notationen mit Ebenenindikator. Linksbündige sequentielle Notationssysteme sind besonders flexibel, d.h. Einfügungen und andere Veränderungen sind leicht möglich. Die Bewertung von Notationssystemen, an einem Beispiel durchgeführt, geschieht an Hand eines möglichst umfassenden Anforderungskatalogs. Für Entwurfsentscheidungen werden die Methoden der Nutzwertanalyse empfohlen, insbesondere auch bei der Frage, ob Notationen überhaupt eingesetzt werden sollen. Eine weitere Möglichkeit ist, daß Notationen nur auf bestimmten hierarchischen Ebenen verwendet werden
-
Fuchs, W.: Sachliche Ordnung, Aufstellung und Signatur in ihrem rationellen Verhältnis : Optimale Notation in optimal geordnet aufgestellter Bibliothek (1953)
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- Footnote
- Vgl. auch: Gunzenhäuser, M. in: ZfB 69(1955) S.356-363.
-
Kluth, R.: System - Notation - Leitkarten (1955)
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- Source
- Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie. 2(1955), S.98-111
-
Ranganathan, S.R.: Zone analysis and mixed notation (1992)
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- Abstract
- Describes the emergence of mixed notation with the use of connecting symbols needed in an analytico-synthetic classification suited to the depth classification of micro-documents dealing with a dynamic universe of knowledge. Indicates the advantages of zone-formation in anarray with a mixed notation to accomodate newly emerging main classes, partial comprehension of main classes, heterogeneous sets of isolates in an array of a facet, numerous isolates in a facet, numerous canonical issues within a main class, and telescoping of facets
- Footnote
- Wiederabdruck des Beitrages; Original in: IASLIC bulletin 1(1956) no.2, S.44-47.
-
Cheti, A.; Crocetti, A.; Danesi, D.: Espansione o elencazione? : Ovvero l'equivoco ingombro (1995)
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- Abstract
- Presents a rebuttal of criticisms of the Italian version of Dewey's 20th ed., which in the section relating to the geography of Italy was alleged to have expanded and updated Auxiliary Table 2 by using classification methods that resulted in errors in the location of some of the country's 8.000 communes (Bibliotecario 38(1993), 147-148). The debate focuses on aspects such as the numbering system of classification, the use of subdivisions, whether or not to list all communes,and the absence in Italy of an intermediate entity between province and commune
- Footnote
- Übers. des Titels: Expansion or enumeration? Or the doubtful error
-
Savic, D.: CUTT-x: an expert system for automatic assignment of Cutter numbers (1996)
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- Abstract
- Briefly describes the form and function of Cutter numbers in the classification of books and describes the CUTT-x expert system for the automatic assignment of Cutter numbers with particular reference to the 3 basic elements in the system: knowledge base; inference engine; and user interface. The system was designed, tested and implemented in the Library of the International Civil Aviation Organization and was developed using the MS Access relational database management system in a Windows environment
- Source
- Cataloging and classification quarterly. 22(1996) no.2, S.71-87
-
Broughton, V.: Notational expressivity : the case for and against the representation of internal subject structure in notational coding (1999)
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- Abstract
- The ways in which notation can be used to express the content of documents to which it relates are various. At the most superficial level notation can correspond to the hierarchical structure of the schedules or link to literal components. The notation of compound concepts can express the structure and composition of the compound, and systems exist in which symbols denote the functional roles of the constituent elements and the relationships between them. At the highest level notation can be used to mirror the actual structure of those entities which it represents, as in the case of mathematical systems or chemical compounds. Methods of displaying these structures are examined, and the practicality in a documentary context is questioned, with particular reference to recent revision work on the chemistry class of the Bliss Bibliographic Classification 2nd edition (BC2)
- Date
- 10. 8.2001 13:22:14
-
Lehnus, D.J.: Book numbers : history, principles and applications (1980)
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- Footnote
- Enthält Liste der Cutter-Tafeln
- Theme
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme
-
Satija, M.P.: History of book numbers (1987)
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- Abstract
- The history of book numbers starts only with Melvil Dewey, as before hom books were shelved in fixed location systems. The article traces the early attempts by Dewey himself to combine class numbers with author numbers and shows the development in the individualization of book numbers by a great number of classificationists and classifiers, among which J. Schwartz, W.S. Biscoe, Ch.A. Cutter, K.E. Sanborn, J.D. Brown, A.F. Rider and finally S.R. Ranganathan whose faceted structure and ease of application of book numbers seems still to be the optimal solution. Two rival systems of book numbers are alphabetical by author and chronological by the year of publication of a books. The concluding chapter is devoted to the existing literatur on book numbers and laments its vanishing quality. The study of book numbers is not getting due attention.
- Theme
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme
-
Starchan, D.: ¬A chance to make UDC notation more computer-friendly (2000)
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- Source
- Extensions and corrections to the UDC. 22(2000), S.43-44
-
Comaroni, J.P.: Book numbers : a historical study and practical guide to their use (1981)
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- Theme
- Geschichte der Klassifikationssysteme
-
Gnoli, C.: Notation (2018)
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- Abstract
- Notations are systems of symbols that can be combined according to syntactical rules to represent meanings in a specialized domain. In knowledge organization, they are systems of numerals, letters and punctuation marks associated to a concept that mechanically produce helpful sequences of them for arranging books on shelves, browsing subjects in directories and displaying items in catalogues. Most bibliographic classification systems, like Dewey Decimal Classification, use a positional notation allowing for expression of increasingly specific subjects by additional digits. However, some notations like that of Bliss Bibliographic Classification are purely ordinal and do not reflect the hierarchical degree of a subject. Notations can also be expressive of the syntactical structure of compound subjects (common auxiliaries, facets etc.) in various ways. In the digital media, notation can be recorded and managed in databases and exploited to provide appropriate search and display functionalities.
- Series
- Reviews of concepts in knowledge organization
-
Drezek, G.: Call number relabelling project in an amalgamated university library : how and why we relabelled 170.000 items in three weeks and what good did it to us? (1993)
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- Abstract
- Discusses a major collection relabelling project undertaken by Queensland University of Technology Library in order to provide a consistent classification and accession numbering scheme on all campuses. The project is examined in terms of how it was done, what was achieved, and what went wrong
-
Coates, E.J.: Notation in classification (1957)
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Chen, K.-n.: Dynamic subject numbers replace traditional classification numbers (2013)
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- Abstract
- This article presents a new idea on shelving printed books and finding books in libraries. The author advocates that traditional book classification number (TBCN) systems should be replaced by a better indexing method for books in libraries. The author proposes a new way of seeking books for library users wishing to locate them called a 'dynamic book subject number' (DBSN) system. The new system combines new indexing rules and automated system technology to create settings in which a book's 'subject number' can change rather than having a particular permanent classification number assigned to it. The new way encourages library users to seek books through a user-friendly cataloging system by choosing subjects from the embedded database. The database contains thousands of subjects with their corresponding Arabic codes. For printed books, the DBSN ushers in a new era in the relationship between library users and the books.
